Chlorostannate(II) ionic liquids: speciation, Lewis acidity, and oxidative stability.

The anionic speciation of chlorostannate(II) ionic liquids, prepared by mixing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and tin(II) chloride in various molar ratios, χ(SnCl2), was investigated in both solid and liquid states. The room temperature ionic liquids were investigated by (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and viscometry. Crystalline samples were studied using Raman spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Both liquid and solid systems (crystallized from the melt) contained [SnCl(3)](-) in equilibrium with Cl(-) when χ(SnCl(2)) < 0.50, [SnCl(3)](-) in equilibrium with [Sn(2)Cl(5)](-) when χ(SnCl(2)) > 0.50, and only [SnCl(3)](-) when χ(SnCl(2)) = 0.50. Tin(II) chloride was found to precipitate when χ(SnCl(2)) > 0.63. No evidence was detected for the existence of [SnCl(4)](2-) across the entire range of χ(SnCl(2)), although such anions have been reported in the literature for chlorostannate(II) organic salts crystallized from organic solvents. Furthermore, the Lewis acidity of the chlorostannate(II)-based systems, expressed by their Gutmann acceptor number, has been determined as a function of the composition, χ(SnCl(2)), to reveal Lewis acidity for χ(SnCl(2)) > 0.50 samples comparable to the analogous systems based on zinc(II). A change of the Lewis basicity of the anion was estimated using (1)H NMR spectroscopy, by comparison of the measured chemical shifts of the C-2 hydrogen in the imidazolium ring. Finally, compositions containing free chloride anions (χ(SnCl(2)) < 0.50) were found to oxidize slowly in air to form a chlorostannate(IV) ionic liquid containing the [SnCl(6)](2-) anion.

Aberrant basal fiber end migration underlies structural malformations in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

This study characterized early structural changes at posterior fiber ends in the crystalline lens after diabetic induction. Wistar rats (n = 49), randomized into one naïve control group and four experimental groups, were rendered diabetic via streptozotocin injection. Animals were euthanized at 1 week intervals, blood glucose levels recorded and lenses were evaluated grossly, by SEM and by confocal microscopy. Scoring Indices were developed to assess structural alterations and for statistical correlations between the scores and the duration of hyperglycemic exposure as well as blood glucose levels. Average blood glucose levels increased progressively from 98.5 mg/dL (controls) to 331.4 mg/dL (4 weeks). Diabetic lenses displayed abnormal suture sub-branches and opacity formation beginning late in the first week post-injection and rapidly progressing in severity through four weeks. SEM analyses showed gradual elongation of fiber ends and filopodia which comprised a disorganized configuration and a loss of recognizable migration patterns. Structural alterations culminated in foci of fiber degeneration by the third to fourth weeks. The F-actin distribution at basal fiber ends was significantly altered as compared to naïve controls. Cadherin distribution was altered as compared to controls, but largely at later time points. The grading system clearly shows increased structural compromise with elevated blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Further, although the initial rise in blood glucose levels was associated with pathological changes, their progression depended to a larger extent on continued hyperglycemic exposure. The data suggests that hyperglycemia initially disrupts fiber end migration, resulting in structural alterations and eventual fiber degeneration.

ND-yag laser arteriotomy for central retinal artery occlusion.

PURPOSE: To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion treated with Nd-YAG arteriotomy with successful outcome. METHODS: Interventional case report of a 61-year-old man with central retinal artery occlusion who underwent an arteriotomy with embolectomy/embolysis with Nd-YAG laser. RESULTS: Best-corrected visual acuity improved to 9/200 immediately and 20/200 one day after the procedure. Two months later, the patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy for dispersed, nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage. Three months later, the patient had cataract surgery. Visual field significantly improved centrally at 5 months after Nd-YAG laser procedure. The final visual acuity was 20/40 at 15 months after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Nd-YAG laser may be beneficial in selected cases of retinal artery occlusion by enhancing the restoration of blood flow in the retinal vessels.