Doxorubicin nanoformulations on therapy against cancer: An overview from the last 10 years.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a natural antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. It has been used for over 40 years and remains one of the most used drugs in chemotherapy for a variety of cancers. However, cardiotoxicity limits its use for long periods. To overcome this limitation, encapsulation in smart drug delivery systems (DDS) brings advantages in comparison with free drug administration (i.e., conventional anticancer drug therapy). In this review, we present the most relevant nanostructures used for DOX encapsulation over the last 10 years, such as liposomes, micelles and polymeric vesicles (i.e., polymersomes), micro/nanoemulsions, different types of polymeric nanoparticles and hydrogel nanoparticles, as well as novel approaches for DOX encapsulation. The studies highlighted here show these nanoformulations achieved higher solubility, improved tumor cytotoxicity, prolonged DOX release, as well as reduced side effects, among other interesting advantages.

Polymeric micelles using cholinium-based ionic liquids for the encapsulation and release of hydrophobic drug molecules.

We generated stable amphiphilic copolymer-based polymeric micelles (PMs) with temperature-responsive properties utilizing Pluronic® L35 and a variety of ionic liquids (ILs) to generate different aqueous two-phase micellar systems (ATPMSs). The partitioning of the hydrophobic model compound curcumin (CCM) into the PM-rich phase and the drug delivery capabilities of the PMs were investigated. ATPMSs formed using more hydrophobic ILs (i.e., [Ch][Hex] ≈ [Ch][But] > [Ch][Pro] > [Ch][Ac] ≈ [Ch]Cl) were the most effective in partitioning (KCCM) and recovering (RECRich) CCM into the PM-rich phase (15.2 < KCCM < 22.0 and 90% < RECRich < 95%, respectively). Moreover, using 1.2 M [Ch][But] and 0.2 M [Ch][Hex] ILs yielded higher encapsulation efficiency (EE) (94.1 and 96.0%, respectively) and drug loading (DL) capacity (14.8 and 16.2%, respectively), together with an increase in the average hydrodynamic diameter of the PMs (DH) (42.5 and 45.6 nm, respectively). The CCM-PM formulations were stable at 4.0, 25.0, and 37.0 °C and the release of CCM was faster with the less hydrophobic ILs (i.e., [Ch]Cl and [Ch][Ac]). Furthermore, due to the lower critical solution temperature properties of Pluronic® L35, the PMs exhibit temperature responsiveness at 37.0 °C. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were also performed to determine the potency of CCM-PM formulations, and a 1.8-fold decrease in IC50 values was observed between the CCM-PMs/[Ch][Hex] and CCM-PMs/[Ch]Cl formulations for PC3 cells. The lower IC50 value for the [Ch][Hex] version corresponded to a greater potency compared to the [Ch]Cl version, since a lower concentration of CCM was required to achieve the same therapeutic effect. The ATPMSs investigated in this study serve as a novel platform for Pluronic® L35/PBS buffer (pH 7.4) + IL-based ATPMS development. The unique properties reported here may be useful in applications such as controlled-release drug delivery systems (DDS), encapsulation, and bioseparations.

Curcumin encapsulation in nanostructures for cancer therapy: A 10-year overview.

Curcumin (CUR) is a phenolic compound present in some herbs, including Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric rhizome), with a high bioactive capacity and characteristic yellow color. It is mainly used as a spice, although it has been found that CUR has interesting pharmaceutical properties, acting as a natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumoral agent. Nonetheless, CUR is a hydrophobic compound with low water solubility, poor chemical stability, and fast metabolism, limiting its use as a pharmacological compound. Smart drug delivery systems (DDS) have been used to overcome its low bioavailability and improve its stability. The current work overviews the literature from the past 10 years on the encapsulation of CUR in nanostructured systems, such as micelles, liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, hydrogels, and nanocomplexes, emphasizing its use and ability in cancer therapy. The studies highlighted in this review have shown that these nanoformulations achieved higher solubility, improved tumor cytotoxicity, prolonged CUR release, and reduced side effects, among other interesting advantages.