Workup following retinal artery occlusion-experience from an outpatient retina clinic and the delay in workup.

PURPOSE: Acute retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an urgent ophthalmic condition often indicative of future ischemic pathology. Patients diagnosed at an outpatient retina clinic must present to an emergency department (ED) or primary care clinic to obtain a systemic workup. We review the overall compliance and suspected delay in completing the required testing. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study METHODS: Patients presenting with a symptomatic RAO from June 2009 to January 2019 at a vitreoretinal practice (The Retina Institute, St. Louis, MO) were included. Documentation of carotid vasculature and echocardiographic imaging was requested from the patient's primary care physician (PCP), cardiologist, or neurologist. Time to workup (TTW) from RAO diagnosis to receiving appropriate workup and site of workup (ED vs. outpatient setting) were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven patients were included. A total of 132 (89.8%) patients were documented as having completed at least one type of cardiovascular or carotid imaging. Seventy-seven patients (52.3%) were documented to have completed both carotid and echocardiographic imaging. Following RAO diagnosis, 97 (66.0%) patients were referred to an outpatient facility while 35 (23.8%) were evaluated at an ED. Mean TTW through an ED setting vs. outpatient was 2.20 days (1.10 STDM, range 0-29) vs.13.6 days (2.23 STDM, range 0-149) respectively (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Our study gives objective data to the delay suspected in referring patients with acute symptomatic RAO for outpatient workup. We recommend all outpatient ophthalmology and retina practices establish a relationship with a comprehensive or primary stroke center to facilitate urgent testing through an emergency department.

VISUALIZATION OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION USING TWO COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY DEVICES.

PURPOSE: To compare the sensitivity of detection and the measured size of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) on two commercially available spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) devices, the Optovue RTVue XR Avanti with AngioVue and the Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT with AngioPlex. METHODS: Patients with CNV lesions were imaged consecutively on both OCTA devices on the same day of their visit. 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm scans centered at the fovea were obtained. Two independent masked readers evaluated the OCTA images for CNV identification and its area measurements. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the 2 OCTA devices in CNV area measurements on their 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm scans. However, there was suboptimal performance of their automated segmentation algorithms as compared to manually adjusted segmentation for visualizing CNV lesions. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the size of the CNV lesion as measured on either commercially available spectral domain OCTA device. Both devices were comparable in their detection of CNV lesions on manual adjustment of segmentation lines. However, their automated segmentation algorithms need improvement to allow for accurate measurement of CNV lesions for routine clinical application.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has demonstrated good utility in qualitative analysis of retinal and choroidal vasculature and therefore may be relevant in the diagnostic and treatment efforts surrounding nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study of 10 eyes of 9 patients with a previous or new diagnosis of NAION that received imaging with OCTA between November 2015 and February 2016. Two independent readers qualitatively analyzed the retinal peripapillary capillaries (RPC) and peripapillary choriocapillaris (PCC) for flow impairment. Findings were compared with automated visual field and structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies. RESULTS: Flow impairment seen on OCTA in the RPC corresponded to structural OCT deficits of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer complex (GCC) in 80% and 100% of eyes, respectively, and to automated visual field deficits in 90% of eyes. Flow impairment seen on OCTA in the PCC corresponded to structural OCT deficits of the RNFL and GCC in 70% and 80% of eyes, respectively, and to visual field deficits in 60%-80% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS: OCTA can noninvasively visualize microvascular flow impairment in patients with NAION.

AN AUTOMATIC, INTERCAPILLARY AREA-BASED ALGORITHM FOR QUANTIFYING DIABETES-RELATED CAPILLARY DROPOUT USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.

PURPOSE: To develop a robust, sensitive, and fully automatic algorithm to quantify diabetes-related capillary dropout using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA). METHODS: A 1,050-nm wavelength, 400 kHz A-scan rate swept-source optical coherence tomography prototype was used to perform volumetric optical coherence tomography angiography imaging over 3 mm × 3 mm fields in normal controls (n = 5), patients with diabetes without diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 7), patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (n = 9), and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (n = 5); for each patient, one eye was imaged. A fully automatic algorithm to quantify intercapillary areas was developed. RESULTS: Of the 26 evaluated eyes, the segmentation was successful in 22 eyes (85%). The mean values of the 10 and 20 largest intercapillary areas, either including or excluding the foveal avascular zone, showed a consistent trend of increasing size from normal control eyes, to eyes with diabetic retinopathy but without diabetic retinopathy, to nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes, and finally to PDR eyes. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography angiography-based screening and monitoring of patients with diabetic retinopathy is critically dependent on automated vessel analysis. The algorithm presented was able to automatically extract an intercapillary area-based metric in patients having various stages of diabetic retinopathy. Intercapillary area-based approaches are likely more sensitive to early stage capillary dropout than vascular density-based methods.

Characterization and outcomes of repeat orbital decompression for thyroid-associated orbitopathy.

Orbital decompression for thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is commonly performed for disfiguring proptosis, congestion, and optic neuropathy. Although one decompression typically achieves goals, a small percentage requires repeat decompression. We performed a 10-year retrospective chart review of all orbital decompressions for TAO at a single tertiary referral institution. Four-hundred and ninety-five orbits (330 patients) were decompressed for TAO, with 45 orbits (37 patients) requiring repeat decompression. We reviewed the repeat cases for indications, clinical activity scores, approach, walls decompressed, and outcomes. Nine percent of orbits required repeat decompression for proptosis (70%), optic neuropathy (25%) or congestion (45%). Sixty-four percent were for recurrence of disease, 36% were for suboptimal decompression. Three incisional approaches were used: lateral upper eyelid crease, inferior transconjunctival, and transcaruncular, with inferior transconjunctival being most common. Of the three walls removed, deep lateral, inferior, and medial, the deep lateral wall was most common (51%). A repeat lateral decompression was the most frequent pattern. Of 37 patients requiring repeat decompression, 40% had diplopia prior to repeat, and an additional 24% developed diplopia after the repeat. Whereas previous studies published by our group cited only 2.6% of deep lateral wall orbital decompressions leading to new-onset primary gaze diplopia, repeat orbital decompressions have a much higher rate of post-operative diplopia. The new onset primary gaze diplopia after repeat decompression group had a higher average preoperative CAS (3.3 vs. 2.4, p < 0.01), higher mean blood loss (56 vs. 19 mL, p = 0.04), more frequent medial wall decompressions (47% vs. 29%, p = 0.33), and greater proptosis reduction (2.4 vs. 1.7 mm, p = 0.24).

Anti-VEGF Pharmaceutical Prior Authorization in Retina Practices.

Importance: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections, a mainstay of treatment for many retinal diseases to optimize visual outcomes, have been included in prior authorization (PA) initiatives. However, if clinicians are extremely accurate in their use of anti-VEGF medications, such administrative burdens may need reconsideration. Objective: To quantify PA for anti-VEGF medications (aflibercept, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab) that were approved and determine associated administrative burdens experienced by retina practices. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective multicenter quality improvement study conducted from January 2022 through June 2022, and participants were 9 private retina practices across the US. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall rate of approval of PA requests, reasons for requesting PA, and overall rate of delay of care resulting from PA procedures. Results: In total, 2365 PA requests were recorded, 2225 of which met inclusion criteria. Overall, 2140 (96.2%) requests were approved. The most common reason for requesting PA, at 64% (1423 of 2225 requests), was reauthorization for a previously utilized medication. Of the 2140 approvals, 59.6% (1277) resulted in a delay in care greater than 24 hours, and 40% (863) were given on the date of service. In a granular analysis of a subset of delayed approvals, 23.9% (173 of 725) were approved within 1 day, 15.9% (115 of 725) were approved within 2 to 3 days, 21.5% (156 of 725) were approved within 4 to 7 days, 26.3% (191 of 725) were approved within 8 to 31 days, and 12.4% (90 of 725) were approved within more than 31 days. Overall, PA denial for step therapy was 2.9% (65 of 2225) of requests and uncovered diagnoses was 0.9% (20 of 2225) of requests. The median staff time spent to obtain a single PA was 100 (range, 0-200) minutes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, PA requests were almost always approved but led to a delay in patient care in most patients. The current study suggests that the PA process may not be effective for retina specialists if these results can be generalized to other practices in the US and if less burdensome and less costly approaches could result in similar approval rates. Potential short-term solutions may include eliminating the PA process for bevacizumab and reauthorizations for established patients.

Vitrectomy versus Combined Vitrectomy and Scleral Buckle for Repair of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with Vitreous Hemorrhage.

PURPOSE: To compare pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with combined PPV and scleral buckle (PPV/SB) for repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with associated vitreous hemorrhage (VH). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with RRD and associated VH who underwent PPV or PPV/SB from January 1, 2010, through August 31, 2020, were analyzed. METHOD: We performed a single-institution, retrospective, observational study of 224 eyes with RRD and VH at the time of detachment. We excluded eyes with <6 months of follow-up, a prior history of retinal detachment (RD) repair with vitrectomy or SB, VH that resolved before surgical intervention, and tractional or combined tractional and rhegmatogenous detachments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Single-surgery anatomic success (SSAS) at 6 months, defined as no recurrent RD requiring surgical intervention. RESULTS: Pars plana vitrectomy and PPV/SB were performed on 138 eyes (62%) and 85 eyes (38%), respectively. The mean age of the PPV and PPV/SB patients was 61.9 and 60.2 years, respectively. Single-surgery anatomic success was achieved in 107 of 138 eyes (77.5%) that underwent PPV and 78 of 85 eyes (91.7%) that underwent PPV/SB. The difference in SSAS between types of treatment was significant (P = 0.006). Mean visual acuity improvement in the PPV/SB group was 0.54 logMAR units greater than that in the PPV group (P = 0.126). The incidence of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy in the PPV/SB group (11.7%) was lower than that in the PPV group (19.5%; P = 0.128). The rate of repeat PPV for non-RD reasons was similar for both the groups (P = 0.437). Final reattachment status was achieved in 137 of the 138 and 84 of the 85 eyes in the PPV and PPV/SB groups, respectively. Final visual acuity improvement was significantly better in eyes with PPV/SB than in eyes with PPV alone (logMAR 2.12 vs. 1.26, respectively; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with RRD and VH, SSAS was superior in patients treated with PPV/SB compared with those treated with PPV alone. Although not significantly different, the PPV/SB group had better visual outcomes and a lower postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy rate.

The distribution of category and location information across object-selective regions in human visual cortex.

Since Ungerleider and Mishkin [Underleider LG, Mishkin M (1982) Two cortical visual systems. Analysis of Visual Behavior, eds Ingle MA, Goodale MI, Masfield RJW (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp 549-586] proposed separate visual pathways for processing object shape and location, steady progress has been made in characterizing the organization of the two kinds of information in extrastriate visual cortex in humans. However, to date, there has been no broad-based survey of category and location information across all major functionally defined object-selective regions. In this study, we used an fMRI region-of-interest (ROI) approach to identify eight regions characterized by their strong selectivity for particular object categories (faces, scenes, bodies, and objects). Participants viewed four types of stimuli (faces, scenes, bodies, and cars) appearing in each of three different spatial locations (above, below, or at fixation). Analyses based on the mean response and voxelwise patterns of response in each ROI reveal location information in almost all of the known object-selective regions. Furthermore, category and location information can be read out independently of one another such that most regions contain both position-invariant category information and category-invariant position information. Finally, we find substantially more location information in ROIs on the lateral than those on the ventral surface of the brain, even though these regions have equal amounts of category information. Although the presence of both location and category information in most object-selective regions argues against a strict physical separation of processing streams for object shape and location, the ability to extract position-invariant category information and category-invariant position information from the same neural population indicates that form and location information nonetheless remain functionally independent.

Only some spatial patterns of fMRI response are read out in task performance.

Classification methods show that the spatial pattern of a functional magnetic resonance imaging response across the cortex contains category information, but whether such patterns are used, or 'read out', in behavioral performance remains untested. We show that although the spatial pattern in both the retinotopic and lateral occipital cortex (LOC) in humans contains category information, only in the LOC is the pattern stronger for correct than for incorrect trials. Thus, some, but not all, spatial patterns are read out during task performance.

Intravitreal Aflibercept Injection vs Sham as Prophylaxis Against Conversion to Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration in High-risk Eyes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents may provide a prophylactic effect in high-risk eyes with intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) against conversion to exudative AMD (eAMD), lowering the risk of vision loss. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) as prophylaxis against the conversion to eAMD in high-risk eyes at 24 months. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-masked, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial performed at 4 US clinical sites enrolled patients with intermediate AMD in 1 eye (study eye), defined as presence of more than 10 medium drusen (≥63 to <125 µm), at least 1 large druse (≥125 µm), and/or retinal pigmentary changes, and eAMD in the fellow eye. Patients were treated from June 23, 2015, to March 13, 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Intravitreal aflibercept injection (2 mg) or sham quarterly injection for 24 months (1:1 randomization). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the proportion of patients with conversion to eAMD at month 24 characterized by development of choroidal neovascularization, as assessed by leakage on fluorescein angiography and fluid on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography by an independent masked reading center. RESULTS: Of 128 patients enrolled, 127 (63 in the IAI group and 64 in the sham group) were included in the primary analysis (68 men [53.5%]; mean [SD] age, 76.5 [8.1] years). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were balanced between the groups. By month 24, 6 patients (9.5%) in the IAI group and 7 (10.9%) in the sham group developed eAMD (P = .98). Patients with a history of eAMD for longer than 2 years in their fellow eye at baseline showed a lower rate of conversion to eAMD in the study eye compared with those with a history of eAMD for 2 years or less in the fellow eye. Safety was consistent with previous studies involving intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this evaluation of quarterly anti-VEGF exposure as prophylaxis to reduce conversion of eyes with high-risk dry AMD to eAMD, the rates of conversion were not lower in the IAI group compared with the sham treatment group at month 24. Understanding the mechanism of conversion to eAMD and therapies that could prevent this event remains an important unmet need. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02462889.

OCT Assistance in Identifying Retinal Breaks in Symptomatic Posterior Vitreous Detachments.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a separation of the posterior hyaloid from the retina that manifests as photopsias and floaters. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has demonstrated posterior vitreous opacities (PVOs) that may correlate with Shaffer's sign, which may correlate with retinal breaks. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with symptomatic PVDs were retrospectively reviewed at a single institution by a single provider. Masked qualitative review of SD-OCTs by a single reviewer determined presence of PVOs. RESULTS: Among 78 patients, PVOs were found in 32 of the patients (41%), and 19 (59%) had retinal breaks. In those without PVOs, six (13%) had a break. Sensitivity and specificity were 76.0% and 75.5%, respectively. Removing patients with vitreous hemorrhages, sensitivity, and specificity of PVOs was 82.4% and 86.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In symptomatic PVDs, PVOs on OCT correlated with the presence of a retinal break, especially in the absence of a vitreous hemorrhage. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:628-632.].

Long-Term Outcomes in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 With Subretinal Neovascularization.

Purpose: This work reports long-term outcomes in macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) with subretinal neovascularization (SRNV). Methods: A retrospective, single-center review of medical records was performed on all patients with a diagnosis of MacTel presenting between May 2004 and October 2019. Medical and ocular history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at baseline and final visit, optical coherence tomography data, and treatment history of SRNV secondary to MacTel were recorded. Results: A total of 471 eyes were diagnosed with MacTel. SRNV was present in 44 eyes (9.3%), of which 38 eyes met inclusion criteria for SRNV. Average follow-up duration in the SRNV group was 78.4 months. All SRNV patients underwent antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. There was no significant change from mean baseline (0.59 ± 0.45) to final (0.70 ± 0.49) BCVA in the SRNV group as a whole (P = .13). Subgroup analysis revealed 17 of 38 eyes had SRNV at diagnosis and received immediate anti-VEGF treatment. In this subgroup mean pretreatment BCVA was 0.89 ± 0.43 and the mean final BCVA was 0.87 ± 0.61 (P = .84). The remainder (21 of 38 eyes) developed SRNV during follow-up. In this subgroup, final BCVA after initiation of treatment was 0.56 ± 0.32, an improvement in BCVA from SRNV onset (P = .04) and a decrease from pre-SRNV onset baseline BCVA (P = .008). Conclusions: Visual acuity is maintained, not improved, in long-term follow-up of MacTel with SRNV treated with anti-VEGF. Patients presenting with SRNV have a worse prognosis than those who develop SRNV during follow-up.

Analysis of Emergent Nonhospital-Based Retina Consultation Requests in an Academic Nonhospital-Associated Retina Practice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of after-hour encounters concerning patients referred by eye physicians to on-call retina services for emergent evaluation not seen in or referred by an emergency department. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients seeking treatment at 3 private practice institutions over a 2-year period between 2017 and 2018. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted comprising all patients who sought treatment emergently and after clinic hours from 3 academic nonhospital-associated retina-only private practice institutions over a 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient presenting symptoms, diagnosis given at time of after-hours appointment, duration of symptoms, source of after-hours consultation (patient or provider), procedure performed at appointment, and appointments that led to surgery. RESULTS: Nine hundred eighty-seven charts were reviewed. Provider referrals accounted for 49.13% (n = 485) and patient-derived referrals accounted for 50% (n = 493) of appointments. New patients accounted for 27.6% (n = 146) of patient-derived and 85.2% (n = 413) of provider-derived referrals. The most common presenting symptoms were flashes and floaters (42.5%; n = 420), decrease in visual acuity (32.1%; n = 317), generalized eye pain (7.4%; n = 73), visual field disturbance (4.3%; n = 42), and postoperative ocular pain (3.4%; n = 34). An in-office procedure was performed at the time of examination in 18% of encounters (n = 178), with most of these being laser retinopexy. Surgery was performed within 24 hours in 18% (n = 180), within 48 hours in 20.6% (n = 203), within 72 hours in 21.7% (n = 214), and within 96 hours in 22.6% (n = 223) of the appointment. When combined with procedures, 36.2% (n = 358) of encounters led to urgent intervention within 24 hours. If a provider called about an existing patient, 37.5% of these appointments (n = 27) led to surgery versus 12.8% (n = 49) if an existing patient self-referred. If a provider called about a new patient, 31.7% of these appointments (n = 131) led to surgery versus 10% (n = 14) if a new patient self-referred. CONCLUSIONS: At these 3 private practice retinal specialty clinics, 41% of after-hours appointment requests resulted in an intervention within 96 hours, and 36% of these patients underwent an intervention within 24 hours.

Perifoveal Exudative Vascular Anomalous Complex With Suspended Scattered Particles in Motion.

Perifoveal exudative anomalous complex (PEVAC) is an uncommon entity that occurs in isolation or in association with retinal vascular disorders. The authors describe a case of a 47-year-old man presenting with a central scotoma in the left eye found to have an isolated PEVAC. Fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and intravenous fluorescein angiography were collected. OCT angiography of the lesion revealed suspended scattered particles in motion, a newly described finding in exudative macular retinopathies. The authors describe the first case of PEVAC with angiographic evidence of suspended scattered particles in motion. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:796-800.].

TARANTULA HAIR ASSOCIATED PANUVEITIS TREATED WITH SUSTAINED-RELEASE INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT.

PURPOSE: To report a case of tarantula hair-induced panuveitis treated with sustained-release intravitreal dexamethasone implant and followed by sequential spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging. METHODS: Findings on clinical examination, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, corneal in vivo confocal microscopy, color fundus photos, fluorescein angiography, and retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography are presented. Sequential optical coherence tomography images demonstrated the course of the chorioretinal lesions before and after sustained-release intravitreal dexamethasone implant. RESULTS: A 19-year-old female presented with localized temporal episcleritis and scleritis that incompletely resolved despite multiple courses of topical and oral corticosteroids. She subsequently developed focal vitritis and chorioretinitis, and was found to have tarantula hair-induced panuveitis. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of tarantula hairs embedded in the anterior corneal stroma. There was only transient improvement with posterior sub-Tenon's Kenalog injection. After treatment with sustained-release intravitreal dexamethasone implant, her symptoms improved and the chorioretinal lesions became inactive. Sequential spectral domain optical coherence tomography images revealed hyperreflective inner retina lesions that progressed to involve the outer retina, and then flattened to near resolution after therapy. CONCLUSION: This is the first case showing positive clinical outcomes supported by sequential retinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography using a sustained-release intravitreal dexamethasone implant to treat ophthalmia nodosa-induced by tarantula hairs.

The Definition, Rationale, and Effects of Thresholding in OCT Angiography.

PURPOSE: To examine the definition, rationale, and effects of thresholding in OCT angiography (OCTA). DESIGN: A theoretical description of OCTA thresholding in combination with qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effects of OCTA thresholding in eyes from a retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Four eyes were qualitatively examined: 1 from a 27-year-old control, 1 from a 78-year-old exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patient, 1 from a 58-year-old myopic patient, and 1 from a 77-year-old nonexudative AMD patient with geographic atrophy (GA). One eye from a 75-year-old nonexudative AMD patient with GA was quantitatively analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A theoretical thresholding model and a qualitative and quantitative description of the dependency of OCTA on thresholding level. RESULTS: Due to the presence of system noise, OCTA thresholding is a necessary step in forming OCTA images; however, thresholding can complicate the relationship between blood flow and OCTA signal. CONCLUSIONS: Thresholding in OCTA can cause significant artifacts, which should be considered when interpreting and quantifying OCTA images.

The best of the best: a review of select retina case reports published in 2015.

This review article highlights 4 case reports published in 2015 that provided substantive contributions to the field of retina. The first describes postoperative hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis, a newly described and visually devastating complication of cataract surgery. The second discusses ocriplasmin as a novel treatment for foveal schisis in patients with X-linked retinoschisis. The third describes a case of retinal toxicity from sertraline, a common psychiatric drug often sold as name brand Zoloft (Pfizer Inc, New York, NY). The last article shares 10-year results from a blind patient who received the Argus I retinal prosthesis. The study of vitreoretinal disease is both complex and fascinating. Case reports and case series are a means by which clinicians can share clinical experiences in managing retinal disease. By sharing our clinical experiences from individual patients, we begin the process of describing new diseases, new medications, and new surgical techniques. To obtain a list of published reports, we performed a MEDLINE search for case reports with the keyword retina. In 2015 there were 195 publications meeting these criteria. We selected 4 articles that highlight interesting developments in the field of retina.