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BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte activation-gene 3 (LAG-3) is an emerging next-generation immune checkpoint molecule. We aim to define the expression pattern of LAG-3 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) as a first step to understand the role of LAG-3 in cSCC prognosis and therapy. OBJECTIVE: To define the expression pattern of LAG-3 in cSCC as a first step to understand the role of LAG-3 in cSCC prognosis and therapy. METHODS: To test whether LAG-3 is expressed on cSCC infiltrating lymphocytes, we isolated CD8 + T lymphocytes from three SCC tumors using flow cytometry and performed single-cell RNA sequencing for LAG-3 and programmed cell death protein -1 (PD-1). In addition, we evaluated LAG-3 mRNA expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue using NanoString technology. RESULTS: Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that LAG-3 is expressed more than PD-1 in CD8 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (50.8% vs 35.2%, respectively). Quantifying LAG-3 mRNA expression showed that compared with normal skin, LAG-3 mRNA is approximately 8 fold higher in immunocompetent associated SCC tumors and approximately 2 fold higher in transplant associated SCC tumors ( p -values <.05). In addition, LAG-3 mRNA was expressed 7.2 fold higher in T2a SCC tumors compared with normal skin ( p -value <.05). CONCLUSION: Lymphocyte activation-gene 3 is expressed on SCC infiltrating T lymphocytes at a higher percentage than PD-1. In addition, LAG-3 mRNA expression is significantly higher in SCC tumors. Ongoing studies will be performed to define its role as an immune-related biomarker and as a therapeutic target.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The lifetime risk for basal carcinoma (BCC) is 90% in patients with Gorlin syndrome, also known as basal cell nevus syndrome. Compared with non-Gorlin patients, Gorlin patients often develop BCCs at a younger age and in greater numbers up to 500 BCCs in a lifetime. OBJECTIVE: To review the options available for Gorlin patients and highlight existing knowledge gaps where future studies are indicated to optimize the care of this unique population. METHODS: We review the current literature on managing patients with Gorlin syndrome from the lens of a dermatologic surgeon. RESULTS: Although Mohs surgery is still the gold standard for large and aggressive BCCs, other less-invasive approaches may be considered for smaller, more numerous lesions. As dermatologic surgeons, we must be open to the full spectrum of surgical and nonsurgical options to individualize treatment and optimize patients' quality of life. Without maintaining a balance between optimal cure rate and volume management, Gorlin patients become at risk for surgical burn out and loss to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Gorlin patients undergo numerous surgeries especially on the central face which can lead to disfigurement and reduce the quality of life. Identifying gaps in the current literature, continuing ongoing research, and eventually establishing appropriate guidelines that help to guide the formation of an individualized treatment plan is crucial in developing a balance between conservative and complex treatments for this population.
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Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular , Carcinoma Basocelular , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Cirurgiões , Humanos , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/cirurgia , Síndrome do Nevo Basocelular/patologia , Qualidade de Vida , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Cirurgia de Mohs , Carcinoma Basocelular/cirurgia , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologiaRESUMO
Formation of membrane pores/channels regulates various cellular processes, such as necroptosis or stem cell niche signaling. However, the roles of membrane lipids in the formation of pores and their biological functions are largely unknown. Here, using the cellular stress model evoked by the sphingolipid analog drug FTY720, we show that formation of ceramide-enriched membrane pores, referred to here as ceramidosomes, is initiated by a receptor-interacting Ser/Thr kinase 1 (RIPK1)-ceramide complex transported to the plasma membrane by nonmuscle myosin IIA-dependent trafficking in human lung cancer cells. Molecular modeling/simulation coupled with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Asp147 or Asn169 of RIPK1 are key for ceramide binding and that Arg258 or Leu293 residues are involved in the myosin IIA interaction, leading to ceramidosome formation and necroptosis. Moreover, generation of ceramidosomes independently of any external drug/stress stimuli was also detected in the plasma membrane of germ line stem cells in ovaries during the early stages of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster Inhibition of ceramidosome formation via myosin IIA silencing limited germ line stem cell signaling and abrogated oogenesis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the RIPK1-ceramide complex forms large membrane pores we named ceramidosomes. They further suggest that, in addition to their roles in stress-mediated necroptosis, these ceramide-enriched pores also regulate membrane integrity and signaling and might also play a role in D. melanogaster ovary development.
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Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Proteínas Motores Moleculares/metabolismo , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Necrose/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Células A549 , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/patologia , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Necrose/patologia , Oogênese , Ovário/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is an acquired vascular growth on the skin and mucous membranes. Even though PG is a benign tumor, treatment is required due to associated risk of ulceration and bleeding, cosmetic concerns, and the low likelihood of spontaneous regression. Treatment entails excisional surgery, cryotherapy, or electrocautery; recurrence however is a major problem. Beta-blockers became an attractive option for the treatment of vascular growths after it got approved for infantile hemangioma. PG was found to express beta adrenergic receptors, similarly to infantile hemangioma. Several publications have reported the use of oral and topical beta blockers such as timolol, propranolol, and betaxolol for the treatment of PG. In this study, we summarized the literature with regards to the effectiveness of topical beta blockers for the treatment of PG, and discussed all published case reports, case series, and open-label single arm trials. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(10):1006-1010.
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Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Granuloma Piogênico/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Cutânea , Administração Oral , Betaxolol/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Granuloma Piogênico/patologia , Humanos , Propranolol/uso terapêutico , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Recidiva , Pele/patologia , Dermatopatias/patologia , Timolol/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Signaling pathways regulated by mutant Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD), which mediate resistance to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell death, are poorly understood. Here, we reveal that pro-cell death lipid ceramide generation is suppressed by FLT3-ITD signaling. Molecular or pharmacologic inhibition of FLT3-ITD reactivated ceramide synthesis, selectively inducing mitophagy and AML cell death. Mechanistically, FLT3-ITD targeting induced ceramide accumulation on the outer mitochondrial membrane, which then directly bound autophagy-inducing light chain 3 (LC3), involving its I35 and F52 residues, to recruit autophagosomes for execution of lethal mitophagy. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of LC3 prevented AML cell death in response to FLT3-ITD inhibition by crenolanib, which was restored by wild-type (WT)-LC3, but not mutants of LC3 with altered ceramide binding (I35A-LC3 or F52A-LC3). Mitochondrial ceramide accumulation and lethal mitophagy induction in response to FLT3-ITD targeting was mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) activation via inhibition of protein kinase A-regulated S637 phosphorylation, resulting in mitochondrial fission. Inhibition of Drp1 prevented ceramide-dependent lethal mitophagy, and reconstitution of WT-Drp1 or phospho-null S637A-Drp1 but not its inactive phospho-mimic mutant (S637D-Drp1), restored mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in response to crenolanib in FLT3-ITD+ AML cells expressing stable shRNA against endogenous Drp1. Moreover, activating FLT3-ITD signaling in crenolanib-resistant AML cells suppressed ceramide-dependent mitophagy and prevented cell death. FLT3-ITD+ AML drug resistance is attenuated by LCL-461, a mitochondria-targeted ceramide analog drug, in vivo, which also induced lethal mitophagy in human AML blasts with clinically relevant FLT3 mutations. Thus, these data reveal a novel mechanism which regulates AML cell death by ceramide-dependent mitophagy in response to FLT3-ITD targeting.
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Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Ceramidas , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Mitofagia , Mutação , Piperidinas/farmacologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms , Animais , Ceramidas/genética , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Dinaminas , GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/genética , GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/metabolismo , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Mitofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitofagia/genética , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/antagonistas & inibidores , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/genética , Tirosina Quinase 3 Semelhante a fms/metabolismoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Data regarding health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients in the Middle East are limited with fatigue and sleep disturbance being the most distressing symptoms reported by patients treated for early breast cancer. AIMS: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and incidence of insomnia among patients with early-stage breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. We enrolled patients with stage I-III breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. At three different time points (prior to, during, and following chemotherapy), we assessed the severity of sleep disturbances using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Insomnia Severity Index. The Institution Review Board approved the study. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were recruited. There was a significant increase in sleep disturbances during chemotherapy which improved to below baseline levels on completion of therapy. Prior to chemotherapy, 36% of patients reported poor sleep versus 58% during chemotherapy. The percentage of patients reporting clinical insomnia rose from 11% pretreatment to 36% during chemotherapy reflecting a significant symptomatic burden that is poorly documented and managed in routine clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer experience an increase in sleep disturbances during the treatment phase. Physicians should be aware of the need to routinely screen for sleep disturbance in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating skin disease characterized by painful recurrent nodules and abscesses caused by chronic inflammation. Early events in the development of HS are believed to occur in the folliculopilosebaceous unit; however, the signaling pathways behind this mechanism are unknown. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide, are essential components of the skin and appendages and have important structural and signaling roles. OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore whether the gene expression of enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolic pathways is altered in HS. METHODS: A microarray data set including 30 samples was used to compare the expression of sphingolipid-related enzymes in inflammatory skin lesions from HS patients (n = 17) with the expression in clinically healthy skin tissue (n = 13). Differential expression of sphingolipid metabolism-related genes was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus 2R. RESULTS: HS lesional skin samples have significantly decreased expression of enzymes generating ceramide and sphingomyelin, increased expression of enzymes catabolizing ceramide to sphingosine, and increased expression of enzymes converting ceramide to galactosylceramide and gangliosides. LIMITATIONS: Limitations of this study include assessing the expression of sphingolipid-related enzymes without assessing the levels of the related sphingolipids. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that sphingolipid metabolism is altered in HS lesional skin compared with normal skin.
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Expressão Gênica , Hidradenite Supurativa/enzimologia , Hidradenite Supurativa/genética , Perilipinas/genética , Pele/enzimologia , Esfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Ceramidase Alcalina/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Glucosilceramidase/genética , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glicoesfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Hexosaminidases/genética , Humanos , Lisofosfolipídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Fosfotransferases (Aceptor do Grupo Álcool)/genética , Serina C-Palmitoiltransferase/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Esfingolipídeos/biossíntese , Esfingomielina Fosfodiesterase/genética , Esfingomielinas/metabolismo , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Esfingosina/metabolismo , Esfingosina N-Aciltransferase/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaAssuntos
Doenças da Unha , Unhas , Humanos , Fenômenos Magnéticos , Doenças da Unha/patologia , Unhas/patologiaRESUMO
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid effectors, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, metastasis and autophagy. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is a form of nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by double membrane structures, autophagosomes, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of autophagy at various levels, including the induction of lethal mitophagy, a selective autophagy process to target and eliminate damaged mitochondria. In this review, we focused on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy, in particular lethal mitophagy, by ceramide, and aimed at providing discussion points for various context-dependent roles and mechanisms of action of ceramide in controlling mitophagy.
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Autofagia , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitofagia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Moringa oleifera (MO) is an important dietary component for many populations in West Africa and the Indian subcontinent. In addition to its highly nutritious value, almost all parts of this plant have been widely used in folk medicine in curing infectious, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and other diseases. Evidence-based research supported its versatile medicinal properties; however, more rigorous research is required to establish it in cancer therapy. As such, in this study we aim to investigate the in vitro anticancerous effect of Moringa oleifera's aqueous leaf extract. METHODS: Moringa extract was prepared by soaking pulverized leaves in hot water mimicking the people's mode of the leaf drink preparation. Several assays were used to study the effect of different percentage concentrations of the extract on viability of A549 cells; levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) generated; as well as percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released at different time points. In addition to mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptotic events were assessed using western blotting for apoptotic markers and immunoflourescent flourescent labeled inhibitor of caspases (FLICA) assay. RESULTS: MO extract treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (1 hour) and ATP levels (3 hours), followed by an increase in (6 hours) ROS, caspase activation, proapoptotic proteins expression (p53, SMAC/Diablo, AIF), and PARP-1 cleavage. This eventually resulted in decreased GSH levels and a decrease in viability. The cytotoxic effect was prevented upon pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. MO decreased as well the viability of HepG2, CaCo2, Jurkat, and HEK293 cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings identify a plant extract with an anticancerous effect on cancer cell lines. MO extract exerts its cytotoxic effect in A549 cancer cells by affecting mitochondrial viability and inducing apoptosis in an ROS-dependent manner.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Moringa oleifera , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Células A549 , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células CACO-2 , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/análiseAssuntos
Pérnio/diagnóstico , Dedos/patologia , Antígeno Ki-1/imunologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Pérnio/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Erros de Diagnóstico/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Mãos/patologia , Humanos , Linfócitos/patologia , Masculino , Dermatopatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Infantile digital fibromatosis (IDF), or inclusion body fibromatosis, is a rare benign tumor that commonly presents as a solitary nodule composed of spindle cells within the dermis on the digits of infants and children. Evaluation often includes a biopsy and typical therapies include observation, intralesional corticosteroid injections, and complete surgical resection. Given the rarity of IDF, few clinicians have direct or extensive experience diagnosing or treating it. Here we present a comprehensive review of the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for IDF.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe local recurrence rates and patient-reported outcomes when Mohs micrographic surgery with cytokeratin-7 immunostains (MMS-CK7) is included in the interdisciplinary management of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of EMPD treated with MMS-CK7 as part of an interdisciplinary team at an academic medical center between 2009 and 2016. Local recurrence rates and patient-reported outcomes were determined by record review and patient surveys. RESULTS: Twenty tumors in 19 patients were treated using MMS-CK7. After MMS-CK7 defined clear microscopic margins, 75% (15/20) of tumors underwent excision or reconstruction by a surgical colleague. Internal malignancy screening was performed by multiple specialties in 17 patients, with 1 associated malignancy of prostate cancer detected. No local recurrence was detected with a mean follow-up of 75.2 months. Most patients were satisfied with appearance (18/19, 95%) and function (16/19, 84%) after surgery. CONCLUSION: Interdisciplinary teams that include MMS-CK7 can treat EMPD with low local recurrence rates, high patient satisfaction, and thorough internal malignancy screening.
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Cirurgia de Mohs , Doença de Paget Extramamária , Secções Congeladas , Humanos , Queratina-7 , Masculino , Margens de Excisão , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Doença de Paget Extramamária/diagnóstico , Doença de Paget Extramamária/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Nail unit pathology is indispensable to reach an accurate diagnosis of nail tumors as well as inflammatory disorders. This review article provides an update from the most recently published studies on the pathology and management of nail unit tumors and inflammatory disorders. Recent findings of nail clipping histopathology are described first, followed by discussing recent data on the diagnosis and surgical management of several types of nail unit tumors, ending with discussing the recent discoveries in selected nail unit inflammatory disorders.
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Doenças da Unha , Neoplasias , Biópsia , Humanos , Doenças da Unha/diagnóstico , UnhasRESUMO
Mutations in the genes encoding the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) are identified in most sebaceous neoplasms. Sebaceous tumors are rare in the general population; however, they are common in patients with inherited or acquired mutations in the MMR system. This article describes the DNA MMR system and its implication in sebaceous tumors as well as discusses the recent recommendations for screening for Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) in patients presenting with sebaceous tumors.
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Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA/genética , Síndrome de Muir-Torre/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Muir-Torre/genética , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , MutaçãoRESUMO
Nail unit squamous cell carcinoma (NSCC) is a malignant neoplasm that can arise from any part of the nail unit including the nail bed, nail matrix, nail groove, and nail fold. Nail unit SCC is the most common malignant nail neoplasm, and yet its diagnosis often is delayed, partly due to the clinical presentation of NSCC mimicking benign conditions such as onychomycosis, warts, and paronychia. Nail unit SCC has a low rate of metastasis; however, a delayed diagnosis often can result in local destruction and bone invasion. It is imperative for dermatologists who are early in their training to recognize this entity and refer for treatment. Many approaches have been used to treat NSCC, including wide local excision, digital amputation, cryotherapy, topical modalities, and recently Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS).
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Doenças da Unha , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Humanos , Cirurgia de Mohs , Doenças da Unha/diagnóstico , Doenças da Unha/cirurgia , Unhas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgiaRESUMO
Primary extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an intraepidermal adnexal carcinoma of the apocrine gland ducts with the potential to become invasive or metastatic. The pathogenesis of primary EMPD remains unclear; however, there have been recent studies investigating the genetic characteristics of EMPD lesions. The interaction between the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand is one of the pathways recently reported to be a potential target in EMPD. Given the advances of immunotherapy in the field of oncology and the paucity of effective agents to treat EMPD, this article serves to shed light on recent data studying PD-1 signaling in EMPD and highlights the potential clinical use of immunotherapy for EMPD.
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Doença de Paget Extramamária , Humanos , Doença de Paget Extramamária/terapia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1RESUMO
Schwannoma is a tumor of schwann cell proliferation which presents as a solitary, soft, skin-colored dermal or subcutaneous papulo-nodule most commonly on the flexor part of extremities and head and neck areas. Here, we report a case of nail unit schwannoma, which is a rare tumor of the nail apparatus with only 4 other prior reports in the literature. This case illustrates the importance of including subungual schwannoma in the clinical differential diagnosis of subungual soft tissue tumors. We include a literature review which catalogs and summarizes the current knowledge regarding this unusual nail unit neoplasm.
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Numerous vaccines are being actively developed for use in dermatologic diseases. Advances in the fields of immunotherapy, genetics and molecular medicine have allowed for the design of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines with immense potential in managing infections and malignancies of the skin. This review addresses the different vaccines available for use in dermatological diseases and those under development for future potential use. The major limitation of our review is its complete reliance on published data. Our review is strictly limited to the availability of published research online through available databases. We do not cite any of the authors' previous publications nor have we conducted previous original research studies regarding vaccines in dermatology. Strength would have been added to our paper had we conducted original studies by our research team regarding the candidate vaccines delineated in the paper.