Exosomes: Their role in the diagnosis, progression, metastasis, and treatment of glioblastoma.

Exosomes are crucial for the growth and spread of glioblastomas, an aggressive form of brain cancer. These tiny vesicles play a crucial role in the activation of signaling pathways and intercellular communication. They can also transfer a variety of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes can influence the immune response by regulating the activity of immune cells, and they are crucial for the growth and metastasis of glioblastoma cells. In addition, exosomes contribute to drug resistance during treatment, which is a major obstacle in the treatment of glioblastoma. By studying them, the diagnosis and prognosis of glioblastoma can be improved. Due to their high biocompatibility and lack of toxicity, they have become an attractive option for drug delivery. The development of exosomes as carriers of specific therapeutic agents could overcome some of the obstacles to effective treatment of glioblastoma. In this review, we address the potential of exosomes for the treatment of glioblastoma and show how they can be modified for this purpose.

Evaluation of normal tissue complications in breast cancer re-irradiation: a meta-analysis study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, evidence has accumulated that a second method of conserving the breast from cancer with re-irradiation as part of treatment may be feasible and safe. Many oncologists are skeptical of breast re-irradiation due to concerns about late complications, so access to quantitative data on the prevalence of breast re-irradiation complications is very important. In this meta-analysis, we determine the prevalence of complications in normal tissue after breast re-irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was done to recognize qualified studies using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Collaboration Library electronic databases from 2000 to 2023. In total, ten primary studies were applied in this meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of complications of disorders, skin fibrosis, and chest pain. Heterogeneity was investigated using the I2 index and the meta-regression to evaluate variables suspected of causing heterogeneity. Statistical analysis and synthesis were performed using Stata 17. RESULTS: The average dose received by patients who underwent radiation therapy in two stages was 100.32 Gy, and in these patients, the prevalence of skin fibrosis and disorders was 47% (95% CI 71-22%; I2 = 96.76%, P < 0.001) and the prevalence of chest pain was 35% (95% CI 68-8%; I2 = 98.13%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is little clinical information about the incidence of complications in breast re-irradiation therapy. This meta-analysis presents the prevalence of complications after breast re-irradiation to help radiation oncologists and physicists make better decisions.

Spinal Reirradiation-Mediated Myelopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Reirradiation of the spine is carried out in 42% of patients who do not respond to treatment or have recurrent pain. However, there are few studies and data on the effect of reirradiation of the spine and the occurrence of acute and chronic side-effects caused by reirradiation, such as myelopathy, in these patients. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the safe dose in terms of biological effective dose (BED), cumulative dose and dose interval between BED1 and BED2 to decrease or prevent myelopathy and pain control in patients undergoing radiation therapy in the spinal cord. A search was carried out using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Google Scholar, Cochrane Collaboration library electronic databases, Magiran, and SID from 2000 to 2022 to recognise qualified studies. In total, 17 primary studies were applied to estimate the pooled effect size. The random effects model showed that the pooled BED in the first stage, the BED in the second stage and the cumulative BED1 and BED2 were estimated at 77.63, 58.35 and 115.34 Gy, respectively. Studies reported on dose interval. The results of a random effects model showed that the pooled interval was estimated at 13.86 months. The meta-analysis revealed that using appropriate BED1 and/or BED2 in a safe interval between the first and second phases of treatment can have an influential role in preventing or reducing the effects of myelopathy and regional control pain in spinal reirradiation.

Color Doppler ultrasonography diagnostic value in detection of malignant nodules in cysts with pathologically proven thyroid malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Today, the color Doppler ultrasonography is used to further evaluate suspected malignant tumors. This study investigates the malignant thyroid nodules using color Doppler. METHODS: After extracting true positive, false positive, false negative, and true negative among included studies, a quality was evaluated by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio (with 95% confidence interval) were found using a random effect model. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves (SROC) were used to assess relationship between sensitivity and specificity. The area under the curve of the SROC was calculated to estimate the performance of color Doppler ultrasound to distinguish malignant thyroid nodules. Our registration code in PROSPERO is CRD42018111198. RESULTS: Of 1125 articles, 288 articles were selected for the further investigation. After excluding irrelevant and poor articles, 20 studies were included for the meta-analysis. According to a random effect model, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of color Doppler ultrasound to distinguish malignant thyroid nodules were estimated as 0.74 (95% CI 0.62-0.83; [Formula: see text]) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.56-0.81; [Formula: see text]), respectively. The SROC curve consists of representing the paired results for sensitivity and specificity. According to SROC, AUC = 0.78 (95% CI 0.74-0.81) is between 0.75 and 0.92, so that color Doppler ultrasound has a good accuracy. CONCLUSION: Color Doppler is a valuable non-invasive method for evaluating thyroid nodules, and it is a high-sensitivity diagnostic tool for assessing thyroid nodules. Resistive index > 0.75 and a pattern III or more in color Doppler predicts malignant with the confidence. Due to its precision, cost-efficiency, easy access, and non-invasive nature, color Doppler should be included in the standard clinical protocol for the decision-making period and the treatment evaluation.

Efficacy of nivolumab as checkpoint inhibitor drug on survival rate of patients with relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis of prospective clinical study.

AIMS: The primary standard treatment for classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, some patients get relapsed, or their diseases become resistant. PD1 blocking antibodies have been used to increase the response of treatment in solid tumors, and led to potentially stable responses that are acceptable. Our purpose in this study is to investigate the effect of nivolumab as a PD1 blocking antibody on the survival rate of patients with Hodgkin's cancer. METHODS: Databases were found in International Medical Sciences, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, Index Copernicus, PubMed, DOAJ, Google Scholar, EBSCO-CINAHL, and Persian databases containing SID and Magiran using keywords such as: "checkpoint inhibitor", "nivolumab", "Hodgkin lymphoma", and "PD1 Blockade". The risk of bias was determined by two external observers using the Cochrane checklists. After the search, the data provided in 51 documents was independently evaluated. Duplicate papers were excluded. Assessing the full texts of the remaining papers, 7 papers were approved. RESULTS: Pooled data of these seven studies revealed that the overall objective response rate was 68% (CI 64.1% to 72.1%; heterogeneity; I2 = 40.19%; p = 0.123) with partial remission (52%; CI 46.5% to 57.6%; heterogeneity; I2 = 28.36%; p = 0.212). In the pooled analysis, complete remission was 16.8 (CI 11.1% to 26.4%). Pooled data of six studies showed that stable disease was averaged to 19% (CI 16% to 23%; heterogeneity; I2 = 30%; p = 0.209; fixed-effect model). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicate that nivolumab as a PD1 pathway inhibitor can be effective in treating relapsed and refractory cHL patients compared to other therapies, and lead to more effective treatment over the long term. Furthermore, the adverse effects of nivolumab are controllable and have a good safety profile.

Evaluation of thyroid gland as an organ at risk after breast cancer radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy can often lead to thyroid dysfunction. Some studies demonstrated that treatment of breast cancer by RT can expose thyroid gland to high doses of radiation. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate consideration of thyroid gland as an organ at risk. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis to select initial studies, a comprehensive search by two independent reviewers was performed. Electronical databases following: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Elsevier, Embase, ProQuest and Persian databases such as Iranmedex, Magiran, and SID were searched. All searches were restricted to English language between 1985 and 2017. A random effect meta-analysis is applied to estimate pooled effect size across initial studies. Funnel plot with Egger's test is used to assess potential publication bias. RESULTS: Totally, five studies (478 samples) were included in meta-analysis. The meta-analyses of result showed that thyroid gland is affected by radiotherapy significantly and the TSH increased after radiotherapy (z = 2.68, P = 0.007). The pooled estimate of difference mean for TSH was 0.90 (95% CI 0.24, 1.55). In studies among patients with breast cancer RT, hypothyroidism was reported more than other thyroid disorders. There was not showed possibility publication bias among studies (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that thyroid gland is affected by radiotherapy significantly and the TSH increased after radiotherapy. Protecting thyroid gland during radiation and follow-up of patients with breast cancer RT are suggested for the assessment of thyroid gland dysfunction.

Blocking Short-Wavelength Component of the Visible Light Emitted by Smartphones' Screens Improves Human Sleep Quality.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that short-wavelength blue component of the visible light spectrum can alter the circadian rhythm and suppress the level of melatonin hormone. The short-wavelength light emitted by smartphones' screens can affect the sleep quality of the people who use these devices at night through suppression of melatonin. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we examined the effects of covering the screens of smartphones with different filters (changing the effective wavelength of the light) on sleep delay time in 43 healthy students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteer students were asked to go to bed at 23:00 and to use their mobile phones in bed for watching a natural life documentary movie for 60 minutes. No filter was used for one night while amber and blue filters were used for other 2 nights. Photospectrometry method was used to determine the output spectrum of the light passing through the filters used for covering the screens of the mobile phones. The order for utilizing amber or blue filters or using no filter was selected randomly. After 1 hour, the participants were asked to record their sleep delay time measured by a modified form of sleep time record sheet. RESULTS: The mean sleep delay time for the "no-filter" night was 20.84±9.15 minutes, while the sleep delay times for the nights with amber and blue filters were 15.26±1.04 and 26.33±1.59 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings obtained in this study support this hypothesis that blue light possibly suppresses the secretion of melatonin more than the longer wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. Using amber filter in this study significantly improved the sleep quality. Altogether, these findings lead us to this conclusion that blocking the short-wavelength component of the light emitted by smartphones' screens improves human sleep.

Induction of apoptosis by ultrasound application in human malignant lymphoid cells: role of mitochondria-caspase pathway activation.

In the present study, we have focused on the specific question of whether ultrasound application (ULS) delivered with optimized parameters for cavitation generation can stimulate apoptosis in lymphoid cell lines. Suspended T and B lymphoid cell lines (Jurkat and Raji, respectively) were exposed to low frequency ULS (750 KHz) at an intensity level of 54.6 W/cm(2) spatial peak temporal average (SPTA) at focal area, which was found to be the optimal physical parameter to induce apoptosis in these malignant cell lines. Unsonicated cells and cells exposed to gamma-radiation (20 Gy) using (137)Cs source were used as control. Apoptosis was evaluated by cell morphology changes, cell-cycle analysis, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Fraction of cells with low mitochondria membrane potential was observed 1 h after sonication, accompanied by cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol and caspase-3 activation. Here we present evidence that ULS exposure with cavitation formation on malignant lymphoid cell lines differs from gamma-radiation and is associated with time-dependent apoptosis, which is mitochondria-caspase dependent.

Nanomaterial containing wall paints can increase radon concentration in houses located in radon prone areas.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, extensive technological advancements have made it possible to use nanopaints which show exciting properties. In IR Iran excessive radon levels (up to 3700 Bq m-3) have been reported in homes located in radon prone areas. Over the past decades, concerns have been raised about the risk posed by residential radon exposure. OBJECTIVE: This study aims at investigating the effect of using nanomaterial containing wall paints on radon concentration in homes. METHODS: Two wooden model houses were used in this study. Soil samples from Ramsar high background radiation areas were used for simulating the situation of a typical house in radon-prone areas. Conventional water-soluble wall paint was used for painting the walls of the 1st house model; while the 2nd house model was painted with the same wall paint with montmorillonitenanoclay. RESULTS: Three days after sealing the house models, radon level was measured by using a portable radon survey meter. The mean radon level inside the 1st house model (conventional paint) was 515.3 ± 17.8 Bq/m(3) while the mean radon concentration in the 2nd house model (nano-painted house model) was 570.8 ± 18.5 Bq/m(3). The difference between these means was statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first investigation on the effect of nano-material containing wall paints on indoor radon concentrations.  It can be concluded that nano-material-containing wall paints should not be used in houses with wooden walls located in radon prone areas. Although the mechanism of this effect is not clearly known, decreased porosity in nano-paints might be a key factor in increasing the radon concentration in homes.