Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Symptom Management in Older Individuals with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.

The growing number of people aging with HIV represents a group vulnerable to the symptom burdens of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Among younger groups, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has been shown to help people living with HIV manage HIV-related and other life stress, and although there is some theoretical and empirical evidence that it may be effective among those with cognitive deficits, the approach has not been studied in older populations with HAND. Participants (n = 180) 55 years or older with HIV and cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to either an 8-week MBSR arm or a waitlist control. We assessed the impact of MBSR compared to a waitlist control on psychological outcomes [stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL)] and cognitive metrics (e.g., speed of information processing, working memory, attention, impulsivity) measured at baseline, immediately post intervention (8 weeks) and one month later (16 weeks). Intent to treat analyses showed significant improvement in the MBSR group compared to control on symptoms of depression from baseline to 8 weeks, however, the difference was not sustained at 16 weeks. The MBSR group also showed improvement in perceived QOL from baseline to 16 weeks compared to the waitlist control group. Cognitive performance did not differ between the two treatment arms. MBSR shows promise as a tool to help alleviate the symptom burden of depression and low QOL in older individuals living with HAND and future work should address methods to better sustain the beneficial impact on depression and QOL.

On the Difficulty Predicting Word Recognition Performance After Cochlear Implantation.

HYPOTHESIS: Preimplantation word scores cannot reliably predict postimplantation outcomes. BACKGROUND: To date, there is no model based on preoperative data that can reliably predict the postoperative outcomes of cochlear implantation in the postlingually deafened adult patient. METHODS: In a group of 228 patients who received a cochlear implant between 2002 and 2021, we tested the predictive power of nine variables (age, etiology, sex, laterality of implantation, preimplantation thresholds and word scores, as well as the design, insertion approach, and angular insertion depth of the electrode array) on postimplantation outcomes. Results of multivariable linear regression analyses were then interpreted in light of data obtained from histopathological analyses of human temporal bones. RESULTS: Age and etiology were the only significant predictors of postimplantation outcomes. In agreement with many investigations, preimplantation word scores failed to significantly predict postimplantation outcomes. Analysis of temporal bone histopathology suggests that neuronal survival must fall below 40% before word scores in quiet begin to drop. Scores fall steeply with further neurodegeneration, such that only 20% survival can support acoustically driven word scores of 50%. Because almost all cochlear implant implantees have at least 20% of their spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) surviving, it is expected that most cochlear implant users on average should improve to at least 50% word recognition score, as we observed, even if their preimplantation score was near zero as a result of widespread hair cell damage and the fact that ~50% of their SGNs have likely lost their peripheral axons. These "disconnected" SGNs would not contribute to acoustic hearing but likely remain electrically excitable. CONCLUSION: The relationship between preimplantation word scores and data describing the survival of SGNs in humans can explain why preimplantation word scores obtained in unaided conditions fail to predict postimplantation outcomes.

Assessment of non-response bias in a probability household survey of male same-gender sexual behavior

Objetivo.Determinar y cuantificar el sesgo de no participación en una encuesta de comportamiento sexual masculino. Material y métodos. Una encuesta probabilística de hogares se llevó a cabo utilizando un marco muestral probabilístico (jurisdiccional) en la ciudad de México, en 1992-1993. Se obtuvieron las variables demográficas para todos los hombres elegibles de los hogares seleccionados. La magnitud del sesgo de no participación se estimó utilizando el método Heckman, el cual utiliza dos ecuaciones, una para predecir la participación en la encuesta y la segunda para predecir la variable sustantiva de interés, en este caso, comportamiento sexual con otros hombres. Resultados. De los 13 713 hombres elegibles en los hogares seleccionados en el marco, sólo 8 068 participaron brindando información completa a cuestionarios cara a cara (tasa de respuesta 59 por ciento); 173 hombres (2.1 por ciento) señalaron comportamiento bisexual a lo largo de toda su vida, y 37 (0.4 por ciento) informaron haber tenido parejas sexuales masculinas exclusivamente. La participación en la encuesta se predijo usando variables demográficas: 67 por ciento de las observaciones fueron correctamente predichas utilizando una regresión probit -82 por ciento de los participantes y 53 por ciento de los no participantes (seudo-r2=0.13)-. El comportamiento sexual con otros hombres se predijo mediante variables que indicaban pertenecer a redes sociales de homosexuales o bisexuales, historia de infecciones transmitidas sexualmente, actitudes positivas hacia hombres homosexuales y bisexuales y falta de apoyo de familiares masculinos. En 97 por ciento de los casos se predijo correctamente utilizando el modelo probit (seudo-r2=0.14). La correlación entre estas dos ecuaciones no fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los estimadores de prevalencia de comportamiento sexual con personas del mismo género en hombres de la ciudad de México no fueron sesgados por participación selectiva en la encuesta. La selección cuidadosa del personal de campo y la capacitación de los entrevistadores podría haber coadyuvado en minimizar el sesgo potencial.