Association of polygenic score and the involvement of cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways with lithium treatment response in patients with bipolar disorder.

Lithium is regarded as the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), a severe and disabling mental health disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Nevertheless, lithium is not consistently effective, with only 30% of patients showing a favorable response to treatment. To provide personalized treatment options for bipolar patients, it is essential to identify prediction biomarkers such as polygenic scores. In this study, we developed a polygenic score for lithium treatment response (Li+PGS) in patients with BD. To gain further insights into lithium's possible molecular mechanism of action, we performed a genome-wide gene-based analysis. Using polygenic score modeling, via methods incorporating Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors, Li+PGS was developed in the International Consortium of Lithium Genetics cohort (ConLi+Gen: N = 2367) and replicated in the combined PsyCourse (N = 89) and BipoLife (N = 102) studies. The associations of Li+PGS and lithium treatment response - defined in a continuous ALDA scale and a categorical outcome (good response vs. poor response) were tested using regression models, each adjusted for the covariates: age, sex, and the first four genetic principal components. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. Li+PGS was positively associated with lithium treatment response in the ConLi+Gen cohort, in both the categorical (P = 9.8 × 10-12, R2 = 1.9%) and continuous (P = 6.4 × 10-9, R2 = 2.6%) outcomes. Compared to bipolar patients in the 1st decile of the risk distribution, individuals in the 10th decile had 3.47-fold (95%CI: 2.22-5.47) higher odds of responding favorably to lithium. The results were replicated in the independent cohorts for the categorical treatment outcome (P = 3.9 × 10-4, R2 = 0.9%), but not for the continuous outcome (P = 0.13). Gene-based analyses revealed 36 candidate genes that are enriched in biological pathways controlled by glutamate and acetylcholine. Li+PGS may be useful in the development of pharmacogenomic testing strategies by enabling a classification of bipolar patients according to their response to treatment.

Perceptual, aerodynamic and acoustic outcomes of surgical technique for sulcus vocalis patients: A systematic review and meta analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sulcus Vocalis (SV) is a voice disorder characterized by the parallel invagination of the vocal fold epithelium that adheres to the vocal ligament. This condition disrupts the vibratory function, leading to glottal incompetence, hoarseness, and vocal impairment. Despite various proposed surgical techniques, a standardized treatment approach remains elusive. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scholar, and the Cochrane Library for studies on SV treatment. The inclusion criteria comprised original studies comparing pre- and post-treatment vocal outcomes in SV patients, published in English. We excluded case reports, reviews, studies without continuous data, and patients with vocal scar/atrophy. RESULTS: Fifteen observational studies were included (361 patients, 53.73 % male, average age 41.64 years). 80 % of these studies employed self-reported outcomes, while 81.25 % analyzed acoustic/aerodynamic data. The follow-up period varied from 4 to 44 months. All techniques significantly improved Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores (p < 0.001). Dissective and combined techniques exhibited greater reductions in VHI-30/10 (p < 0.001). Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) improved significantly across all techniques (p < 0.001), with dissective techniques demonstrating superior MPT outcomes (p < 0.001). Jitter improved significantly for dissective and injective techniques (p < 0.001), as did Shimmer for all techniques (p < 0.001). Notably, combined techniques displayed the most significant reductions (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatments significantly improve subjective, aerodynamic, and acoustic outcomes in SV patients. Dissective and combined dissective/injective techniques appear to yield better perceptual and phonatory outcomes compared to injective techniques alone. Further research is necessary to establish the optimal treatment approach for SV.

Association of polygenic score for major depression with response to lithium in patients with bipolar disorder.

Lithium is a first-line medication for bipolar disorder (BD), but only one in three patients respond optimally to the drug. Since evidence shows a strong clinical and genetic overlap between depression and bipolar disorder, we investigated whether a polygenic susceptibility to major depression is associated with response to lithium treatment in patients with BD. Weighted polygenic scores (PGSs) were computed for major depression (MD) at different GWAS p value thresholds using genetic data obtained from 2586 bipolar patients who received lithium treatment and took part in the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen) study. Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies in MD (135,458 cases and 344,901 controls) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) were used for PGS weighting. Response to lithium treatment was defined by continuous scores and categorical outcome (responders versus non-responders) using measurements on the Alda scale. Associations between PGSs of MD and lithium treatment response were assessed using a linear and binary logistic regression modeling for the continuous and categorical outcomes, respectively. The analysis was performed for the entire cohort, and for European and Asian sub-samples. The PGSs for MD were significantly associated with lithium treatment response in multi-ethnic, European or Asian populations, at various p value thresholds. Bipolar patients with a low polygenic load for MD were more likely to respond well to lithium, compared to those patients with high polygenic load [lowest vs highest PGS quartiles, multi-ethnic sample: OR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.18-2.01) and European sample: OR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.30-2.36)]. While our analysis in the Asian sample found equivalent effect size in the same direction: OR = 1.71 (95% CI: 0.61-4.90), this was not statistically significant. Using PGS decile comparison, we found a similar trend of association between a high genetic loading for MD and lower response to lithium. Our findings underscore the genetic contribution to lithium response in BD and support the emerging concept of a lithium-responsive biotype in BD.

Major depression subtypes are differentially associated with migraine subtype, prevalence and severity.

OBJECTIVE: Migraine and major depressive disorder show a high rate of comorbidity, but little is known about the associations between the subtypes of major depressive disorder and migraine. In this cross-sectional study we aimed at investigating a) the lifetime associations between the atypical, melancholic, combined and unspecified subtype of major depressive disorder and migraine with and without aura and b) the associations between major depressive disorder and its subtypes and the severity of migraine. METHODS: A total of 446 subjects with migraine (migraine without aura: n = 294; migraine with aura: n = 152) and 2511 controls from the population-based CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study, Switzerland, were included. Associations between major depressive disorder subtypes and migraine characteristics were tested using binary logistic or linear regression. RESULTS: Melancholic, combined and unspecified major depressive disorder were associated with increased frequency of migraine with aura, whereas only melancholic major depressive disorder was associated with increased frequency of migraine without aura. Lifetime and unspecified major depressive disorder were associated with severe migraine intensity among subjects with migraine with aura but not migraine without aura, while combined major depressive disorder was associated with higher migraine frequency independently from migraine subtype. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that melancholic but not atypical major depressive disorder is associated with migraine and migraine subtypes. Future studies exploring pathophysiological mechanisms shared between melancholic depression and migraine are warranted.

Increasing engagement in pharmacology and pharmacogenetics education using games and online resources: The PharmacoloGenius mobile app.

Mobile applications represent useful instruments to convey information and engage the users even during traveling, thanks to the wide diffusion of smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and similar devices. As such, they have high potential as learning tools that can act complementary to traditional teaching approaches. In the field of pharmacology, mobile applications are increasingly being used to improve adherence of patients or to help them report suspect adverse drug reactions. However, they have been scarcely applied to pharmacology education. In this article, we present PharmacoloGenius, a free Android mobile application integrating resources useful for students as well as healthcare professionals or researchers to expand knowledge on pharmacological topics. We gave particular emphasis to pharmacogenetics, as it is a fundamental tool to achieve personalized treatment. The application offers original games such as pharmacological trivia based on textbooks or special "journal club" trivia based on research articles conveying the state of the art on specific topics. Additionally, the app offers a curated list of online resources to study pharmacology and pharmacogenetics (e.g., free online courses, videos, and databases) as well as updated news on conferences, grants, and opportunities for pharmacologists. In conclusion, PharmacoloGenius aims to be a useful instrument for people interested in expanding their knowledge on pharmacology in an engaging way.

Investigating polygenic burden in age at disease onset in bipolar disorder: Findings from an international multicentric study.

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar disorder (BD) with early disease onset is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome and constitutes a clinically and biologically homogenous subgroup within the heterogeneous BD spectrum. Previous studies have found an accumulation of early age at onset (AAO) in BD families and have therefore hypothesized that there is a larger genetic contribution to the early-onset cases than to late onset BD. To investigate the genetic background of this subphenotype, we evaluated whether an increased polygenic burden of BD- and schizophrenia (SCZ)-associated risk variants is associated with an earlier AAO in BD patients. METHODS: A total of 1995 BD type 1 patients from the Consortium of Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen), PsyCourse and Bonn-Mannheim samples were genotyped and their BD and SCZ polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated using the summary statistics of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium as a training data set. AAO was either separated into onset groups of clinical interest (childhood and adolescence [≤18 years] vs adulthood [>18 years]) or considered as a continuous measure. The associations between BD- and SCZ-PRSs and AAO were evaluated with regression models. RESULTS: BD- and SCZ-PRSs were not significantly associated with age at disease onset. Results remained the same when analyses were stratified by site of recruitment. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is the largest conducted so far to investigate the association between the cumulative BD and SCZ polygenic risk and AAO in BD patients. The reported negative results suggest that such a polygenic influence, if there is any, is not large, and highlight the importance of conducting further, larger scale studies to obtain more information on the genetic architecture of this clinically relevant phenotype.

Whole Genome Expression Analyses of miRNAs and mRNAs Suggest the Involvement of miR-320a and miR-155-3p and their Targeted Genes in Lithium Response in Bipolar Disorder.

Lithium is the mainstay in the maintenance of bipolar disorder (BD) and the most efficacious pharmacological treatment in suicide prevention. Nevertheless, its use is hampered by a high interindividual variability and important side effects. Genetic and epigenetic factors have been suggested to modulate lithium response, but findings so far have not allowed identifying molecular targets with predictive value. In this study we used next generation sequencing to measure genome-wide miRNA expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from BD patients excellent responders (ER, n = 12) and non-responders (NR, n = 12) to lithium. These data were integrated with microarray genome-wide expression data to identify pairs of miRNA/mRNA inversely and significantly correlated. Significant pairs were prioritized based on strength of association and in-silico miRNA target prediction analyses to select candidates for validation with qRT-PCR. Thirty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed in ER vs. NR and inversely correlated with 418 genes differentially expressed between the two groups. A total of 331 of these correlations were also predicted by in-silico algorithms. miR-320a and miR-155-3p, as well as three of their targeted genes (CAPNS1 (Calpain Small Subunit 1) and RGS16 (Regulator of G Protein Signaling 16) for miR-320, SP4 (Sp4 Transcription Factor) for miR-155-3p) were validated. These miRNAs and mRNAs were previously implicated in psychiatric disorders (miR-320a and SP4), key processes of the central nervous system (CAPNS1, RGS16, SP4) or pathways involved in mental illnesses (miR-155-3p). Using an integrated approach, we identified miRNAs and their targeted genes potentially involved in lithium response in BD.

Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behaviour. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ∼2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, P = 5.87 × 10 - 9; odds ratio (OR) = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, P = 4.53 × 10 - 9; OR = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.

Convergent analysis of genome-wide genotyping and transcriptomic data suggests association of zinc finger genes with lithium response in bipolar disorder.

Lithium is the mainstay treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) for its effectiveness in the acute phases of illness and in prevention of recurrences. Lithium's mechanism of action is complex, and while it modulates the function of hundreds of molecular targets, most of these effects could be unspecific and not relevant for its clinical efficacy. In this study, we applied an integrated analytical approach using genome-wide expression and genotyping data from BD patients to identify lithium-responsive genes that may serve as biomarkers of its efficacy. To this purpose, we tested the effect of treatment with lithium chloride 1 mM on the transcriptome of lymphoblasts from 10 lithium responders (LR) and 10 nonresponders (NR) patients and identified genes significantly influenced by the treatment exclusively in LR. These findings were integrated with gene-based analysis on genome-wide genotyping data from an extended sample of 205 BD patients characterized for lithium response. The expression of 29 genes was significantly changed by lithium exclusively in LR. Gene-based analysis showed that two of these genes, zinc finger protein 429 (ZNF429) and zinc finger protein 493 (ZNF493), were also significantly associated with lithium response. Validation with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the lithium-induced downregulation of ZNF493 in LR (p = .036). Using convergent analyses of genome-wide expression and genotyping data, we identified ZNF493 as a potential lithium-responsive target that may be involved in modulating lithium efficacy in BD. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence supporting the involvement of zinc finger proteins in lithium response.

A genetic risk score is differentially associated with migraine with and without aura.

Although a number of migraine-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with small effect size have been identified, little is known about the additive impact of these variants on migraine risk, frequency and severity. We investigated to what extent a genetic risk score (GRS) based on recently published, novel migraine-associated SNPs is associated with migraine prevalence, subtypes and severity in a large population-based sample. The sample comprised 446 subjects with migraine and 2511 controls from the CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study. Fifty-four SNPs earlier associated with migraine were selected. SNPs with a low impact on migraine prevalence in our sample were excluded using random forest. We combined the remaining 21 SNPs into a GRS and analyzed the association with migraine using logistic regression models. The GRS was significantly associated with migraine (OR = 1.56, p = 0.02) and migraine without aura (MWOA) (OR = 2.01, p = 0.003), but not with migraine with aura (MWA). The GRS was not associated with migraine frequency, intensity or interference with daily activities. We show that a GRS combining multiple genetic risk variants is associated with MWOA but not MWA, suggesting a different genetic susceptibility background underlying the two forms of migraine.

High leptin levels are associated with migraine with aura.

Background Migraine is a prevalent disorder characterised by recurrent headache attacks preceded or accompanied by aura in a subgroup of patients. Migraine often occurs together with major depressive disorder (MDD). Alterations of adipokine levels have been reported both in migraine and in MDD. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess the associations between serum leptin and adiponectin levels and migraine or migraine subtypes. Analyses were adjusted for a lifetime history of MDD in order to investigate the association between adipokines and migraine under consideration of depression status. Methods We included 3025 participants from the CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study. The impact of leptin and adiponectin levels on a diagnosis of migraine was analysed by binary regression analyses, adjusting for variables known to influence adipokine levels. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the presence of aura. Results Crude leptin levels were significantly higher in subjects with migraine than controls (Mann-Whitney U = 515,102, p = 6 × 10-7). When performing adjusted analyses, leptin levels were found to be significantly higher in subjects with migraine (odds ratio = 1.22, p = 0.024) and migraine with aura (odds ratio = 1.34, p = 0.004). Conclusion High leptin levels might play a role in the pathogenesis of migraine and migraine with aura.

Interstitial lung disease induced by fluoxetine: Systematic review of literature and analysis of Vigiaccess, Eudravigilance and a national pharmacovigilance database.

We investigated a pulmonary adverse drug reaction possibly induced by fluoxetine, the Interstitial Lung Disease, by performing a systematic review of published case reports on this subject, a review of the World Health Organization VigiAccess database, of the European EudraVigilance database and of a national Pharmacovigilance database (Italian Pharmacovigilance Network). The research found a total of seven cases linking fluoxetine to Interstitial Lung Disease in the literature. 36 cases of interstitial lung disease related to fluoxetine were retrieved from the VigiAccess database (updated to July 2016), and 36 reports were found in EudraVigilance database (updated to June 2016). In the Italian Pharmacovigilance database (updated to August 2016), we found only one case of Interstitial Lung Disease, codified as "pulmonary disease". Our investigation shows that fluoxetine might be considered as a possible cause of Interstitial Lung Disease. In particular, although here we do not discuss the assessment of benefits and harms of fluoxetine, since this antidepressant is widely used, our review suggests that fluoxetine-induced Interstitial Lung Disease should be considered in patients with dyspnea, associated or not with dry cough, who are treated with this drug. An early withdrawn of fluoxetine could be useful to obtain a complete remission of this adverse drug reaction and special attention should be particularly devoted to long-term therapy, and to female and elderly patients. Although the spontaneous reporting system is affected by important limitations, drug post- marketing surveillance represents an important tool to evaluate the real world effectiveness and safety of drugs.

HDAC3 role in medication consumption in medication overuse headache patients: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a common and debilitating disorder characterized by generation, perpetuation, and persistence of intense chronic migraine, caused by overuse of analgesics, triptans, or other acute headache compounds. It has been suggested that MOH could share some pathogenetic mechanisms with other kinds of drug addiction. In this regard, histone deacetylases 3 (HDAC3) seems to have a role in the memory processes involved in extinction of drug-seeking behavior in animal models. HDAC3 is inhibited by sodium valproate, a drug with proven efficacy in MOH. Recent evidence suggests an involvement of genetic factors in predisposition to medication overuse. RESULTS: In this association study, we sequenced all exons, intron/exon junctions, and 3'-5'UTR regions of HDAC3 in 23 MOH patients to investigate its role in medication overuse. Associations between genotypes with continuous and dichotomous clinical characteristics were tested by multivariate analysis and Fisher's exact test, respectively. Sequencing of HDAC3 revealed six single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The G allele of rs2530223 was significantly associated with the number of acute medications/month used and with the number of days/month in which medications were used (p = 0.006 and p = 0.007, respectively), but neither with headache frequency or intensity. None of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was associated with clinical characteristics or response to sodium valproate. CONCLUSIONS: HDAC3 could be implicated in excessive medication consumption in MOH patients. Our preliminary findings provide support for the need of further investigation on larger independent samples to confirm and extend the role of HDAC3 in medication overuse headache.

Reliability of an anamnestic questionnaire for the diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: There is common agreement in the literature that it can result in an underestimation of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in the elderly. AIMS: The aim of this work was to analyze the role of anamnesis in the diagnosis of BPPV in patients of different ages through the development and validation of a scored questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire is based on the presence/absence of six typical anamnestic features of BPPV. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMS) was also administered to patients over 65 years of age. Bedsides, examination for BPPV was then carried out, assigning the outcome of the questionnaire and eventual MMS to the final diagnosis for each patient. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire for high scores (>8) were found to be, respectively, 86 % and 80 % in all patients, 94 and 71 % in those under 65 years of age, 78 and 90 % in patients over 65, and, in particular, 63 and 83 % in those with MMS >24 and 100 and 100 % in those with MMS ≤24. DISCUSSION: The reliability and average score of the questionnaire were statistically significantly lower in the group of elderly patients without cognitive deficits. The lower reliability of the questionnaire in the geriatric population, rather than the presence of cognitive deterioration, seems to correlate with other comorbidities or simply to a lower mobility of the head triggering positional symptoms. CONCLUSION: The use of the questionnaire could however reduce the risk of a missed diagnosis of BPPV given its good reliability across all ages.

Renal function during long-term lithium treatment: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: The effects of lithium treatment on renal function have been previously shown, albeit with discrepancies regarding their relevance. In this study, we examined glomerular filtration rate in patients treated with lithium for up to 33 years. METHODS: All lithium patients registered from 1980 to 2012 at a Lithium Clinic were screened. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine concentration using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group equation. A cross-sectional evaluation of the last available eGFR of 953 patients was carried out using multivariate regression analysis for gender, current age, and duration of lithium treatment. Survival analysis was subsequently applied to calculate the time on lithium needed to enter the eGFR ranges 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m² (G3a) or 30 to 44 mL/min/1.73 m² (G3b). Finally, 4-year follow-up of eGFR was examined in subgroups of patients who, after reduction to an eGFR lower than 45 mL/min/1.73 m² either i) continued lithium at the same therapeutic range or ii) discontinued lithium or continued at concentrations below the therapeutic range (0.5 mmol/L). RESULTS: In the cross-sectional evaluation, eGFR was found to be lower in women (by 3.47 mL/min/1.73 m²), in older patients (0.73 mL/min/1.73 m² per year of age), and in patients with longer lithium treatment (0.73 mL/min/1.73 m² per year). Half of the patients treated for longer than 20 years had an eGFR lower than 60 mL/min/1.73 m². The median time on lithium taken to enter G3a or G3b was 25 years (95% CI, 23.2-26.9) and 31 years (95% CI, 26.6-35.4), respectively. Progression of renal failure throughout the 4-year follow-up after a reduction to an eGFR lower than 45 mL/min/1.73 m² did not differ between the subgroup who continued lithium as before and the subgroup who either discontinued lithium or continued at concentrations below the therapeutic range. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of lithium treatment is to be added to advancing age as a risk factor for reduced glomerular filtration rate. However, renal dysfunction tends to appear after decades of treatment and to progress slowly and irrespective of lithium continuation.

Sex differences in shared genetic determinants between severe mental disorders and metabolic traits.

High rates of metabolic risk factors contribute to premature mortality in patients with severe mental disorders, but the molecular underpinnings of this association are largely unknown. We performed the first analysis on shared genetic factors between severe mental disorders and metabolic traits considering the effect of sex. We applied an integrated analytical pipeline on the largest sex-stratified genome-wide association datasets available for bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SZ), and for body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (all including participants of European origin). We observed extensive genetic overlap between all severe mental disorders and variants associated with BMI in women or men and identified several genetic loci shared between BD, or SZ and BMI in women (24 and 91, respectively) or men (13 and 208, respectively), with mixed directions of effect. A large part of the identified genetic variants showed sex differences in terms of location, genes modulated in adipose tissue and/or brain regions, and druggable targets. By providing a complete picture of disorder specific and cross-disorder shared genetic determinants, our results highlight potential sex differences in the genetic liability to metabolic comorbidities in patients with severe mental disorders.

Exploring the genetics of lithium response in bipolar disorders.

BACKGROUND: Lithium (Li) remains the treatment of choice for bipolar disorders (BP). Its mood-stabilizing effects help reduce the long-term burden of mania, depression and suicide risk in patients with BP. It also has been shown to have beneficial effects on disease-associated conditions, including sleep and cardiovascular disorders. However, the individual responses to Li treatment vary within and between diagnostic subtypes of BP (e.g. BP-I and BP-II) according to the clinical presentation. Moreover, long-term Li treatment has been linked to adverse side-effects that are a cause of concern and non-adherence, including the risk of developing chronic medical conditions such as thyroid and renal disease. In recent years, studies by the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) have uncovered a number of genetic factors that contribute to the variability in Li treatment response in patients with BP. Here, we leveraged the ConLiGen cohort (N = 2064) to investigate the genetic basis of Li effects in BP. For this, we studied how Li response and linked genes associate with the psychiatric symptoms and polygenic load for medical comorbidities, placing particular emphasis on identifying differences between BP-I and BP-II. RESULTS: We found that clinical response to Li treatment, measured with the Alda scale, was associated with a diminished burden of mania, depression, substance and alcohol abuse, psychosis and suicidal ideation in patients with BP-I and, in patients with BP-II, of depression only. Our genetic analyses showed that a stronger clinical response to Li was modestly related to lower polygenic load for diabetes and hypertension in BP-I but not BP-II. Moreover, our results suggested that a number of genes that have been previously linked to Li response variability in BP differentially relate to the psychiatric symptomatology, particularly to the numbers of manic and depressive episodes, and to the polygenic load for comorbid conditions, including diabetes, hypertension and hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that the effects of Li on symptomatology and comorbidity in BP are partially modulated by common genetic factors, with differential effects between BP-I and BP-II.

Lithium response in bipolar disorder is associated with focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt networks: a multi-omics replication study.

Lithium is the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). However, its mechanism of action is incompletely understood, and prediction of treatment outcomes is limited. In our previous multi-omics study of the Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder (PGBD) sample combining transcriptomic and genomic data, we found that focal adhesion, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and PI3K-Akt signaling networks were associated with response to lithium. In this study, we replicated the results of our previous study using network propagation methods in a genome-wide association study of an independent sample of 2039 patients from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) study. We identified functional enrichment in focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt pathways, but we did not find an association with the ECM pathway. Our results suggest that deficits in the neuronal growth cone and PI3K-Akt signaling, but not in ECM proteins, may influence response to lithium in BD.

Duration of lithium treatment is a risk factor for reduced glomerular function: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The adverse renal effects of lithium have long been known, but glomerular insufficiency had been considered an unlikely event until recently, when new studies have raised concern regarding very long-term treatment. In this cross-sectional study, we examined glomerular function in a cohort of patients treated with lithium for up to 33 years and a control group of lithium-naïve patients treated with other mood-stabilizers. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of recurrent or persistent affective disorders, examined between 1 October 2007 and 31 December 2009, were screened. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from clinical charts regarding two study groups: one for patients treated with lithium for at least 12 months and the other for patients never exposed to lithium. Multivariate regression analysis was applied: the dependent variable was the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated from the last available serum creatinine value using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group equation; the following independent variables, potentially associated with renal dysfunction, were included: gender, current age, duration of lithium treatment, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. RESULTS: eGFRs lower than 60 ml/min were significantly more frequent in the group treated with lithium (38/139 = 27.3%) compared to lithium-naïve patients (4/70 = 5.7%) (P = 0.0002; Fisher's test). Regression analysis showed a significant effect on eGFR of age, gender and duration of lithium treatment but no effect of cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidemia. eGFR was estimated to decrease by 0.64 ml/min (95% confidence interval = 0.38 to 0.90; P = 0.00) for each year of lithium treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The duration of lithium treatment is a risk factor for glomerular failure, in addition to advancing age. For example, all patients aged 60 years or older may be estimated to undergo Stage 3 or more severe chronic kidney disease (namely an eGFR less than 60 ml/min) if treated with lithium for 30 years. These data may be added to the current debate on the balance between the protective effects of lithium on recurrent affective disorders and suicide and the risk of renal disease.See related commentary article here http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/34.

Differential effect of lithium on spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase expression in suicidal behaviour.

An altered polyamine system has been suggested to play a key role in mood disorders and suicide, a hypothesis corroborated by the evidence that lithium inhibits the polyamine mediated stress response in the rat brain. Recent post-mortem studies have shown that spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), the key regulator of cellular polyamine content, is under-expressed in brains from suicide victims compared to controls. In our study we tested the effect of in vitro lithium treatment on SAT1 gene and protein expression in B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCLs) from bipolar disorder (BD) patients who committed suicide (and for which BLCLs were collected prior to their death), BD patients with high and low risk of suicide and a sample of non-psychiatric controls. Baseline mRNA levels were similar in the four groups of subjects (p > 0.05). Lithium had no effect in suicide completers (p > 0.05) while it significantly increased SAT1 expression in the high risk (p < 0.001) and low risk (p < 0.01) groups as well as in controls (p < 0.001). Protein and mRNA levels were not correlated; lithium significantly reduced protein levels only in the control sample (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that SAT1 transcription is influenced by lithium and that this effect is altered in BD patients who completed suicide, further supporting a role for polyamines in suicide.