Multicentre study of posaconazole delayed-release tablet serum level and association with hepatotoxicity and QTc prolongation.

Objectives: The association of posaconazole serum concentrations and toxicity is unclear. An assessment of whether levels obtained with the delayed-release tablet (DRT) formulation are correlated with abnormal liver function test (LFT) results and/or QTc prolongation was undertaken. Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective, observational study of adult patients with cancer between 26 November 2013 and 14 November 2014. Patients were included if they received posaconazole DRT with a posaconazole level obtained between days 5 and 14. Clinical data, including demographics, hepatotoxic medications, posaconazole levels, LFTs and QTc intervals, were obtained. Association of factors with changes in LFTs and QTc prolongation was assessed using linear and logistic regression. Results: One hundred and sixty-six study patients were included. The median posaconazole level was 1250 (range 110-4220) ng/mL and the median time until level was 6 (range 5-14) days. There was a statistically significant increase in AST ( P < 0.001), ALT ( P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALK) ( P < 0.001), total bilirubin (TBILI) ( P < 0.001) and QTc ( P = 0.05) from baseline. Posaconazole levels were not associated with increases in AST [ß (SE) = -0.33 (2.2), P = 0.88], log ALT [ß (SE) = -0.02 (0.03), P = 0.63], ALK [ß (SE) = 2.2 (2.9), P = 0.46] and TBILI [ß (SE) = -0.01 (0.04), P = 0.88]. For each additional hepatotoxic medication, there was a mean change in TBILI of 0.13 mg/dL ( P = 0.02) and ALK of 7.1 U/L ( P = 0.09). No statistically significant association between posaconazole level and QTc interval prolongation was found. Conclusions: We did not identify an association between posaconazole serum concentrations and LFT elevations or QTc prolongation. However, some LFTs were found to increase with more hepatotoxic medications administered.

BK Virus and Its Role in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Evolution of a Pathogen.

We reviewed the literature regarding disease induced by BK virus (BKV) in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) population, particularly hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) and nephritis. The association between BKV and HC has been reported over the past four decades. BKV has been clinically implicated and widely accepted as an etiologic agent of HC and nephritis in HSCT and nephropathy in renal transplant patients. We discuss the potential benefit of early initiation of therapy in patients who fail supportive care alone as well as the different treatment strategies for HC induced by BKV. Treatments that have been used such as cidofovir and leflunomide are accompanied by risks, and the benefits are not as concrete as with other viral illness in the HSCT population.