Our unknown neighbor: A new species of rain frog of the genus Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae) from the city of Loja, southern Ecuador.

We describe a new species of rain frog of the genus Pristimantis from the city of Loja, Southern Ecuador, based on an integrative taxonomy approach, combining molecular, morphological and bioacoustics data. Pristimantis lojanus sp. nov. is a medium sized species of the phylogenetically strongly supported P. phoxocephalus group, and its sister species is P. torresi. The new species can be easily distinguished from its closest congeners and morphologically similar species (that also have acuminate snout with a fleshy keel) by its characteristic advertisement call and morphological features (dorsum finely tuberculate with scattered larger tubercles, flanks without longitudinal lateral folds, no markings in axilla, groin or on concealed limb surfaces, and bronze iris). Additionally, we describe the advertisement call of its sister species, P. torresi. Finally, we detail the current situation of the amphibian species present in the city of Loja and its surroundings.

Amphibians of the equatorial seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and Peru.

Seasonally dry forests (SDFs) are one of the most challenging ecosystems for amphibians, fueling the diversity of this group of vertebrates. An updated inventory of native amphibians present in the Equatorial SDF is provided, which extends along the Pacific coast of Ecuador and northwestern Peru. The study is based on an extensive field sampling (two thirds of the total records) carried out throughout the Equatorial SDF, along with a compilation of the available information on distribution of amphibians in the region from published scientific papers, museum collections and on-line databases. The final dataset included 2,032 occurrence records for 30 amphibian species, belonging to eight anuran families. Additionally, data regarding conservation status, habitat use, spawn deposition site, reproductive mode, and body size, along with an identification key for all encountered species are provided. The results indicate a strong sampling bias with a deficit in the Peruvian part of the study area, and a need for urgent inventories targeted at under-sampled areas, using modern taxonomic methods. The study emphasizes the conservation priorities in the Equatorial SDF, based on the distribution, conservation status and life-history data. This information should be useful for the local authorities and institutions involved in the management and conservation of biodiversity in SDF.

Three new species of Diplotaxis Kirby from Guatemala and Mexico (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae), with a key to the species of the trapezifera group.

Three new species of Diplotaxis Kirby are described and illustrated, D. balam sp. nov. from Guatemala, and D. chiapasensis sp. nov. and D. complanatis sp. nov. from Mexico. The new species have a flattened body and are included in the trapezifera species group. An updated key to the trapezifera species group is given.

Mechanisms of diversity maintenance in dung beetle assemblages in a heterogeneous tropical landscape.

BACKGROUND: Anthropized landscapes play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, as they encompass about 90% of the remaining tropical forest. Effective conservation strategies require a deep understanding of how anthropic disturbances determine diversity patterns across these landscapes. Here, we evaluated how attributes and assembly mechanisms of dung beetle communities vary across the Selva El Ocote Biosphere Reserve (REBISO) landscape. METHODS: Community attributes (species diversity, abundance, and biomass) were assessed at the landscape scale, using spatial windows and vegetation classes. Windows were categorized as intact, variegated, or fragmented based on their percent cover of tropical forest. The vegetation classes analyzed were tropical forest, second-growth forest, and pastures. RESULTS: We collected 15,457 individuals and 55 species. Variegated windows, tropical forests, and second-growth forests showed the highest diversity values, while the lowest values were found in intact windows and pastures. Landscape fragmentation was positively and strongly related to dung beetle diversity and negatively related to their abundance; biomass was positively associated with forest cover. Beta diversity was the primary driver of the high dung beetle diversity in the landscape analyzed. DISCUSSION: The landscape heterogeneity and its biodiversity-friendly matrix facilitate the complementarity of dung beetle assemblages in the Selva El Ocote Biosphere Reserve. Random processes govern beta diversity patterns in intact and variegated windows. Therefore, vegetation cover in the region is sufficient to maintain a continuous flow of dung beetles between forested landscape segments. However, intense anthropic disturbances acted as deterministic environmental filters in fragmented windows and pastures sites, leading to biotic homogenization processes. Our results suggest that increasing habitat variegation in highly fragmented sites is an effective strategy to prevent or buffer homogenization processes in the REBISO landscape.

Fifty years after: A taxonomic revision of the amphibian species from the Ecuadorian biodiversity hotspot Abra de Zamora, with description of two new Pristimantis species.

Abra de Zamora is an important biodiversity hotspot in southern Ecuador. Between 1938 and 2010, eleven species of frogs were described from here: Lynchius flavomaculatus, Gastrotheca psychrophila, Pristimantis balionotus, P. colodactylus, P. cryptomelas, P. percultus, P. versicolor, P. vidua, Telmatobius cirrhacelis, P. andinognomus, and Atelopus podocarpus. Unfortunately, many of these species were not re-encountered after their original description, and for the majority DNA samples were not available, making their phylogenetic position unknown. In this study, we assess the current state of the amphibians from Abra de Zamora, by: i. redescribing the species which were first reported from the area, by contributing genetic delimitation (for L. flavomaculatus, P. balionotus, P. colodactylus, P. percultus, and P. vidua), release call (L. flavomaculatus) and advertisement call descriptions (for P. balionotus, P. vidua and P. versicolor); ii. presenting an updated amphibian species list of Abra de Zamora, with the description of two additional Pristimantis species; iii. updating the distribution of these species, including data collected in similar montane habitats from surrounding areas; and iv. amending recommendations regarding their conservation status.

A new Mexican species of Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), with a revised key to the species of the O. dicranius species complex.

New World species of the genus Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) have been classified in different ways, all of them without a phylogenetic framework. For instance, Boucomont (1932) separated them in 13 groups of species, but Zunino Halffter (1988; 1997) only recognize five species groups. Howden Gill (1993) add the O. dicranius Bates and O. mirabilis Bates species groups, and Kohlmann Solís (2001) added the O. gazellinus Bates species group. Also, over the years, groups, complexes, and sets of species have been defined using different criteria not even comparable each other. Two of these groupings are the O. dicranius and O. mirabilis species groups, which were firstly separated from the O. clypeatus Blanchard species group (sensu Zunino Halffter 1981, 1997) by Howden Gill (1993). After, Kohlmann Solís (2001) later merged both groups under the O. dicranius species group. Finally, Génier (2017) gives a conceptual framework for species groups and complexes, thus assigning the status of species complex to the two previous species groups, and integrating them in the O. dicranius species group. Herein, we describe a new species of the O. dicranius species complex, update the species list of this complex, and present a revised key to separate these species.

A new Mexican species of Rhyparus Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), with new records and a key to the Mexican and Guatemalan species.

In this paper we describe Rhyparus chimalapensis new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini), from the region of Chimalapas, Oaxaca, Mexico. New records are given for three species of Rhyparus Westwood from Mexico and Guatemala. A key to the Mexican and Guatemalan species of this genus is included.

A new Mexican species of Chrysina Kirby (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae), with nomenclatural changes, new records, and a key to the C. quiche species group.

Chrysina chimalapensis new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), from the region of Chimalapas, Oaxaca, Mexico is described and illustrated. A key to the species of the C. quiche species group is included. Plusiotis neotenochca Morón Nogueira is placed as a new junior synonym of Chrysina paulseni Hawks, and C. aenigmatica (Morón) as a new junior synonym of C. modesta Sturm. Chrysina benesi from Guatemala, and C. quetzalcoatli from Nicaragua are recorded as new country records. Chrysina quetzalcoatli Morón and C. triumphalis Morón are also recorded for the first time for the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, and C. victorina (Hope) for the state of Veracruz, Mexico.

A new minute Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador.

We describe a new rainfrog species (Pristimantis), from the wetland complex Oña, Nabón, Saraguro and Yacuambi, in the Andes of southern Ecuador, at altitudes ranging between 3000-3400 m a.s.l. Pristimantis tiktik sp. nov. is a small frog, displaying sexual dimorphism (the males with dorsum of various shades of gray, brown, orange or green and a whitish or pinkish yellow venter; females with brownish gray or gray dorsum and a reticulated white and black venter), with SVL ranging between 19.7-20.4 mm in females (n = 3) and 16.1-18.4 mm in males (n = 6). The skin on dorsum is tuberculated, that on venter is coarsely areolate, dorsolateral folds are absent, tympanic membrane is absent but the tympanic annulus is evident, cranial crests are absent, discs on fingers just slightly expanded, heel is lacking enlarged tubercles, inner edge of tarsus is bearing a long fold, Toe V is slightly longer than Toe III and the iris coloration is bronze with fine black reticulations. The males have a large subgular vocal sac that extends onto the chest and vocal slits but lack nuptial pads. The unique advertisement call consists of long duration series of periodically repeated clicks: "tik". Molecular analyses place the new species in the recently resurrected P. orestes group, as the sister species of the assemblage that contains P. bambu, P. mazar, P. simonbolivari and an undescribed species.

Análisis exploratorio sobre conflictos fauna silvestregente en la Reserva Natural Tumbesia La Ceiba, área núcleo de la Reserva de Biosfera Binacional EcuadorPerú "Bosques de Paz" / Exploratory analysis on wildlife-people conflicts in the Tumbesia La Ceiba Natural Reserve, core area of the Ecuador-Peru Binational Biosphere Reserve "Bosques de Paz"

Resumen Los conflictos entre fauna silvestre y seres humanos constituyen un problema complejo y creciente, principalmente para la conservación de especies involucradas en los mismos. Pese a la existencia de trabajos que analizan esta temática en el neotrópico, aún se evidencian vacíos de conocimiento geográficos y/o temáticos sobre esta disciplina. Ecuador, alberga un importante número de estudios enfocados principalmente en la identificación de las especies involucradas en conflictos. Sin embargo, la costa del país; particularmente los bosques secos del suroccidente han permanecido al margen sobre el tema. Este estudio se desarrolló en las comunidades circunscritas a la Reserva Natural Tumbesia La Ceiba, cantón Zapotillo, al sur de Ecuador. Con el uso de una entrevista semiestructurada, aplicada a los pobladores del sector se logró identificar, categorizar, definir la frecuencia, causas, y actitudes sobre los conflictos con la fauna silvestre del sector. Se identificaron seis tipos de conflictos: cacería, depredación de animales domésticos, destrucción de cultivos, usos medicinales, tráfico de especies y ofidiofobia. Dieciséis especies están involucradas en esta problemática. Puma concolor y Lycalopex sechurae se proponen como las especies más conflictivas. Además, se identificó una respuesta comunitaria organizada para enfrentar los problemas causados por las especies; así como se encontró que los costos causados por ataques de fauna silvestre son significativos, principalmente cuando involucran la pérdida de ganado caprino. Este trabajo provee la línea de base respecto al conocimiento de este campo investigativo para el sur occidente del país y evidencia que la única forma de enfrentar la problemática es establecer formas de colaboración público-privadas.

Abstract Conflicts between wildlife and humans are a complex and growing problem, particularly for the conservation of the species involved in the conflict. Despite the existence of studies analysing this issue in the Neotropics, gaps in geographical and/or thematic knowledge about this discipline remain open. Ecuador is home to an important number of studies focused mainly on the identification of species involved in conflicts. However, the country's coast, particularly the southwest dry forests, has remained untouched by this topic. This study was carried out in the communities surrounding the Tumbesia La Ceiba Natural Reserve, Zapotillo canton, in southern Ecuador. Using a semi-structured interview, applied to local inhabitants, we were able to identify, categorize, and define the frequency, causes, and attitudes towards conflicts with the sector's wildlife. Six types of conflicts were identified: hunting, predation of domestic animals, destruction of crops, medicinal uses, species trafficking, and ofidiophobia. Sixteen species are involved in this problem. Puma concolor and Lycalopex sechurae are proposed as the most conflictive species. In addition, an organized community response was identified to address the problems caused by the species; and the costs caused by wildlife attacks were found to be significant, primarily when they involved the loss of goats. This work provides a baseline of knowledge on this issue for the country's southwest, and shows that the only way to address the problem is to establish public and private partnerships.

Ansiedad ante exámenes en universitarios: papel de engagement, inteligencia emocional y factores asociados con pruebas académicas / Test Anxiety university students: role of engagement, emotional intelligence and factors associated to academic test solving

Resumen Introducción: La ansiedad ante los exámenes (AE) es común entre universitarios e implica manifestaciones cognitivas, motoras y fisiológicas de tensión y preocupación permanente ante la evaluación que puede afectar su desempeño académico. Objetivo: Evaluar si el engagement, la inteligencia emocional y los factores asociados con la realización de pruebas académicas predicen las manifestaciones de AE en una muestra de 400 estudiantes universitarios. Método: Mediante un diseño predictivo transversal se evaluó el engagement (Vigor, Dedicación, Absorción), la inteligencia emocional (Atención, Claridad, Reparación) y diversos factores relacionados con pruebas académicas, analizando su relación con las manifestaciones de AE, y se construyeron modelos de regresión categórica para definir el nivel predictivo de las variables. Resultados: Se descartó la relación entre engagement y AE (p>0,05) mientras que Claridad y Reparación se asociaron inversamente con las manifestaciones de AE, excepto las fisiológicas. Diferentes factores asociados con la realización de exámenes como control docente, temor a la evaluación y tipo de preguntas predicen las respuestas de ansiedad fisiológica (R2=0,10, p<0,01), motora (R2=0,09, p<0,01) y cognitiva (R2=0,12, p<0,01). La Claridad predice negativamente la ansiedad motora (β=-0,131, p<0,01). Conclusiones: Engagement académico y AE se registran como variables independientes una de la otra, entre tanto, la Claridad emocional regula débilmente la ansiedad motora. Factores cognitivos y situacionales al momento de realizar exámenes son relevantes en el desencadenamiento de la respuesta ansiosa.

Abstract Introduction: Test Anxiety (TA) is common among university students and involves cognitive, motor, and physiological manifestations of tension and permanent concern about exams that may affect their academic performance. Objective: Assess whether engagement, emotional intelligence and factors associated with academic test solving predict the manifestations of TA in a sample of 400 university students. Method: Using a cross-sectional predictive design, engagement (Vigor, Dedication, Absorption), emotional intelligence (Attention, Clarity, Repair) and several factors related to academic test solving were evaluated, analyzing their relationship with the manifestations of TA, and categorical regression models were constructed to define the predictive level of the variables. Results: The relationship between engagement and TA was discarded (p>0,05) while Clarity and Repair were inversely associated with TA manifestations, except the physiological ones. Different factors associated with exams such as professor control, fear of exams and the question type predict physiological (R2=0,10, p<0,01), motor (R2=0,09, p<0,01) and cognitive (R2=0,12, p<0,01) anxiety responses. Clarity predicts motor anxiety (β=-0,131, p<0,01) negatively. Conclusions: Academic engagement and TA are registered as independent variables of each other; meanwhile, emotional Clarity regulates motor anxiety weakly. Cognitive and situational factors at the time of exams are relevant in the triggering of the anxious response.

Importancia de los estilos de socialización parental en los roles del acoso entre pares / Importance of the parental socialization style in the roles of harassment among peers

Resumen La familia es un escenario primordial en el estudio del acoso entre iguales, y particularmente la relación paterno-filial ha cobrado relevancia en la investigación científica sobre el tema. En este sentido, la socialización parental puede ser clave como factor de protección o de riesgo en la aparición de situaciones de acoso. El presente estudio aborda el análisis de estrategias y estilos de socialización de padres y madres en estudiantes de secundaria implicados en acoso escolar, como testigo, agresor, víctima y agresor-víctima. Se evaluaron 551 adolescentes de entre 12 y 18 años mediante un diseño comparativo de grupos naturales. Se aplicó el cuestionario del defensor del pueblo sobre violencia escolar ajustado para contexto colombiano y la escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia (ESPA 29). Como resultado se identificaron en los participantes altos niveles de estrategias de socialización basadas en coerción/imposición por parte de ambas figuras paternas. A diferencia de estudios previos, no se identifica relación entre ninguno de los estilos parentales de la madre y los roles asumidos por los estudiantes en situaciones de acoso, mientras que el estilo indulgente en el padre mostró relación estadísticamente significativa con los roles de testigo y agresor-víctima. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados resaltando la importancia de la crianza afectiva y el rol que desempeñan las figuras parentales en la socialización y formación de habilidades psicosociales que contribuyan en la disminución de las prácticas de acoso en niños y adolescentes.

Abstract The family is a primary scenario when studying harassment among equals. Particularly, the parent-child relationship has built up importance in scientific investigations regarding this topic. In this regard, parental socialization may be key as a protection or risk aspect in the occurrence of harassment situations. The development of this study focuses in the achievement of two main objectives. The first objective is aimed to identifying differences in the strategies of parental socialization in both parents, in accordance to the role of the participants involved in harassing behavior. The second objective is based in stablishing if the roles adopted by students have any co-relation with the parental socialization style. In order to fulfill these objectives an empirical, comparative, investigation took place that was based in the design of natural groups, which facilitates the comparison of different variables in social groups that belong to a same culture, e.g. students, where the analyzed variables source differences among individuals. The study had a base of 551 students (290 male and 261 female) from four different educational institutions, with ages ranging from 12 to 18 (µ = 15.2, of = 1.3). Harassment conducts were evaluated in accordance to the Defensor del Pueblo questionnaire, from a version adjusted to the Colombian context. Whereas the parental style of socialization was evaluated in accordance with Escala de Estilos de Socialización Parental en la Adolescencia (ESPA-29). The participant-type descriptive evaluation highlights that 296 (53.8 %) of the students take part as bully-victims, 95 (17.2 %) take part as non-involved, 87 (15.8 %) take part as victims, and 73 (13.2 %) take part as bullies. These roles were embraced similarly in men and women without a significant relationship between gender and the type of participant (χ2 = 5.328, p = .149 > .05). Concerning to the socialization strategies of parental figures, in the mother's case, the obtained data indicates that the main differences are found in the group of students who embrace the role of offender-victims. In this group, participants show a higher level of indifference that non-involved (p = .023 < .05) and bullies (p = .007 < .05), a higher level of physical coercion than non-involved (p = .000 < .05) and victims (p = .023 < .05), as well as a higher level of the strictness/imposition axis than non-involved (p = .001 < .05). The latest show higher verbal coercion (p = .009 < .05) and strictness/imposition (p = .032 < .05) than bullies. In the father's case, the obtained data also highlights the bully-victims as the group with higher ennui than non-involved (p = .000 < .05) and bullies (p = .046 < .05), higher indifference than non-involved (p = .000 < .05) and bullies (p = .010 < .05), higher physical coercion than non-involved (p = .000 < .05) and victims (p = .021 < .05), as well as a higher number than non-involved (p = .001 < .05) in the strictness/imposition axis. The most common parental style strategy in mothers is indulgent (n = 240, 43.6 %), followed by authoritative (n = 161, 29.2 %), neglectful (n = 102, 18.5 %) and last authoritarian (n = 48, 8.7 %). Meanwhile, the indulgent style is also the most common among fathers (n = 211, 38.3 %), followed by neglectful (n = 171, 31 %), authoritative (n = 109, 19.8 %) and authoritarian (n = 60, 10.9 %). This discards the existence of a significant association between the mother's socialization style and student's harassment roles. On the other hand, the indulgent style in fathers was significant in relation to the witnesses (χ2 = 16.88, p = .000 > .001; ϖ = .18, 1-β = .97) and the bully-victims (χ2 = 8.96, p = .03 > .05; ϖ = .14, 1-β = .80). The parenthood focused on fulfilling the children demands with low boundaries delimitation is reiterative in parents where indulgent is their most common style of parent socialization, which seems to be associated with an expectation to harass. This work highlights the important role that the parent figures play in the formation of psychosocial skills to the integration of children and teenagers. Furthermore, it features the importance of how parents build bonding relationships with their children.

Predictores de la ansiedad ante la estadística: Ansiedad ante los exámenes y baja depuración cognitiva / Statistics anxiety is predicted by test anxiety and lack of cognitive depuration

Las competencias en estadística responden al desarrollo de habilidades esenciales para la comprensión de la realidad y la toma de decisiones personales y profesionales. Un gran número de profesiones emplea la estadística como elemento esencial en investigación y análisis de información, pero también es común la respuesta de ansiedad ante estos contenidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las estrategias metacognitivas implicadas en procesos de ansiedad ante la estadística, así como el papel de la ansiedad ante los exámenes en este fenómeno. Se analizó una muestra de universitarios habituados al tratamiento de información cuantitativa, en ellos se observaron bajos niveles de estrategias metacognitivas para el aprendizaje y niveles moderados de ansiedad. En un modelo de regresión se identificó que la ansiedad estadística se predice débilmente por la falta de depuración y fuertemente por la ansiedad ante los exámenes

Statistics competencies respond to the development of essential skills for understanding reality and making personal and professional decisions. A lot of professions use statistics as an essential element in research and information analysis, but anxiety about statistical content is also common. The objective of this study was to analyze the metacognitive strategies involved in processes of statistics anxiety, as well as the role of test anxiety in this phenomenon. We analyzed a sample of university students accustomed to the treatment of quantitative information, in which low levels of metacognitive strategies for learning and moderate levels of anxiety were observed. In a regression model, it was identified that statistics anxiety is weakly predicted due to the lack of depuration and strongly by test anxiety

Characterization of the Physicochemical Properties of Different Biodiesel Samples

ABSTRACT For combustion engines to perform well, it is necessary that the fuel used be of high quality. Fuel quality can be analyzed through different physicochemical properties. This study presents comparisons between the values presented in literature, legislation and those obtained through experimental tests of different biodiesel samples. Biodiesel is a promising alternative of renewable energy obtained from raw material. The properties observed in this study are: Viscosity, density, cloud point, pour point and calorific value. The data explored by this work aims to bring solidification to the methodologies and equipment necessary for a better characterization of biodiesel.

Ecología trófica del búho terrestre Athene cunicularia punensis (Strigiformes: Strigidae) en el archipiélago de Jambelí, provincia de El Oro, suroeste de Ecuador / Feeding ecology of the Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia punensis (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in the Jambelí archipelago, El Oro province, southwestern Ecuador

Estudiamos la dieta del búho terrestre Athene cunicularia punensis en cuatro territorios dentro del archipiélago de Jambelí, provincia de El Oro, suroeste de Ecuador, entre noviembre de 2015 y abril de 2016, mediante la recolección y análisis de 182 egagrópilas. Los artrópodos constituyeron el principal grupo-presa en frecuencia de aparición (86.5%), seguido por los mamíferos (12%) y las aves (1.5%). En cuanto a biomasa consumida, los mamíferos (Mus musculus y Rattus rattus) aportaron 58.5%, los artrópodos 33.2% y las aves 8.2%. No encontramos diferencias significativas de la dieta entre las cuatro parejas estudiadas. En este trabajo se confirmó el rol de Athene cunicularia como un importante depredador de plagas como roedores introducidos y artrópodos potencialmente dañinos.

The diet of Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia punensis) was studied in four territories in the Jambelí archipelago, El Oro, southwestern Ecuador, from November 2015 to April 2016, collecting 182 pellets. Arthropods were the main prey group in frequency of occurrence (86.5%), followed by mammals (12%) and birds (1.5%), but mammals (Mus musculus and Rattus rattus) contributed 58.5% of the biomass, arthropods 33.2% and birds 8.2%. No significant differences were found in the diet among the four pairs studied. Our study confirmed the important role of Athene cunicularia as predator of pests like introduced rodents and potentially harmful arthropods.

La auriculoterapia como terapia adyuvante en la litiasis renal / Auriculotherapy as adjuvant therapy in renal lithiasis

Introducción: La litiasis en la vía urinaria es una patología de consulta frecuente en Atención Primaria de Salud. Objetivo: Mencionar los puntos auriculares utilizados como prevención y tratamiento adyuvante en pacientes con litiasis renal. Método: En la Filial de Ciencias Médicas de Baracoa, Guantánamo, entre febrero y mayo de 2021 se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos SciELO, EMBASE y Dialnet. Se consultaron 42 artículos en español y se seleccionaron 19, los criterios de inclusión se basaron en publicaciones de los últimos 5 años, revisiones sistemáticas con texto completo y libre de pago. Resultados: se elaboró una monografía sobre los principales puntos auriculares con acción demostrada sobre los cálculos renales. Conclusiones: los puntos auriculares Riñón, Uréter, Vejiga, Shenmen y Subcortex son los más recomendados y la técnica más frecuente es la colocación de semillas de Cardo Santo.