Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Salmonellas enterica serovar Typhi (S.typhi) causes typhoid fever and is a global health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. But there is a little information about prevalence and factors association with S.typhi and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Ethiopia especially in the study area. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S.typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patient with a febrile illness at Adare General Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 422 febrile patients from May 23, 2018 to October 20, 2018. A 5 ml venous blood was collected from each febrile patient. Culture and biochemical test were performed for each isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for each isolate using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques. RESULT: In this study, the prevalence of S.typhi among febrile illness patients at Adare General Hospital was 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5-2.9]. The age of the study subjects were ranged from 15 to 65 years (mean age 32 years). It was observed that participants who came from rural area had 8 times (AOR 8.27: 95% CI: 1.33, 51.55) more likely to had S. typhi infection when compared with urban dwellers. The microbial susceptibility testing revealed that all six of S.typhi isolates showed sensitive to Ceftriaxone and all 6 isolates showed resistant to nalidixic acid and Cefotaxime and 5(83.3%) susceptible to Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxaciline. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more antibiotics) was observed among most of the isolates. CONCLUSION: S. typhi bacteraemia is an uncommon but important cause of febrile illness in our study population. Ceftriaxone therapy is a suitable empirical antibiotic for those that are unwell and suspected of having this illness. Further surveillance is required to monitor possible hanging antibiotic resistant patterns in Ethiopia.

Prevalence and factors associated with early discontinuation rate of Implanon utilization among women who ever used Implanon in Kucha District Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: The promotion of contraception in countries with high birth rates has the potential to reduce poverty, hunger, maternal, and childhood deaths. Every year in sub-Saharan Africa approximately 14 million unintended pregnancies occurred and a sizeable proportion was due to poor use of short-term hormonal methods. Contraceptive hormonal implants are highly effective and suitable for almost all women at any stage of their reproductive lives. On the other hand, early discontinuation of the Implanon contraceptive method utilization is one of the foremost problems amid the family planning program. Early discontinuation of the Implanon contraceptive method and reasons for such discontinuation lingers the most significant anxiety for family planning programs. In unindustrialized countries, contraceptive discontinuation due to health concerns is generally higher; these complaints are often related to service quality. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with early discontinuation of Implanon among women who ever used Implanon in Kucha district, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: Implanon contraceptive device users were selected from the Kucha district using a cross-sectional community-based survey from January to March 2018. A total of 430 women were selected and data were collected through face-to-face interviews by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi-Info version 7statistical software. Factors that showed association in a bivariate analysis that has a p value of less than 0.25 were entered into multiple logistic regression models for controlling confounding factors. The strength of statistical association was measured by adjusted odds ratio, at 95% confidence intervals, and p value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant variables. RESULT: The result of this study revealed that the overall discontinuation rate of Implanon in the study was 34%. Variables having statistically significant association with Implanon discontinuation were women who never use a contraceptive method other than Implanon (AOR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.53-5.74), women who didn't make discussion with a partner (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.57-7.04), poor counseling and follow up (AOR = 9.23, 95% CI 4.7-18.13), fear of side effects (AOR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.058- 0.24) and poor satisfaction of service (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI 2.77- 9.76) CONCLUSION: The overall early discontinuation rate of Implanon in the study area was high. The main factors associated with early discontinuation of Implanon were contraceptive ever use, discussion with partner, poor follow-up of counseling, fear of side effects, and un-satisfaction by the services given during the insertion rate of Implanon.

Magnitude of HIV Infection and Associated Factors among Female Sex Workers at Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Background: HIV is among one of the most serious public health problems. Low-income countries are highly affected by Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV). The burden of HIV varies across various segments of the population. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of HIV infection and associated factors among female sex workers (FSWs). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 381 FSWs at Integrated Service on Health and Development Organization (ISHDO) located in Hawassa city from July to November 2018. Socio-demographic and related data were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 5 ml of venous blood was collected from study participants; serum was prepared and tested for HIV using the 4th generation Microlisa HIV assay. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21; binary and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine factors associated with HIV infection among FSWs. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of HIV among FSWs at ISHDO, Hawassa was 19.9% [95% CI: 16, 24.4]. Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV among FSWs at ISHDO, Hawassa was relatively high compared to national and regional reports. In this study, none of the factors assessed were significantly associated with HIV infection.

Bacterial contamination rates and drug susceptibility patterns of bacteria recovered from medical equipment, inanimate surfaces, and indoor air of a neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric ward at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.

Introduction: Bacterial contamination of medical equipment, inanimate surfaces, and indoor air of the hospital environment is the main source of hospital-acquired infection in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination rates for medical equipment, inanimate surfaces, and indoor air, and the drug susceptibility profiles of bacteria, in the neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric ward of Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (HUCSH). Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from October 20 to December 30, 2020. Samples were collected from medical equipment, inanimate surfaces, and indoor air of the neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric ward, and processed using standard microbiological methods. Data entry and analysis were carried out using SPSS software version 25.0. Results: Of the total samples collected, 171 (74.7%; 95% CI 68.4‒83.5) were culture positive. These comprised 33 (58.9%) of samples taken from medical equipment, 26 (42.6%) from inanimate surfaces, and 112 (100%) from indoor air . Micrococcus species (41.3%), Acinetobacter species (13.7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.2%) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. Conclusions: High bacterial contamination rates of medical equipment, inanimate surfaces, and indoor air of the neonatal intensive care unit and pediatric ward were found. Most of the bacterial species isolated were known causative agents of hospital-acquired infection. Around one-quarter of the bacteria were multidrug resistant.

Colonization rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among children attending kindergarten school in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the colonization rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among children attending kindergarten school in Hawassa, Ethiopia. RESULTS: Out of 317 study participants, 68 (21.5%) were colonized with S. pneumoniae. Colonization rate was significantly associated with factors such as age (3 to 4 years old) (P = 0.01), having a sibling whose age was less than 5 years (P = 0.011), sharing a bed with parents (P = 0.005), cooking within bedroom (P = 0.002), and previous hospitalization (P = 0.004). Forty-four (64.6%), 33 (48.5%), and 2942.6%) of S. pneumoniae isolated were resistant to cotrimoxazole, penicillin, and tetracycline respectively.