RESUMO
Previous studies have suggested that dietary factors may be important in the development of bladder cancer. We examined macronutrient intake in relation to risk of urothelial cell carcinoma among 469,339 men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Associations were examined using Cox regression, stratified by sex, age at recruitment and centre and further adjusted for smoking status and duration, body mass index and total energy intake. After an average of 11.3 years of follow-up, 1,416 new cases of urothelial cell carcinoma were identified. After allowing for measurement error, a 3% increase in the consumption of energy intake from animal protein was associated with a 15% higher risk (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3-30%; p(trend) = 0.01) and a 2% increase in energy from plant protein intake was associated with a 23% lower risk (95% CI: 36-7%, p(trend) = 0.006). Dietary intake of fat, carbohydrate, fibre or calcium was not associated with risk. These findings suggest that animal and/or plant protein may affect the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma, and examination of these associations in other studies is needed.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Alimentar , Carne , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fumar , Inquéritos e Questionários , Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
Evidence on the association between dietary flavonoids and lignans and breast cancer (BC) risk is inconclusive, with the possible exception of isoflavones in Asian countries. Therefore, we investigated prospectively dietary total and subclasses of flavonoid and lignan intake and BC risk according to menopause and hormonal receptor status in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The study included 334,850 women, mostly aged between 35 and 70 years from ten European countries. At baseline, country-specific validated dietary questionnaires were used. A flavonoid and lignan food composition database was developed from the US Department of Agriculture, the Phenol-Explorer and the UK Food Standards Agency databases. Cox regression models were used to analyse the association between dietary flavonoid/lignan intake and the risk of developing BC. During an average 11.5-year follow-up, 11,576 incident BC cases were identified. No association was observed between the intake of total flavonoids [hazard ratio comparing fifth to first quintile (HRQ5-Q1) 0.97, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.90-1.04; P trend = 0.591], isoflavones (HRQ5-Q1 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.91-1.10; P trend = 0.734), or total lignans (HRQ5-Q1 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.93-1.11; P trend = 0.469) and overall BC risk. The stratification of the results by menopausal status at recruitment or the differentiation of BC cases according to oestrogen and progesterone receptors did not affect the results. This study shows no associations between flavonoid and lignan intake and BC risk, overall or after taking into account menopausal status and BC hormone receptors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Dieta , Flavonoides , Lignanas , Adulto , Idoso , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa , Pré-Menopausa , Receptores de Estrogênio , Receptores de Progesterona , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
A greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean (MED) diet is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. This dietary pattern is based on higher consumption of plant products that are rich in flavonoids. We compared the total flavonoid dietary intakes, their food sources and various lifestyle factors between MED and non-MED countries participating in the EPIC study. Flavonoid intakes and their food sources for 35,628 subjects, aged 35-74 years and recruited between 1992 and 2000, in twenty-six study centres were estimated using standardised 24 h dietary recall software (EPIC-Soft®). An ad hoc food composition database on flavonoids was compiled using analytical data from the United States Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. Moreover, it was expanded to include using recipes, estimations of missing values and flavonoid retention factors. No significant differences in total flavonoid mean intake between non-MED countries (373·7 mg/d) and MED countries (370·2 mg/d) were observed. In the non-MED region, the main contributors were proanthocyanidins (48·2%) and flavan-3-ol monomers (24·9%) and the principal food sources were tea (25·7%) and fruits (32·8%). In the MED region, proanthocyanidins (59·0%) were by far the most abundant contributor and fruits (55·1%), wines (16·7%) and tea (6·8%) were the main food sources. The present study shows similar results for total dietary flavonoid intakes, but significant differences in flavonoid class intakes, food sources and some characteristics between MED and non-MED countries. These differences should be considered in studies about the relationships between flavonoid intake and chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Dieta , Flavonoides , Adulto , Idoso , Dieta Mediterrânea , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Flavonoides/classificação , Análise de Alimentos , Frutas , Humanos , Masculino , Região do Mediterrâneo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Chá , VinhoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To further inform the debate on the possible cognitive benefits of antioxidant nutrients in the elderly, we systematically reviewed available prospective studies while paying a special attention to their methodological quality. METHODS: This is a systematic review of studies involving major antioxidant nutrients and change in cognitive performance. Abstracts were independently reviewed; studies were selected based on prespecified criteria. Methodological quality of primary studies was assessed using a methodological checklist for cohort studies. Findings were presented using a narrative synthesis and tabulation of results. RESULTS: Eight-hundred and fifty potentially eligible studies were identified; 10 met the inclusion criteria and were retained for data extraction and appraisal. The main supportive evidence came from two studies, both judged to be of high quality: The first observed an accelerated decline in global cognition, attention, and psychomotor speed over 9 years, concomitant to a decrease in plasma selenium levels over the same period; the second study reported a slower rate of global cognitive decline over 3 years in persons in the highest quartile of intake of vitamins C, E, and carotenes. All associations persisted after adjustment for confounding factors. Evidence in favor of beneficial associations of higher dietary intake of vitamin E and flavonoids, as well as higher serum beta carotene levels, came from further studies of only adequate quality. CONCLUSIONS: There is a possibility for protective effects of antioxidant nutrients against decline in cognition in older people although the supportive evidence is still limited in number. This association deserves further examination in additional quality investigations.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Transtornos Cognitivos/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Idoso , Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Ascórbico/sangue , Carotenoides/administração & dosagem , Carotenoides/sangue , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Cognição/fisiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Flavonoides/sangue , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Selênio/sangue , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Vitamina E/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutrition and health claims are permitted in foods marketed in the European Union under Regulation 1924/2006. Quality products such as traditional foods might benefit from this act, as it can highlight their nutritional richness. In this study the nutritional content of 33 traditional foods from the Black Sea Area Countries was evaluated against the thresholds of the Regulation for nutrition claims. RESULTS: Most of the foods were eligible to bear several nutrition claims, mostly related to their fat, sugar, fiber and sodium content. The average number of claims per traditional food was two, with a range between zero and nine. Overall, about 72 nutrition claims were potentially relevant for the 33 traditional foods studied. Foods linked with the most claims were nuts and seeds. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of traditional foods under this standardized European scheme could be an efficient way to highlight their possible beneficial nutritional properties. The production and marketing of traditional foods could be of benefit to both the health of consumers and the economic viability of producers, especially small- and medium-size enterprises.
Assuntos
Cultura , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Mar Negro , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Sacarose Alimentar/análise , União Europeia , Alimentos/classificação , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Legislação sobre Alimentos , Nozes , Sementes , Sódio na Dieta/análiseRESUMO
Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis, but prospective evidence for an association between biomarkers of oxidative stress and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is limited. The authors investigated the association between prediagnostic serum levels of oxidative stress indicators (i.e., reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)) and CRC risk. This was examined in a nested case-control study (1,064 CRC cases, 1,064 matched controls) in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (1992-2003). Incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using conditional logistic regression analyses. ROM were associated with overall CRC risk (highest tertile vs. lowest: adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR(adj)) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47, 2.48), proximal (IRR(adj) = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.36) and distal (IRR(adj) = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.37, 3.89) colon cancer, and rectal cancer (IRR(adj) = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.72). When results were stratified by tertile of follow-up time, the association remained significant only in participants with less than 2.63 years of follow-up (IRR(adj) = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.78, 2.94; P-heterogeneity < 0.01). FRAP was not associated with CRC risk. In conclusion, prediagnostic serum ROM levels were associated with increased risk of CRC. However, this association was seen only in subjects with relatively short follow-up, suggesting that the association results from production of reactive oxygen species by preclinical tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Dieta , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/sangue , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been reported to improve CHD prognosis and to be inversely associated with CHD mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of adherence to the MD with CHD incidence and mortality in the Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, a population with traditional Mediterranean roots. In a general population sample of 23,929 adult men and women with no CVD or cancer at enrolment, a validated FFQ was interviewer-administered, sociodemographic, physical activity and other characteristics were recorded, and arterial blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics were measured. In a median period of 10 years, 636 incident CHD cases and 240 CHD deaths were recorded. Associations of adherence to the MD, operationalised through a nine-component score (0, poor; 9, excellent), with CHD incidence and mortality were evaluated through Cox regression controlling for potentially confounding variables. A two-point increase in the MD score was associated with lower CHD mortality by 25 % (95 % CI 0.57, 0.98) among women and 19 % (95 % CI 0.67, 0.99) among men. The association of adherence to the MD with CHD incidence was again inverse, but weaker (hazard ratios 0.85 (95 % CI 0.71, 1.02) among women and 0.98 (95 % CI 0.87, 1.10) among men). With respect to score components, only meat among men (positively) and fruits and nuts among women (inversely) were associated with both the incidence of and mortality from CHD. The MD, as an integral entity, is inversely associated with CHD incidence and, particularly, mortality.
Assuntos
Doença das Coronárias/epidemiologia , Dieta Mediterrânea , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Doença das Coronárias/mortalidade , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Seguimentos , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Carne/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Epidemiological studies suggest health-protective effects of flavan-3-ols and their derived compounds on chronic diseases. The present study aimed to estimate dietary flavan-3-ol, proanthocyanidin (PA) and theaflavin intakes, their food sources and potential determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration cohort. Dietary data were collected using a standardised 24 h dietary recall software administered to 36 037 subjects aged 35-74 years. Dietary data were linked with a flavanoid food composition database compiled from the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and expanded to include recipes, estimations and retention factors. Total flavan-3-ol intake was the highest in UK Health-conscious men (453·6 mg/d) and women of UK General population (377·6 mg/d), while the intake was the lowest in Greece (men: 160·5 mg/d; women: 124·8 mg/d). Monomer intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 213·5 mg/d; women: 178·6 mg/d) and the lowest in Greece (men: 26·6 mg/d in men; women: 20·7 mg/d). Theaflavin intake was the highest in UK General population (men: 29·3 mg/d; women: 25·3 mg/d) and close to zero in Greece and Spain. PA intake was the highest in Asturias (men: 455·2 mg/d) and San Sebastian (women: 253 mg/d), while being the lowest in Greece (men: 134·6 mg/d; women: 101·0 mg/d). Except for the UK, non-citrus fruits (apples/pears) were the highest contributors to the total flavan-3-ol intake. Tea was the main contributor of total flavan-3-ols in the UK. Flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intakes were significantly different among all assessed groups. This study showed heterogeneity in flavan-3-ol, PA and theaflavin intake throughout the EPIC countries.
Assuntos
Biflavonoides/administração & dosagem , Catequina/administração & dosagem , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Flavonóis/administração & dosagem , Análise de Alimentos , Neoplasias/etiologia , Proantocianidinas/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Biflavonoides/análise , Catequina/análise , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Dieta/etnologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonóis/análise , Frutas/química , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/etnologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Proantocianidinas/análise , Estudos Prospectivos , Caracteres Sexuais , Chá/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA), apolipoprotein B and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). DESIGN: Nested case-control study. SETTING: The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort of more than 520,000 participants from 10 western European countries. PARTICIPANTS: 1238 cases of incident CRC, which developed after enrolment into the cohort, were matched with 1238 controls for age, sex, centre, follow-up time, time of blood collection and fasting status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations were quantitatively determined by colorimetric and turbidimetric methods. Dietary and lifestyle data were obtained from questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs which were adjusted for height, weight, smoking habits, physical activity, education, consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, alcohol, fibre and energy. RESULTS: After adjustments, the concentrations of HDL and apoA were inversely associated with the risk of colon cancer (RR for 1 SD increase of 16.6 mg/dl in HDL and 32.0 mg/dl in apoA of 0.78 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.94), respectively). No association was observed with the risk of rectal cancer. Additional adjustment for biomarkers of systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress or exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up did not influence the association between HDL and risk of colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that high concentrations of serum HDL are associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer. The mechanism behind this association needs further elucidation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Inquéritos Nutricionais/métodos , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Neoplasias Colorretais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Colorimetria , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nefelometria e Turbidimetria , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Anthocyanidins are bioactive flavonoids with potential health-promoting effects. These may vary among single anthocyanidins considering differences in their bioavailability and some of the mechanisms involved. The aim of the present study was to estimate the dietary intake of anthocyanidins, their food sources and the lifestyle factors (sex, age, BMI, smoking status, educational level and physisical activity) involved among twenty-seven centres in ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthocyanidin intake and their food sources for 36 037 subjects, aged between 35 and 74 years, in twenty-seven redefined centres were obtained using standardised 24 h dietary recall software (EPIC-SOFT). An ad hoc food composition database on anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin) was compiled using data from the US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and was expanded by adding recipes, estimated values and cooking factors. For men, the total anthocyanidin mean intake ranged from 19·83 (se 1·53) mg/d (Bilthoven, The Netherlands) to 64·88 (se 1·86) mg/d (Turin, Italy), whereas for women the range was 18·73 (se 2·80) mg/d (Granada, Spain) to 44·08 (se 2·45) mg/d (Turin, Italy). A clear south to north gradient intake was observed. Cyanidins and malvidins were the main anthocynidin contributors depending on the region and sex. Anthocyanidin intake was higher in non-obese older females, non-smokers, and increased with educational level and physical activity. The major food sources were fruits, wine, non-alcoholic beverages and some vegetables. The present study shows differences in both total and individual anthocyanidin intakes and various lifestyle factors throughout Europe, with some geographical variability in their food sources.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/administração & dosagem , Antocianinas/química , Comportamento Alimentar , Análise de Alimentos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Flavonols, flavanones and flavones (FLAV) are sub-classes of flavonoids that exert cardioprotective and anti-carcinogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. We aimed to estimate the FLAV dietary intake, their food sources and associated lifestyle factors in ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. FLAV intake and their food sources for 36 037 subjects, aged between 35 and 74 years, in twenty-seven study centres were obtained using standardised 24 h dietary recall software (EPIC-SOFT). An ad hoc food composition database on FLAV was compiled using data from US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and was expanded using recipes, estimations and flavonoid retention factors in order to increase its correspondence with the 24 h dietary recall. Our results showed that the highest FLAV-consuming centre was the UK health-conscious group, with 130·9 and 97·0 mg/d for men and women, respectively. The lowest FLAV intakes were 36·8 mg/d in men from Umeå and 37·2 mg/d in women from Malmö (Sweden). The flavanone sub-class was the main contributor to the total FLAV intake ranging from 46·6 to 52·9 % depending on the region. Flavonols ranged from 38·5 to 47·3 % and flavones from 5·8 to 8·6 %. FLAV intake was higher in women, non-smokers, increased with level of education and physical activity. The major food sources were citrus fruits and citrus-based juices (especially for flavanones), tea, wine, other fruits and some vegetables. We concluded that the present study shows heterogeneity in intake of these three sub-classes of flavonoids across European regions and highlights differences by sex and other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.
Assuntos
Registros de Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos , Flavanonas/administração & dosagem , Flavonas/administração & dosagem , Flavonóis/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer. However, prospective data for most European countries are lacking, and epidemiologic studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in relation to pancreatic cancer risk are scarce. We examined the association of cigarette smoking and exposure to ETS with pancreatic cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). This analysis was based on 465,910 participants, including 524 first incident pancreatic cancer cases diagnosed after a median follow-up of 8.9 years. Estimates of risk were obtained by Cox proportional hazard models and adjusted for weight, height, and history of diabetes mellitus. An increased risk of pancreatic cancer was found for current cigarette smokers compared with never smokers (HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.36-2.15), and risk increased with greater intensity and pack-years. Former cigarette smokers who quit for less than 5 years were at increased risk of pancreatic cancer (HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.23-2.56), but risk was comparable to never smokers after quitting for 5 years or more. Pancreatic cancer risk was increased among never smokers daily exposed to ETS (for many hours) during childhood (HR = 2.61, 95% CI = 0.96-7.10) and exposed to ETS at home and/or work (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.00-2.39). These results suggest that both active cigarette smoking, as well as exposure to ETS, is associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer and that risk is reduced to levels of never smokers within 5 years of quitting.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Razão de Chances , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Antioxidants are compounds physiologically produced or provided through the diet with a potential to inhibit the oxidation of important biological molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. The contemporary Greek diet is still strongly influenced by Mediterranean dietary traditions. The traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) is a plant-based diet with apparently beneficial health properties, to which a high antioxidant content may contribute. To explore this issue in detail, a database of the content of >200 Greek foods and recipes for a wide spectrum of antioxidant compounds and indices (flavonoids, proanthocyannidins, other antioxidant microcomponents, and total antioxidant capacity) was developed. The database enabled the estimation of antioxidant intakes in Greece using the population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, in which >28,000 Greeks participate. The results of this work suggest that the contemporary MD in the Greek population is a rich source of a variety of antioxidants. These data can be used in studies about the relationship between antioxidant intake and chronic diseases in the Greek population.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Dieta Mediterrânea , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Grécia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Antioxidants can be defined on a biological basis by their ability to inhibit the oxidation of susceptible biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA. There is observational evidence on an inverse association between dietary antioxidant intake and the development of chronic conditions, although randomized trials have not confirmed these results. The antioxidant potential of a biological material can be evaluated by methods categorized into three groups. The first group includes the determination of the individual antioxidants present in the investigated sample. The second focuses on 'total antioxidant capacity', which is considered a convenient tool for obtaining an overall estimate of the antioxidant potential of the sample. The third group involves the quantification of in vivo markers of oxidative stress, such as the products of protein, lipid and DNA oxidation. Due to differences between the assays, however, current research suggests the application of a combination of such methods for a more informative assessment of the oxidation status of the organism.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/urina , Testes de Química Clínica , Bases de Dados Factuais , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Results from the majority of studies show little association between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk, a finding that has not been demonstrated in a wider European population, however. The authors examined whether vitamin D concentrations were associated with prostate cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (1994-2000). Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured in 652 prostate cancer cases matched to 752 controls from 7 European countries after a median follow-up time of 4.1 years. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for prostate cancer risk in relation to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D after standardizing for month of blood collection and adjusting for covariates. No significant association was found between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of prostate cancer (highest vs. lowest quintile: odds ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.88; P for trend = 0.188). Subgroup analyses showed no significant heterogeneity by cancer stage or grade, age at diagnosis, body mass index, time from blood collection to diagnosis, or calcium intake. In summary, the results of this large nested case-control study provide no evidence in support of a protective effect of circulating concentrations of vitamin D on the risk of prostate cancer.
Assuntos
Estado Nutricional , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Intervalos de Confiança , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Estatísticos , Razão de Chances , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) have been associated with the risk of several types of cancer. Dietary correlates of IGF-I and IGFBPs are not yet well established. The objective of this study was to assess the association between dietary intake and serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in a cross-sectional analysis of 4,731 men and women taking part in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Diet was assessed using country-specific validated dietary questionnaires. Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 were measured, and the associations between diet and IGF-I and IGFBPs were assessed using multiple linear regression adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, and alcohol and energy intake. Each 1 SD increment increase in total and dairy protein and calcium intake was associated with an increase in IGF-I concentration of 2.5%, 2.4%, and 3.3%, respectively (P for trend <0.001 for all) and a decrease in IGFBP-2 of 3.5%, 3.5%, and 5.4% (P for trend <0.001 for all), respectively. There were no significant associations between the intake of protein or calcium from nondairy sources and IGF-I. The results from this large cross-sectional analysis show that either the intake of dairy protein or calcium is an important dietary determinant of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 concentrations; however, we suggest that it is more likely to be protein from dairy products.
Assuntos
Dieta , Proteína 1 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Proteína 2 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas/administração & dosagem , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Several lines of evidence point to olive oil and the olive oil-centered Mediterranean diet as conducive to longevity. The evidence stems from ecological, as well as analytic epidemiological studies assessing olive oil, monounsaturated lipids or the Mediterranean dietary pattern in relation to the incidence of, or mortality from, major common diseases, or overall mortality. Mechanistic considerations are addressed by biochemical studies, whereas randomized clinical trials provide further support to the evidence generated from observational investigations. The content of olive oil in several microcomponents with antioxidant potential, as well as its high content in monounsaturated lipids appear to be essential for the beneficial effect of this food.
Assuntos
Longevidade , Óleos de Plantas , Antioxidantes , Doença das Coronárias/epidemiologia , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Dieta Mediterrânea , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Azeite de Oliva , Óleos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Several experimental studies have suggested potential anticarcinogenic effects of flavonoids, although epidemiologic evidence for the impact of dietary flavonoids on risk of gastric cancer (GC) is limited. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between intake of dietary flavonoids and lignans and incident GC. DESIGN: The study followed 477,312 subjects (29.8% men) aged 35-70 y from 10 European countries who participated in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Validated dietary questionnaires and lifestyle information were collected at baseline. A food-composition database on flavonoids and lignans was compiled by using data from USDA and Phenol-Explorer databases. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 11 y, 683 incident GC cases (57.8% men) were mostly validated by a panel of pathologists and used in this analysis. We observed a significant inverse association between total flavonoid intake and GC risk in women (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.94; for the continuous variable after log2 transformation) but not in men (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.09). In women, significant inverse associations with GC risk were also observed for intakes of some flavonoid subgroups (anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, and flavanols), particularly with intestinal type tumors for total flavonoid and flavanol intakes (P-heterogeneity < 0.1). After stratification by smoking status and sex, there was no significant heterogeneity in these associations between ever- and never-smokers. CONCLUSION: Total dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of GC in women.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/prevenção & controle , Anticarcinógenos/administração & dosagem , Dieta , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Lignanas/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Gástricas/prevenção & controle , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Anticarcinógenos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Estilo de Vida , Lignanas/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Published associations between dietary carotenoids and vitamin C and bladder cancer risk are inconsistent. Biomarkers may provide more accurate measures of nutrient status. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between plasma carotenoids and vitamin C and risk of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. DESIGN: A total of 856 patients with newly diagnosed UCC were matched with 856 cohort members by sex, age at baseline, study center, date and time of blood collection, and fasting status. Plasma carotenoids (α- and ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) were measured by using reverse-phase HPLC, and plasma vitamin C was measured by using a colorimetric assay. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated by using conditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking status, duration, and intensity. RESULTS: UCC risk decreased with higher concentrations of the sum of plasma carotenoids (IRR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.93; P-trend = 0.04). Plasma ß-carotene was inversely associated with aggressive UCC (IRR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.88; P-trend = 0.02). Plasma lutein was inversely associated with risk of nonaggressive UCC (IRR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.98; P-trend = 0.05). No association was observed between plasma vitamin C and risk of UCC. CONCLUSIONS: Although residual confounding by smoking or other factors cannot be excluded, higher concentrations of plasma carotenoids may reduce risk of UCC, in particular aggressive UCC. Plasma lutein may reduce risk of nonaggressive UCC.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico/sangue , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/sangue , Carotenoides/sangue , Dieta , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/sangue , Urotélio/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/etiologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/prevenção & controle , Carotenoides/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Luteína/sangue , Luteína/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papiloma/sangue , Papiloma/epidemiologia , Papiloma/etiologia , Papiloma/prevenção & controle , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/etiologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic data suggest that diet is a risk factor in the etiology of gastric cancer. However, the role of dietary fatty acids, a modifiable risk factor, remains relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association of plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentrations, as biomarkers of exogenous and endogenously derived fatty acids, with the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Europe Gastric Cancer (EPIC-EURGAST). DESIGN: Fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography in prediagnostic plasma phospholipids from 238 cases matched to 626 controls by age, sex, study center, and date of blood donation. Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for Helicobacter pylori infection status, BMI, smoking, physical activity, education, and energy intake were used to estimate relative cancer risks. RESULTS: Positive risk associations for gastric cancer were observed in the highest compared with the lowest quartiles of plasma oleic acid (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.94), di-homo-γ-linolenic acid (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.35), α-linolenic acid (OR: 3.20; 95% CI: 1.70, 6.06), and the ratio of MUFAs to saturated fatty acids, as an indicator of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 enzyme activity (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 0.81, 2.43). An inverse risk association was observed with the ratio of linoleic to α-linolenic acid (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.66). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a specific prediagnostic plasma phospholipid fatty acid profile, characterized mainly by high concentrations of oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and di-homo-γ-linolenic acid, which presumably reflect both a complex dietary pattern and altered fatty acid metabolism, may be related to increased gastric cancer risk.