RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To update traditional "wet" matrices to dried blood spot (DBS) sampling, based on the liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, and develop a method for simultaneous analyzing caffeine and its three primary metabolites (theobromine, paraxanthine, and theophylline), supporting routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for preterm infants. METHODS: DBS samples were prepared by a two-step quantitative sampling method, i.e., volumetric sampling of a quantitative 10⯵L volume of peripheral blood and an 8â¯mm diameter whole punch extraction by a methanol/water (80/20, v/v) mixture containing 125â¯mM formic acid. Four paired stable isotope labeled internal standards and a collision energy defect strategy were applied for the method optimization. The method was fully validated following international guidelines and industrial recommendations on DBS analysis. Cross validation with previously developed plasma method was also proceeded. The validated method was then implemented on the TDM for preterm infants. RESULTS: The two-step quantitative sampling strategy and a high recovery extraction method were developed and optimized. The method validation results were all within the acceptable criteria. Satisfactory parallelism, concordance, and correlation were observed between DBS and plasma concentrations of the four analytes. The method was applied to provide routine TDM services to 20 preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS: A versatile LC-MS/MS platform for simultaneous monitoring caffeine and its three primary metabolites was developed, fully validated, and successfully applied into the routine clinical TDM practices. Sampling method switching from "wet" matrices to "dry" DBS will facilitate and support the precision dosing of caffeine for preterm infants.
Assuntos
Cafeína , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Plasma , Teste em Amostras de Sangue Seco/métodos , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Current standard-dose caffeine therapy results in significant intersubject variability. The aims of this study were to develop and evaluate population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models of caffeine in preterm infants through comprehensive screening of covariates and then to propose model-informed precision dosing of caffeine for this population. A total of 129 caffeine concentrations from 96 premature neonates were incorporated into this study. Comprehensive medical record and genotype data of these neonates were collected for analysis. PPK modeling was performed by a nonlinear mixed effects modeling program (NONMEM). Final models based on the current weight (CW) or body surface area (BSA) were evaluated via multiple graphic and statistical methods. The model-informed dosing regimen was performed through Monte Carlo simulations. In addition to CW or BSA, postnatal age, coadministration with erythromycin (ERY), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor coding gene (AHR) variant (rs2158041) were incorporated into the final PPK models. Multiple evaluation results showed satisfactory prediction performance and stability of the CW- and BSA-based models. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that trough concentrations of caffeine in preterm infants would be affected by concomitant ERY therapy and rs2158041 under varying dose regimens. For the first time, ERY and rs2158041 were found to be associated with the clearance of caffeine in premature infants. Similar predictive performance and stability were obtained for both CW- and BSA-based PPK models. These findings provide novel insights into caffeine precision therapy for preterm infants.
Assuntos
Apneia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Apneia/tratamento farmacológico , Cafeína , Eritromicina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto ArílicoRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: MicroRNA-21 has been implicated in diabetic complication, including diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, there is limited information regarding the biological role of the miR-21 passenger strand (miR-21-3p) in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-21-3p and its target androgen receptor in STZ-induced diabetic cardiac fibrosis. METHODS: The pathological changes and collagen depositions was analyzed by HE, Sirius Red staining and Masson's Trichrome Staining. MiR-21-3p, AR, NLRP3, caspase1 and collagen I expression were analyzed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, miR one step qRT-PCR, respectively. A luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the interaction between miR-21 and the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of AR. RESULTS: Our results indicated that miR-21-3p level was up-regulated, while AR was decreased in STZ-induced diabetic cardiac fibrosis tissues and cardiac fibroblast. High glucose triggers cardiac fibroblasts pyroptosis and collagen deposition. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays demonstrated that miR-21-3p mediated the crucial role in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. Our results show that miR-21-3p bound to the 3'UTR of AR post-transcriptionally repressed its expression. We also found AR, which regulates cardiac fibroblasts pyroptosis and collagen deposition through caspase1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS: /interpretation: Taken together, our study showed that miR-21-3p aggravates STZ-induced diabetic cardiac fibrosis through the caspase1 pathways by suppressing AR expression.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/genética , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Piroptose/genética , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Células Cultivadas , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/patologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibrose/genética , Masculino , MicroRNAs/genética , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
Recent studies show that intracellular accumulation of cholesterol leads to acquired resistance to gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. In this study we investigated how to regulate the cholesterol levels in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. We showed that intracellular cholesterol levels in gefitinib-resistant cell lines (PC-9/GR, H1975, H1650, and A549) were significantly higher than that in gefitinib-sensitive cell line (PC-9). Treatment with gefitinib (5 µM) significantly increased intracellular cholesterol levels in PC-9/GR, H1975, and H1650 cells. Gefitinib treatment downregulated the expression of PPARα, LXRα, and ABCA1, leading to dysregulation of cholesterol efflux pathway. We found that a lipid-lowering drug fenofibrate (20, 40 µM) dose-dependently increased the expression of PPARα, LXRα, and ABCA1, decreased the intracellular cholesterol levels, and enhanced the antiproliferative effects of gefitinib in PC-9/GR, H1975, and H1650 cells. We revealed that fenofibrate increased the gefitinib-induced apoptosis via regulating the key proteins involved in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In PC-9/GR, H1975 and H1650 cells, fenofibrate dose-dependently increased the expression of AMPK, FoxO1, and decreased the expression of AKT, which were remarkably weakened by knockdown of PPARα. In PC-9/GR cell xenograft mice, combined administration of gefitinib (25 mg · kg-1 · d-1) and fenofibrate (100 mg · kg-1 · d-1) caused remarkable inhibition on tumor growth as compared to treatment with either drug alone. All the results suggest that fenofibrate relieves acquired resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC by promoting apoptosis via regulating PPARα/AMPK/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. We propose that combination of gefitinib and fenofibrate is a potential strategy for overcoming the gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Fenofibrato/farmacologia , Gefitinibe/farmacologia , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Fenofibrato/química , Proteína Forkhead Box O1/metabolismo , Gefitinibe/química , Humanos , Hipolipemiantes/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Estrutura Molecular , PPAR alfa/agonistas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Agitation is common in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and sedation with midazolam, propofol and dexmedetomidine is essential in agitation management. Previous research shows the tendency of dexmedetomidine and propofol in improving long-term outcome of SAH patients, whereas midazolam might be detrimental. Brain metabolism derangement after SAH might be interfered by sedatives. However, how sedatives work and whether the drugs interfere with patient outcome by altering cerebral metabolism is unclear, and the comprehensive view of how sedatives regulate brain metabolism remains to be elucidated. METHODS: For cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and extracellular space of the brain exchange instantly, we performed a cohort study, applying CSF of SAH patients utilizing different sedatives or no sedation to metabolomics. Baseline CSF metabolome was corrected by selecting patients of the same SAH and agitation severity. CSF components were analyzed to identify the most affected metabolic pathways and sensitive biomarkers of each sedative. Markers might represent the outcome of the patients were also investigated. RESULTS: Pentose phosphate pathway was the most significantly interfered (upregulated) pathway in midazolam (p = 0.0000107, impact = 0.35348) and propofol (p = 0.00000000000746, impact = 0.41604) groups. On the contrary, dexmedetomidine decreased levels of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (p = 0.002) and NADP (p = 0.024), and NADP is the key metabolite and regulator in pentose phosphate pathway. Midazolam additionally augmented purine synthesis (p = 0.00175, impact = 0.13481) and propofol enhanced pyrimidine synthesis (p = 0.000203, impact = 0.20046), whereas dexmedetomidine weakened pyrimidine synthesis (p = 0.000000000594, impact = 0.24922). Reduced guanosine diphosphate (AUC of ROC 0.857, 95%CI 0.617-1, p = 0.00506) was the significant CSF biomarker for midazolam, and uridine diphosphate glucose (AUC of ROC 0.877, 95%CI 0.631-1, p = 0.00980) for propofol, and succinyl-CoA (AUC of ROC 0.923, 95%CI 0.785-1, p = 0.000810) plus adenosine triphosphate (AUC of ROC 0.908, 95%CI 0.6921, p = 0.00315) for dexmedetomidine. Down-regulated CSF succinyl-CoA was also associated with favorable outcome (AUC of ROC 0.708, 95% CI: 0.524-0.865, p = 0.029333). CONCLUSION: Pentose phosphate pathway was a crucial target for sedatives which alter brain metabolism. Midazolam and propofol enhanced the pentose phosphate pathway and nucleotide synthesis in poor-grade SAH patients, as presented in the CSF. The situation of dexmedetomidine was the opposite. The divergent modulation of cerebral metabolism might further explain sedative pharmacology and how sedatives affect the outcome of SAH patients.
Assuntos
Dexmedetomidina/farmacologia , Midazolam/farmacologia , Via de Pentose Fosfato/efeitos dos fármacos , Propofol/farmacologia , Agitação Psicomotora/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agitação Psicomotora/etiologiaRESUMO
The growing evidence has endorsed the view that therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine for apnea of prematurity is helpful for dose tailoring when the therapeutic response is lacking or toxicity is suspected. However, plasma without caffeine is difficult to obtain. Therefore, a method was developed and validated to measure caffeine and its three primary metabolites (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) using LC-ESI-MS/MS in human plasma and several surrogate matrices. The chromatographic separation of analytes was finally achieved on a Waters Symmetry C18 (4.6 × 75 mm, 3.5 µm) column. Several strategies were successfully applied to overcome the matrix effects: (a) appropriate dilution for sample cleanup; (b) a starting lower proportion of organic phase; and (c) multiple individual stable-labeled isotopic internal standards. The parallelism between the authentic matrix and surrogate matrices was convincing. The recovery of the analytes in both human plasma and rat plasma was acceptable over the linear range (0.500-50.0 µg/ml for caffeine and 0.0100-1.00 µg/ml for three metabolites). The method was successfully applied in 118 samples from 74 preterm infants with apnea of prematurity. The rat plasma or ultrapure water as a surrogate matrix is worthy of recommendation for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of caffeine.
Assuntos
Cafeína , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Animais , Apneia/tratamento farmacológico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Ratos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Teobromina/análise , Teobromina/química , Teofilina , ÁguaRESUMO
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the main pathological manifestations of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Cardiac fibroblast activation is a key effector of cells resulting in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanism of cardiac fibroblast activation and diabetic cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that DNA methylation alterations play a central role in cardiac fibroblast activation. In this study, we demonstrated that DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) promoter hypermethylation leads to downregulation of SOCS3 expression in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. High glucose-induced expression of DNMT1 was increased in cardiac fibroblasts, while the expression of SOCS3 was decreased. Downregulation of SOCS3 facilitated activation of STAT3 to promote cardiac fibroblast activation and collagen deposition. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of DNMT1 reversed the activated phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts. Clinically, we observed a significant inverse correlation between DNMT1 and SOCS3 expression levels, and loss of SOCS3 expression or increased expression of DNMT1. Taken together, these findings identify DNMT1 silencing of SOCS3 axis as a driver of cardiac fibroblast activation in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. These results provide a scientific and new explanation of the underlying mechanism of diabetic cardiac fibrosis.
Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 Supressora da Sinalização de Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras da Sinalização de Citocina/metabolismo , Animais , Masculino , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras da Sinalização de Citocina/genéticaRESUMO
Diabetic cardiac fibrosis is one of the main pathological manifestations of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Cardiac fibroblast autophagy plays critical roles in diabetic cardiac fibrosis, however, the underlying mechanism of cardiac fibroblast autophagy and diabetic cardiac fibrosis still largely unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanism of DNMT1 mediated DNA methylation alterations control cardiac fibroblast autophagy in diabetic cardiac fibrosis. We employed streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rats DCM, DCM patient and Hcy induced cardiac fibroblast autophagy. Heart tissue sections were stained with H&E, Sirius Red and Masson's trichrome stain. The expression of DNMT1, AR, Collagen genes mRNA was detected by qRT-PCR. MSP and BSP detected the methylation status of the AR promoter. The expression of DNMT1, AR, Collagen and autophagy-related proteins were detected by Western blotting, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry. Gain and loss function of AR and DNMT1 in cardiac fibroblast was analyzed. DNMT1 inhibition or knockdown elevated the expression of AR in cardiac fibroblast. Furthermore, we found that AR negatively regulation of Hcy induced cardiac fibroblast autophagy. We demonstrated that DNMT1 enhances cardiac fibroblast autophagy in diabetic cardiac fibrosis through inhibiting AR axis. In conclusion, our results provide new insight into the DNMT1 inactivation of AR axis triggers cardiac fibroblast autophagy in diabetic cardiac fibrosis.
Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos , Animais , Colágeno/biossíntese , Colágeno/genética , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/genética , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/genética , Cardiomiopatias Diabéticas/patologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibrose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Homocisteína/genética , Masculino , Miocárdio/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal and the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis (IA). The aim of this research was to study the dose adjustments of voriconazole as well as the affecting factors influencing voriconazole trough concentrations in Asian children to optimize its daily administration. Clinical data were analyzed of inpatients 2 to 14 years old who were subjected to voriconazole trough concentration monitoring from 1 June 2015 to 1 December 2017. A total of 138 voriconazole trough concentrations from 42 pediatric patients were included. Voriconazole trough concentrations at steady state ranged from 0.02 to 9.35 mg/liter, with high inter- and intraindividual variability. Only 50.0% of children achieved the target range (1.0 to 5.5 mg/liter) at initial dosing, while 35.7% of children were subtherapeutic, and 14.3% of children were supratherapeutic at initial dosing. There was no correlation between initial trough concentrations and initial dosing. A total of 28.6% of children (12/42) received an adjusted dose according to trough concentrations. Children <6, 6 to 12, and >12 years old required a median oral maintenance dose to achieve the target range of 11.1, 7.2, and 5.3 mg/kg twice daily, respectively (P = 0.043). The average doses required to achieved the target range were 7.7 mg/kg and 5.6 mg/kg, respectively, and were lower than the recommended dosage (P = 0.033 and 0.003, respectively). Affecting factors such as administration routes and coadministration with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) explained 55.3% of the variability in voriconazole exposure. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of voriconazole could help to individualize antifungal therapy for children and provide guidelines for TDM and dosing optimization in Asian children.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Aspergilose/tratamento farmacológico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Voriconazol/farmacocinética , Adolescente , Antifúngicos/sangue , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergilose/sangue , Aspergilose/microbiologia , Aspergilose/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Esquema de Medicação , Cálculos da Dosagem de Medicamento , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Micoses/sangue , Micoses/microbiologia , Micoses/patologia , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Voriconazol/sangue , Voriconazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cardiac fibrosis is defined as excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in tissue scarring and organ dysfunction. In recent years, despite the underlying mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis are still unknown, numerous studies suggest that epigenetic regulation of cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is regulated by a myriad of factors that converge on the transcription of genes encoding extracellular matrix protein, a process the epigenetic machinery plays a pivotal role. Epigenetic modifications contain three main processes: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. Here, we review recent studies that have illustrated key roles for epigenetic events in the control of pro-fibrotic gene expression, and highlight the potential of molecule mechanisms that target epigenetic regulators as a means of treating cardiac fibrosis.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias/genética , Epigênese Genética , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/genética , Animais , Cardiomiopatias/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA , Fibrose/genética , Fibrose/metabolismo , Código das Histonas , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genéticaRESUMO
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Regulation of microRNA gene expression by DNA methylation may represent a key mechanism to drive cardiac fibrosis progression. Cardiac fibroblast autophagy is the primary source of cardiac fibrosis, but the mechanisms underlying this process are incompletely understood. Here we found that DNMT3A suppression of the microRNA-200b (miR-200b) through pathway leads to cardiac fibroblast autophagy in cardiac fibrosis. METHODS: To understand the impact of DNMT3A on miR-200b at cardiac fibrosis, the rat cardiac fibrosis model was established via the abdominal aortic coarctation. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were harvested from SD neonate rats and cultured. The expression of DNMT3A, miR-200b, collagen I was measured by western blotting, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Gain- or loss-of-function approaches were used to manipulate DNMT3A and miR-200b. RESULTS: DNMT3A level was upregulated and negatively correlated with miR-200b expression in fibrosis tissues and cardiac fibroblast. We found that autophagy was activated by miR-200b inhibitor and inactivated by miR-200b mimic in the rat cardiac fibroblast. Knockdown of DNMT3A notably increased the expression of miR-200b. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings indicate that DNMT3A regulation of miR-200b controls cardiac fibroblast autophagy during cardiac fibrosis and provide a basis for the development of therapies for cardiac fibrosis.
Assuntos
Autofagia/genética , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Miocárdio/patologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Cadeia alfa 1 do Colágeno Tipo I , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibrose , Masculino , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , SirolimoRESUMO
The samples of Huangqi injection (HI) were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and both positive and negative ion modes were employed to obtain the LC-TOF-MS analysis information of chemical compounds in HI. Then the mass defect filtering (MDF) approach, which was developed based on the previously published articles, was utilized to rapidly screen the astragalosides from the obtained LC-TOF-MS data. Each screened astragaloside was confirmed by the presence of no less than 2 quasi-molecular ions. All the screened astragalosides were then tentatively assigned according to the parent ion and daughter ion information. Finally, a total of 62 astragalosides were screened and characterized from the HI samples, including 15 new detected ones. The identification results indicated that acetylation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, methoxylation and hydration might be the major conversion reactions involved in the formation of the astragalosides. The LC-TOF-MS-based MDF approach was proved to be a feasible and efficient tool to screen the chemical constituents in complex matrices such as herbal medicines.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Saponinas/análise , Astragalus propinquus , Cromatografia Líquida , Plantas Medicinais/química , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with automated data analysis by Peakview software was employed to systematically screen and characterize the astragalosides in Radix Astragali, a Chinese medical preparation. The separation was performed on a poroshell 120 SB-C18 column equipped in a conventional liquid chromatography system. After being separated using a general gradient elution, the analytes were detected by the triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in both positive- and negative-ion modes. The mass defect filtering function built in the Peakview software was utilized to rapidly screen the potential ions of interest, while some functions of Peakview such as Formula Finder, XIC manager, and IDA Explorer were employed to facilitate the assignment or characterization of the screened astragalosides. A total of 42 astragalosides were screened and tentatively characterized or assigned, and 20 of them were firstly detected in Radix Astragali. According to the screened astragalosides, acetylation, glycosidation, hydrogenation, oxidation, and hydration were considered to be the major secondary metabolic pathways involved in the formation of the astragalosides. The combination of liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and automated Peakview analysis is a feasible and efficient tool to screen and identify the constituents in complex matrices of herbal medicines.
Assuntos
Astrágalo/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Glucosídeos/análise , Plantas Medicinais/química , Software , Astragalus propinquus , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Glucosídeos/administração & dosagem , Espectrometria de Massas , Soluções/química , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/genética , Diltiazem/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Síndrome Nefrótica/tratamento farmacológico , Tacrolimo/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Diltiazem/farmacologia , Interações Medicamentosas , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Masculino , Síndrome Nefrótica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Nefrótica/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tacrolimo/farmacologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Significant pharmacokinetic (PK) differences exist between different forms of valproic acid (VPA), such as syrup and sustained-release (SR) tablets. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for VPA in children with epilepsy and offer dose adjustment recommendation for switching dosage forms as needed. The study collected 1411 VPA steady-state trough concentrations (Ctrough) from 617 children with epilepsy. Using NONMEM software, a PopPK model was developed, employing a stepwise approach to identify possible variables such as demographic information and concomitant medications. The final model underwent internal and external evaluation via graphical and statistical methods. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate a dose tailoring strategy for typical patients weighting 20-50 kg. As a result, the PK characteristics of VPA were described using a one-compartment model with first-order absorption. The absorption rate constant (ka) was set at 2.64 and 0.46 h-1 for syrup and SR tablets. Body weight and sex were identified as significant factors affecting VPA's pharmacokinetics. The final PopPK model demonstrated acceptable prediction performance and stability during internal and external evaluation. For children taking syrup, a daily dose of 25 mg/kg resulted in the highest probability of achieving the desired target Ctrough, while a dose of 20 mg/kg/day was appropriate for those taking SR tablets. In conclusion, we established a PopPK model for VPA in children with epilepsy to tailor VPA dosage when switching between syrup and SR tablets, aiming to improve plasma VPA concentrations fluctuations.
RESUMO
AIM: Hypoxia/oxidative stress can alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CPU86017-RS, a novel antiarrhythmic agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the alteration of PK of CPU86017-RS by hypoxia/oxidative stress. METHODS: Male SD rats exposed to normal or intermittent hypoxia (10% O2) were administered CPU86017-RS (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg, ig) for 8 consecutive days. The PK parameters of CPU86017-RS were examined on d 8. In a separate set of experiments, female SD rats were injected with isoproterenol (ISO) for 5 consecutive days to induce a stress-related status, then CPU86017-RS (80 mg/kg, ig) was administered, and the tissue distributions were examined. The levels of Mn-SOD (manganese containing superoxide dismutase), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor proteins (ATF-6, activating transcription factor 6 and PERK, PRK-like ER kinase) and activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) were detected with Western blotting. Rat liver microsomes were incubated under N2 for in vitro study. RESULTS: The Cmax, t1/2, MRT (mean residence time) and AUC (area under the curve) of CPU86017-RS were significantly increased in the hypoxic rats receiving the 3 different doses of CPU86017-RS. The hypoxia-induced alteration of PK was associated with significantly reduced Mn-SOD level, and increased ATF-6, PERK and NOX levels. In ISO-treated rats, the distributions of CPU86017-RS in plasma, heart, kidney, and liver were markedly increased, and NOX levels in heart, kidney, and liver were significantly upregulated. Co-administration of the NOX blocker apocynin eliminated the abnormalities in the PK and tissue distributions of CPU86017-RS induced by hypoxia/oxidative stress. The metabolism of CPU86017-RS in the N2-treated liver microsomes was significantly reduced, addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not vitamin C, effectively reversed this change. CONCLUSION: The altered PK and metabolism of CPU86017-RS induced by hypoxia/oxidative stress are produced by mitochondrial abnormalities, NOX activation and ER stress; these abnormalities are significantly alleviated by apocynin or NAC.
Assuntos
Antiarrítmicos/farmacocinética , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacocinética , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ativação Enzimática , Meia-Vida , Masculino , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Icariin has been shown to attenuate diabetic nephropathy in rats by decreasing transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and type IV collagen expression, but its mode of action in glomerular mesangial cells is uncertain. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of icariin on excess mesangial type IV collagen and fibronectin accumulation induced by high glucose, and to determine the mechanism underlying its protective effects. Under high-glucose conditions, icariin diminished type IV collagen and fibronectin accumulation, as well as TGF-ß production in human and rat mesangial cells. Mesangial cells treated with icariin after TGF-ß1 exposure expressed less type IV collagen and fibronectin than those without icariin treatment, suggesting inhibition by icariin of TGF-ß1 downstream pathways. On TGF-ß1 stimulation, icariin inhibited TGF-ß canonical Smad signalling and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling by decreasing Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. U0126, which blocked the ERK1/2 pathway, exerted an additive effect on the icariin suppression of type IV collagen and fibronectin expression, enhancing the beneficial effects of icariin. The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER) antagonist, G-15, abolished the icariin-induced inhibition of type IV collagen, and fibronectin overproduction and TGF-ß signalling. Treatment of cells with fulvestrant, a downregulator of the oestrogen receptor, enhanced the action of icariin. In conclusion, icariin decreased type IV collagen and fibronectin accumulation induced by high glucose in mesangial cells by inhibiting TGF-ß production, as well as Smad and ERK signalling in a GPER-dependent manner.
Assuntos
Colágeno Tipo IV/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Mesângio Glomerular/metabolismo , Células Mesangiais/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno Tipo IV/genética , Feminino , Fibronectinas/genética , Mesângio Glomerular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/farmacologia , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/genética , Células Mesangiais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/genética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Proteína Smad2/genética , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/genética , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMO
Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-documented contributor to liver injury, which is likely caused by the formation of its toxic metabolites. Monitoring VPA and its metabolites is very meaningful for the pharmacovigilance, but the availability of a powerful assay is a prerequisite. In this study, for the first time, a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to simultaneously quantify the concentrations of VPA and its six pestering isomer metabolites (3-OH-VPA, 4-OH-VPA, 5-OH-VPA, 2-PGA, VPA-G, and 2-ene-VPA) in human plasma, using 5-OH-VPA-d7 and VPA-d6 as the internal standards (ISs). We also figured out another tricky problem that the concentrations of the parent drug and the metabolites vary widely. Of note, after protein precipitation and dilution with acetonitrile (ACN) and 50% ACN successively, the analytes and the ISs were successfully separated on a Kinetex C18 column. Intriguingly, sacrificing its signal intensity by elevated collision energy of VPA finally achieved the simultaneous determination. As expected, the method showed great linearity (r > 0.998) over the concentration ranges for all analytes. The inter-day and intra-day accuracy and precision were both acceptable. The method was successfully applied in 127 children with epilepsy. This novel assay will support the VPA-associated pharmacovigilance in the future.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes , Ácido Valproico , Criança , Humanos , Ácido Valproico/efeitos adversos , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Farmacovigilância , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the impact on efficacy and safety between epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) alone and in combination with Shenqi Fuzheng injection (SFI) in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations. METHODS: Retrospectively, information of 88 patients receiving EGFR-TKIs as first-line targeted treatment or in combination with SFI in the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical College and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology was collected. The primary endpoint was to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and safety of EGFR-TKIs alone or in combination with SFI. RESULTS: Between January 2016 and December 2019, a total of 88 patients were enrolled in this research, including 50 cases in the EGFR-TKIs single agent therapy group and 38 cases in the SFI combined with EGFR-TKIs targeted-therapy group. The median PFS (mPFS) of monotherapy group was 10.50 months (95%CI 9.81-11.19), and 14.30 months (95%CI 10.22-18.38) in the combination therapy group. Compared to the single EGFR-TKIs administration, combinational regimen with SFI exhibited a lower incidence of rash and diarrhea in patients and was even better tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: SFI combined with the first-generation EGFR-TKIs are more efficient, can prominently prolong the PFS and attenuate the adverse reactions in patients with advanced NSCLC with EGFR-sensitive mutations.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Mutação , Receptores ErbBRESUMO
Caffeine is the globally consumed psychoactive substance and the drug of choice for the treatment of apnea of prematurity (AOP), but its therapeutic effects are highly variable among preterm infants. Many of the molecular underpinnings of the marked individual response have remained elusive yet. Interestingly, the significant association between Clock gene polymorphisms and the response to caffeine therapy offers an opportunity to advance our understanding of potential mechanistic pathways. In this review, we delineate the functions and mechanisms of human circadian rhythms. An up-to-date advance of the formation and ontogeny of human circadian rhythms during the perinatal period are concisely discussed. Specially, we summarize and discuss the characteristics of circadian rhythms in preterm infants. Second, we discuss the role of caffeine consumption on the circadian rhythms in animal models and human, especially in neonates and preterm infants. Finally, we postulate how circadian-based therapeutic initiatives could open new possibilities to promote precision caffeine therapy for the AOP management in preterm infants.