Vestibular hyporeactivity in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Association with critical developmental disorders.

Vestibular responses to caloric stimulation were measured from birth to age 2 years in ten infants born to schizophrenic mothers. This is part of a study of evolving neurointegrative disorders that may be associated with a genetic risk for schizophrenia. Transiently decreased vestibular responses coincided with several developmental disorders that were related to psychopathology at 10 years. Absent to decreased responses were associated with (1) a "pandevelopmental retardation" involving physical growth as well as postural-motor and visual-motor development, (2) an "abnormally quiet" state in the first month, and (3) failures of bimanual integration between 4 and 6 months. The transitory nature of the decreased nystagmus rules out the possibility of an organic lesion of the vestibular system. Rather, it suggests that some covert decrease in arousal accompanied those periods when central nervous system integration was disrupted.

Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment. I. Design and other problems.

This is the first of a series of articles on a follow-up study of the results of treatment of schizophrenia, studied over a period of two to five years after first admission and first release. The study compares the follow-up outcome of five different treatment methods given to first-admission male and female schizophrenic patients in the hospital. The design of the study is used as a basis for description and discussion of the practical, ethical, and statistical problems involved. A distinction is made between follow-up and continued treatment design, and it is concluded that both pose massive problems in execution, analysis, presentation, and interpretation.

Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment.

This is the second article from a study of the outcome of five different methods of treatment for schizophrenia; patients were followed up over a period of two to five years after first admission and the first release. Patients who had been originally treated in hospital with psychotherapy alone stayed longer in hospital over the follow-up period than those who had received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), drug alone, or drug plus psychotherapy. Those who had been treated with milieu therapy also had a longer stay dated from the time of admission. Patients treated initially with drugs or ECT showed a trend toward spending less time in hospital after their release.

Chlorpromazine levels and the outcome of treatment in schizophrenic patients.

Plasma and saliva levels of chlorpromazine hydrochloride were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after a standard dosage had been administered to 48 newly admitted schizophrenic patients over 28 days. Other treatments were rigorously controlled. Saliva chlorpromazine concentrations were higher than plasma concentrations generally by about four to 50 times. Saliva and plasma chlorpromazine levels were significantly related. There was great variability in individuals between plasma and saliva peaks and values over time, in plasma/saliva ratios, and in change in plasma/saliva ratio over time. Chlorpromazine plasma and saliva levels at the end of fixed, sustained dosage treatment did not correlate with the amount of improvement as measured by ten criteria from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Mobility, Affects Cooperation, and Communication Scale. Yet levels obtained in the 24 hours after the first dose did seen related to outcome, more strongly for saliva chlorpromazine than for plasma chlorpromazine levels. A reexamination is in order of our concepts of the relationships between levels of antipsychotic drugs in the body and treatment effect.

Schizophrenia. A follow-up study of the results of five forms of treatment.

Two hundred twenty-eight first-admission schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to the following five treatments: psychotherapy alone, drug alone, psychotherapy plus drug, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT, and milieu. A there- to five-year follow-up examined their course after release from the hospital. The drug alone and ECT groups tended to have the best outcome and the psychotherapy alone group the worst. The positive effect from prior drug treatment began to dissipate after three years postadmission. For the in-hospital treatment successes, the advantage from drug treatment and the disadvantage from psychotherapy were less apparent. Overall, the follow-up outcome is far from reassuring, whatever the type of treatment. Even though a few patients may do well, much remains to be done in and out of the hospital.

Member ratings of health care provided by 48 physician groups.

BACKGROUND: Satisfaction with health plan performance has been assessed frequently, but assessment of physician group performance is rare. OBJECTIVE: To present ratings of the care provided by physician groups to enrollees in a variety of capitated health maintenance organization plans. METHODS: A random sample was drawn of adult enrollees receiving managed health care from 48 physician groups in a group practice association. Each individual in the sample was mailed a 12-page questionnaire and 7093 were returned (59% response rate). The mean age of those returning the questionnaire was 51 years; 65% were women. RESULTS: Reliability estimates for 6 multi-item satisfaction scales were excellent, and noteworthy differences in ratings among groups were observed. In particular, ratings of overall quality ranged from a low of 28 to a high of 68 (mean, 50; SD, 10). Average scores for physician groups were strongly correlated across all scales, but no single group scored consistently highest or lowest on the different scales. Negative ratings of care were significantly related to the following: intention to switch to another physician group, difficulty in getting appointments, lengthy waiting periods in the reception area and examination room, the inability to get consistent care from one physician for routine visits, and not being informed by the office staff when there was a delay in seeing the primary care provider. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of health care quality at the physician group level is possible, and could be used for benchmarking, internal quality improvement, and for providing information to the public about how these physician groups will meet its needs.

Staircase bioassay: the up-and-down method.

Experiments are conducted to estimate the threshold for an all-or-none response. Threshold is defined to be a point above which 50% of the subjects will respond and below which 50% of the subjects will not respond. Examples are death, death in a fixed time period, shock, fibrillation, emesis. Staircase designs, in particular up-and-down trials, produce median (ED50) estimates of given standard error with as few as one-fifth the number of subjects as the traditional designs with preset numbers of tests at each of several levels of stimulus. We discuss these estimates and their efficiency as well as procedures to estimate standard deviation and its use in designing up-and-down trails. The advantages in using several short series in factorial experiments are presented. Suggestions are given for minimizing the complications of sequential designs. Case studies indicate the efficiency of the design for various applications.

Peripheral neuropathy in arsenic smelter workers.

We conducted a double-blind controlled study of individuals exposed to arsenic trioxide in a copper-smelting factory. Subjects fell into three categories of peripheral neuropathy: none, subclinical, and clinical. The subclinical group had no symptoms or signs of numbness or reduced reflexes, but did have reduced nerve conduction velocity and amplitude measurements. Clinical neuropathy groups had signs and symptoms of neuropathy and electrophysiologic abnormalities. The clinical and subclinical groups correlated with increased content of arsenic in urine, hair and nails. The incidence of subclinical and clinical neuropathy was greater in arsenic workers than in unexposed controls.

Constitutional symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients with symptomatic HIV disease.

PURPOSE: To assess the severity of constitutional symptoms in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and their relationship to health-related quality of life (HRQOL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred five HIV-infected patients (93% male, 26% African American, 28% Latino, 39% white, 7% other ethnicity) with diarrhea, fever, or weight loss were studied at a county hospital and a Veterans Administration hospital in southern California. Consenting subjects were administered a battery that included 11 scales measuring various aspects of health-related quality of life and detailed questions about six constitutional symptoms or symptom complexes (myalgias, exhaustion, anorexia/nausea/vomiting, night sweats, fever, and weight loss) as well as about other manifestations of HIV disease. RESULTS: Constitutional symptoms except weight loss were all strongly related to all measures of quality of life. On 0 (worst) to 100 (best) point scales, mean scores ranged from 34 (for individuals having all five symptoms other than weight loss) to 78 (for those with none) for physical function, 43 to 79 for emotional well-being, and 36 to 73 for social function. Adjustment for helper T-lymphocyte counts, duration of illness, and demographic characteristics did not diminish these associations. CONCLUSION: The presence, number, and severity of constitutional symptoms in HIV disease is strongly related to health-related quality of life in symptomatic HIV-infected individuals. Identifying and treating these very common symptoms has the potential to improve quality of life in these patients.

Reliability of medial temporal lobe volume measurements using reformatted 3D images.

The study assessed whether standardizing the angle of image display and controlling for head position in three planes affects the scan-rescan reliability of medial temporal lobe volume measures when very thin (1.5 mm) slices are used. Five volunteers were scanned two times on consecutive days. A three-dimensional MRI sequence acquired whole brain data in 1.4 mm thick coronal slices. The data were displayed as 1.5 mm thick images and were rated both in the originally acquired coronal plane, and after reformatting to correct for head tilt and display the brain in the coronal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the left anterior hippocampus. One rater measured five brain regions (temporal lobe, anterior and posterior hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal horn) on the left and right sides of the two non-reformatted and two reformatted scans to obtain inter-scan variance. Furthermore, most scans were remeasured, to obtain 'reread' variances. All data were log-transformed in order to produce comparable variability across brain regions of different sizes. For all the regions, except the temporal horn, the non-reformatted scans showed significantly larger scan-rescan variability than the reformatted scans. A typical standard deviation for a non-reformatted pair of scans was 0.10, corresponding to 26% error, while a typical value for a reformatted pair of scans was 0.04, corresponding to 10% error. For all the regions, the reread data (intra-rater reliability) gave similar results for both reformatted and non-reformatted images with similar standard deviations (typical value for reread standard deviation was 0.020, corresponding to 5% error). The data suggest that, even when very thin slices are acquired, volume measurement accuracy of gray matter structures in the temporal lobe is considerably improved by controlling for image orientation in three planes. For these structures, the sample size needed to detect a small (5%) within-subject volume change would be halved if reformatted images were used. Image contrast is an additional important factor since the reformatted T1 weighted images used in this study, which have suboptimal CSF/brain contrast, worsened measurement accuracy in the temporal horn.