Enzymatic vitreolysis using reengineered Vibrio mimicus-derived collagenase.

Purpose: Collagen is a key player contributing to vitreoelasticity and vitreoretinal adhesions. Molecular reorganization causes spontaneous weakening of these adhesions with age, resulting in the separation of the posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM) from the retina in what is called complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Incomplete separation of the posterior hyaloid or tight adherence or both can lead to retinal detachment, vitreomacular traction syndrome, or epiretinal membrane formation, which requires surgical intervention. Pharmacological vitrectomy has the potential of avoiding surgical vitrectomy; it is also useful as an adjunct during retinal surgery to induce PVD. Previously studied enzymatic reagents, such as collagenase derived from Clostridium histolyticum, are nonspecific and potentially toxic. We studied a novel collagenase from Vibrio mimicus (VMC) which remains active (VMA), even after deletion of 51 C-terminal amino acids. To limit the activity of VMA to the vitreous cavity, a fusion construct (inhibitor of hyaluronic acid-VMA [iHA-VMA]) was made in which a 12-mer peptide (iHA, which binds to HA) was fused to the N-terminus of VMA. The construct was evaluated in the context of PVD. Methods: VMA and iHA-VMA were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized with gelatin zymography, collagen degradation assay, fluorescamine-based assay, and cell-based assays. Two sets of experiments were performed in New Zealand albino rabbits. Group A (n = 10) received iHA-VMA, while group B (n = 5) received the equivalent dose of VMA. In both groups, saline was injected as a control in the contralateral eyes. Animals were monitored with indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and B-scan ultrasonography. Retinal toxicity was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of retinal tissue. Results: The activity of iHA-VMA and VMA was comparable and 65-fold lower than that of C. histolyticum collagenase Type IV. In the iHA-VMA group, all the rabbits (n = 10) developed PVD, with complete PVD seen in six animals. No statistically significant histomorphological changes were seen. In the VMA group, four of the five rabbits developed complete PVD; however, retinal morphological changes were seen in two animals. Conclusions: iHA-VMA displays targeted action confined to the vitreous and shows potential for safe pharmacologic vitreolysis.

OUTCOME OF ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES ON OCULAR FINDINGS IN TAKAYASU ARTERITIS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of endovascular procedures on ocular findings in patients with Takayasu arteritis. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who underwent percutaneous endovascular stenting of aortic arch arteries for Takayasu arteritis (TA) and who had documented retinopathy findings before and after the procedure. Change in visual acuity, regression of retinopathy, and development of complications after endovascular procedure were studied over a follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS: Ten eyes of five patients were included. Eyes which had Stage II or less of retinopathy before the endovascular procedure had favorable outcome; however, those with advanced stage of retinopathy at presentation had poor outcomes. Patients who underwent revascularization of both-sided arteries within 1 month had better anatomical and functional outcomes as compared with those who underwent sequential endovascular procedures on their arteries after a gap of 3 months or more. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous endovascular stenting of aortic arch arteries, affected in TA, can lead to reversal of retinopathy changes and restoration of vision if done before neovascular complications set in.

Epidemiology and clinical features of inflammatory retinal vascular occlusions: pooled data from two tertiary-referral institutions.

IMPORTANCE: In a subset of patients with retinal vasculitis, there is occlusion of blood flow through the retinal vessels. These eyes are at high risk of sight-threatening complications. BACKGROUND: To characterize epidemiology, clinical course, treatment and outcomes of occlusive retinal vasculitis (ORV). DESIGN: Retrospective study PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-seven uveitis patients with ORV at two large tertiary-care institutions (the USA and India). METHODS: Out of 2438 patients screened, 346 patients were diagnosed with retinal vasculitis of which 77 patients (96 eyes) were diagnosed with ORV. Patients with ORV (capillary, arteriolar and/or venular) were further analysed. Diagnostic criteria for occlusive vasculitis included (i) absence of blood flow in vessels (arterioles, venules and/or capillaries), (ii) capillary non-perfusion areas and/or arteriolar-venous anastomosis and (iii) intraretinal haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots or vitreous haemorrhage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected visual acuity, treatment and complications. RESULTS: The mean age was 32.09 ± 13.51 years. Most common aetiologies were tuberculosis and Adamantiades-Behçet's disease in India and systemic lupus erythematosus in the USA. Best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.38 ± 0.30 logMAR (20/48 Snellen equivalent) (baseline) to 0.25 ± 0.30 (20/35 Snellen equivalent) at final visit (P < 0.0001). Vitreous haemorrhage was seen in 31.08% eyes. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 12.16% eyes. Therapy with systemic steroids was required in 78.48% patients. In addition, 46.75% patients required immunomodulators and/or biologics. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusive retinal vasculitis is caused by heterogeneous group of uveitides depending upon the geographic location. It is imperative to identify eyes with ORV as they are predisposed to complications requiring aggressive therapy.

OCT angiography demonstrates retinal angiomatous proliferation and chorioretinal anastomosis of type 3 neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To report the OCT angiography findings of type 3 neovascularization. METHODS: Two cases (one each with retinal angiomatous proliferation and chorioretinal anastomosis) are reported, in which the conventional fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings were inconclusive. RESULTS: OCT angiography demonstrated flow within the abnormal anastomotic network and delineated the extent of the lesion with respect to the retinal layers. CONCLUSION: OCT angiography enables a quick diagnosis of type 3 neovascularization by demonstrating a supranormal flow within the lesion and delineates the lesion within different retinal layers.

Morphological differences between optic disc collaterals and neovascularization on optical coherence tomography angiography.

BACKGROUND: To study morphological features of optic disc venous collaterals (OVCs) and neovascularization of optic disc (NVD) on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: Patients with OVCs and NVDs secondary to ischemic retinal diseases were prospectively enrolled. Multimodal imaging was performed using color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and OCTA. Morphological evaluation of en-face structural OCT, cross-sectional and en-face OCTA was performed. RESULTS: Twenty eyes (20 patients; OVCs: n = 10 and NVD: n = 10) were included. OVCs appeared as small, loopy vessels distinct from surrounding peripapillary capillaries on OCTA in the radial peripapillary capillary frame. NVDs appeared as a mesh of fine caliber, raised vessels best seen in the vitreous slab of OCTA. Flow signals in these vascular alterations correlated well with hyperfluorescence on FA. CONCLUSIONS: OCTA provides improved visualization of NVDs and OVCs in ischemic retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions compared to conventional FA.

NOVEL FINDINGS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULAR SERPIGINOUS-LIKE CHOROIDITIS.

PURPOSE: To analyze and describe the imaging characteristics of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare these findings with multimodal imaging. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, multimodal imaging was performed in subjects with tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis using OCTA (Optovue RTVue XR Avanti), enhanced-depth imaging OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis), fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. Distinct morphologic features of the retinochoroidal vasculature at the sites of choroiditis lesions were analyzed on OCTA imaging. Multimodal imaging analysis was performed to study the changes observed on OCTA. RESULTS: Eighteen eyes (18 subjects, 16 males) were included in the study. The en face OCTA images demonstrated discrete areas of flow void beneath the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane layer suggestive of choriocapillaris hypoperfusion that corresponded well with indocyanine green angiography, especially in the chronic phase. Additional information such as areas of preserved choriocapillaris, vascular tufts, and tangled vessels were observed using OCTA among lesions in advanced stages of healing. Compared with indocyanine green angiography, the areas of choriocapillaris atrophy appeared better defined on OCTA and correlated well with enhanced-depth imaging OCT. CONCLUSION: The OCTA images provide high-resolution structural information of the retinochoroidal vasculature in tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis. Morphologic information obtained from OCTA images correlates well with and supplements other imaging techniques such as indocyanine green angiography and enhanced-depth imaging OCT.

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome in vitreous fluid of eyes with multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis.

PURPOSE: To compare 3 different molecular techniques to detect the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome in vitreous fluid of eyes with multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis (MSC). DESIGN: Prospective, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven patients (11 eyes) with active MSC in at least 1 eye underwent diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) between October 2012 and December 2013. METHODS: Vitreous fluid samples were subjected to multitargeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a M. tuberculosis assay, the Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA), and a line probe assay (GenoType MTBDRplus; Hain Lifescience, GmbH, Nehren, Germany). The samples with positive results were subjected to rpoB gene sequencing to demonstrate rifampicin resistance. The clinical details, digital fundus imaging, and treatment details and outcomes also were noted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection of the M. tuberculosis genome and rifampicin resistance in the vitreous samples. RESULTS: Of the 11 eyes subjected to PPV, the multitargeted PCR results for tuberculosis were positive for 10 eyes, the MTBDRplus assay results were positive in 6 eyes, and the Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay results were positive in 4 eyes. Rifampicin resistance was detected in 3 eyes by rpoB gene sequencing, in 3 eyes by the MTBDRplus assay, and in 1 eye by the Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay. CONCLUSIONS: We detected the M. tuberculosis genome in the vitreous fluid of eyes with MSC using 3 different molecular techniques. Rifampicin resistance was detected for the first time in eyes with MSC.

Outcome of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients without Human Immunodeficiency Virus treated with intravitreal ganciclovir injection.

PURPOSE: To study the outcomes of treatment with intravitreal ganciclovir injection for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients without Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with CMV retinitis without HIV were noted. Patients received intravitreal ganciclovir injection (2 mg/0.1 ml) alone until quiescence. The outcome measures were time taken for the lesions to heal, number of injections, change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), recurrence of retinitis, occurrence of immune recovery uveitis (IRU) or injection-related complications and retinal detachment (RD). RESULTS: 18 eyes of ten patients (six males) with mean age of 33.7 years from June 2004 to March 2013 were included. Thirteen eyes with active lesions (mean BCVA of 0.51 ± 0.41) received 5.54 ± 3.36 intravitreal ganciclovir injections with complete healing within 1.81 ± 1.25 months. The final BCVA was 0.43 ± 0.52. IRU was observed in six eyes (33.33%) and RD developed in one eye. One eye had recurrence 1 month after stopping ganciclovir injections. The rest of the patients had recurrence-free follow-up at 9.46 ± 12.42 months. CONCLUSIONS: Non-HIV patients with CMV retinitis can be successfully treated with intravitreal ganciclovir injection alone, avoiding the systemic side effects of systemic anti-CMV therapy.

Tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis presenting as multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features, course, and outcome in tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 105 patients (141 eyes) between May 2002 and July 2010. METHODS: Patients had the following inclusion criteria: (1) complete clinical records and digital fundus images at baseline and follow-up visits, (2) positive tuberculin skin test or QuantiFERON-TB Gold (Cellestis International Pty Ltd. Chadstone, Victoria, Australia) test result, (3) active serpiginous-like choroiditis in at least 1 eye, (4) all known causes of infectious (except tuberculosis) and noninfectious uveitis ruled out, and (5) a minimum of 9 months of follow-up from initiation of treatment that included antitubercular therapy (ATT) with oral corticosteroids (93 patients) or corticosteroids alone (12 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical characteristics and evolution of choroiditis lesions from the acute to healed stage, recurrence, visual outcome, and complications. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 ± 9.3 years (range, 12-54 years; 75 male and 30 female patients). Serpiginous-like choroiditis was bilateral (at least 1 eye active) in 66 patients (62.9%). Of 171 affected eyes, 141 (82.45%) had active lesions at presentation. Of 141 eyes, 115 (81.56%) showed vitreous inflammation. Lesions were multifocal in 133 eyes (94.3%), were noncontiguous to optic disc in 122 eyes (86.52%), and involved the macula in 125 eyes (88.65%). Of patients receiving ATT, all showed resolution of lesions and 9 (9.7%) developed recurrences (median follow-up, 21 months). In addition, 12 patients (12.9%) showed continued progression over a median 3.5 weeks after initiation of therapy. Of 12 patients treated with corticosteroids alone, none showed progression but 9 (75%) developed recurrence (median, 26.5 months). Final visual acuity of ≥ 6/12 was achieved in 108 eyes (76.60%) versus 72 eyes (51.06%) before treatment. Fovea was spared in 95 of 125 eyes (76%) with macular involvement. Five eyes (3.5%) developed choroidal neovascular membrane. CONCLUSIONS: Tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis presented as multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis affecting predominantly young to middle-aged men. It was frequently bilateral with vitreous inflammation and characterized by multifocal lesions that were noncontiguous to the optic disc and showed serpiginoid spread. Antitubercular therapy significantly reduced recurrences. Lesions responded to combined antitubercular and steroid therapy, usually spared fovea, and had a good final visual acuity.

Six-month visual outcome after pars plana vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with or without a single preoperative injection of intravitreal bevacizumab.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of a single preoperative injection of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on visual outcome in patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Retrospective chart review of patients who underwent PPV for PDR and followed for at least 6 months after surgery. Patients who received a single IVB injection (1.25 mg in 0.05 ml) preoperatively were assigned to group A. Those who did not receive IVB were assigned to group B. The primary outcome measure was visual outcome at 6-month follow-up. The secondary outcomes were postoperative complications. At 6 months, visual acuity improved by at least 0.3 logMAR units in 70 (74.5 %) of the 94 eyes in group A versus 46 (52.9 %) of the 87 eyes in group B (p = 0.002). Postoperative vitreous hemorrhage occurred significantly less frequently in group A (6 eyes, 6.4 %) than in group B (14 eyes, 16.1 %; p = 0.037). The incidence of other postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the two groups. Preoperative use of bevacizumab improved the 6-month visual outcome in patients undergoing PPV for PDR and significantly reduced the occurrence of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage.

Intersibling variability of retinopathy of prematurity in twins and its risk factors.

To study intersibling variability of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in twins and determine its risk factors. A retrospective chart review of twin neonates developing ROP at a tertiary center over a 5 year period (January 2004 to December 2008). Twin pairs with intersibling variability of ROP were retrieved based on one of the following criterion: (1) two-stage difference in ROP between siblings, (2) one sibling with treatable ROP and the other with spontaneously regressed ROP, or (3) one sibling with aggressive posterior ROP and the other with staged ROP. Babies with greater severity of ROP were included in group A (case group) and their siblings with less severity in group B (control group).The two groups were compared for birth weight, birth order and putative post-gestational risk factors. Thirty-five twin pairs developed ROP of which 28 pairs (80%) had severe intersibling variability. Twenty-one pairs with complete information about risk factors were analyzed. The birth weight of the case group was 1212.1 ± 248.3 g (mean ± SD) and control group 1172.1 ± 216.5 g (mean ± SD) (p = 0.33). In twelve of the 21 pairs the second born twin had more severe ROP. However, birth order was not a significant predictor (p = 0.664). Various post-gestational risk factors did not differ significantly between the two groups [oxygen administration (p = 1), sepsis (p = 0.625), exchange transfusion (p = 1), blood transfusion (p = 0.325), respiratory distress syndrome (p = 1), anemia (p = 0.125), apnea (0.375), neonatal jaundice (p = 1), patent ductus arteriosus (p = 0.5) and hypoglycemia (p = 1)]. The majority of the twins developing ROP had severe intersibling variability. Birth weight, birth order and post-gestational neonatal risk factor were not predictive of more severe ROP in a twin sibling.

Five-year demographic profile of retinopathy of prematurity at a tertiary care institute in North India.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to study the demographic profile and pattern of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at a tertiary care institute in India. Methods: An ambispective study from January 2013 to December 2017. Infants with birth weights (BWs) <1750 g and gestational ages <34 weeks were screened for ROP. Demographic details and ROP severity were recorded. Results: Data of 2595 of the 3697 infants screened were analyzed. The number of infants screened and treated for ROP increased from 190 and 29, respectively (2013), to 818 and 132, respectively (2017). The overall incidence of "any ROP" was 32.3%, and severe ROP was 17.7%. Though 39.5% of all infants were outborns (not born in the study center), severe ROP was present in 69.7% of these compared to 18.8% among inborns. Outborns with ROP had a higher mean BW (1308 g) compared to inborns (1202 g) (P < 0.01). ROP Stage 1 was seen in 12%, Stage 2 in 34%, Stage 3 in 13%, Stage 4 in 6%, Stage 5 in 14%, and aggressive posterior ROP (APROP) in 20%. APROP was seen in 16% of infants in 2013, 10% in 2014, 15% in 2015, 22% in 2016, and 28% in 2017. Infants with Stage 4B/Stage5 (15.6% of all ROP) were presented at a mean age of 7.5 months and all had no/delayed screening. Conclusion: Incidence of any ROP was 32.3% and was more common in outborns than inborns. The proportion of infants with APROP showed a rising trend over the years. Nearly 15.6% of infants were presented with stage4B/5 ROP due to delayed/absent screening.

Ocular Tuberculosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Systemic Tuberculosis Co-infected Patients.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence and clinical findings of ocular tuberculosis (TB) in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and systemic TB co-infected patients.Methods: In this prospective, observational, non-comparative case series, we included HIV and systemic TB co-infected patients, who underwent a detailed ophthalmic and systemic evaluation.Results: Of 85 patients, ocular tuberculosis was seen in eleven patients and their 16 eyes (12.9%). Without the benefit of eye exam, the diagnosis of disseminated TB was missed in 5/52 (9.6%) and 2/25 (8%) of patients clinically assumed to have pulmonary and Extrapulmonary TB, respectively.Conclusion: HIV patients with the disseminated TB have higher risk for ocular TB. As ocular symptoms are rare, still all of them need a detailed ocular examination to look for active ocular TB which will reclassify isolated pulmonary/extrapulmonary to disseminated TB warranting a detailed systemic examination.

Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in a diabetic retinopathy clinic in a tertiary care center.

PURPOSE: : To screen for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients presenting to diabetic retinopathy (DR) clinic and to correlate its presence with the severity of DR. METHODS: : A prospective, cross-sectional study of diabetes mellitus patients in retina clinic of a tertiary care referral center, North India (January 2019-March 2020). All were subjected to STOP-Bang Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score. Patients at high OSA risk (STOP-Bang score ≥5 and ESS score ≥10) were referred to Department of Otorhinolaryngology (sleep clinic) for polysomnography. Based on Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI), OSA was graded as mild (AHI = 5-14/h), moderate (AHI = 15-30/h), and severe (AHI >30/h). Statistical analysis was done using three models of outcome measures: (1) "No DR" versus "any DR," (2) "Less severe DR" versus "More severe DR," and (3) "No diabetic macular edema (DME)" versus "DME." RESULTS: : Of 362 patients screened, 18 (4.97%) had OSA (11 mild, 5 moderate, and 2 severe). Though OSA did not show a significant association with various outcome measures, patients with moderate-severe OSA had higher odds in developing "any DR" (OR = 7.408; 95% CI = 0.533-102.898), "more severe DR" (OR = 1.961; 95% CI = 0.153-25.215), and "DME" (OR = 2.263; 95% CI = 0.357-14.355), on multiple logistic regression. CONCLUSION: : Ours is the first screening study of OSA in DR patients in India, the diabetes capital of the world. We detected OSA in 4.97% of patients in a DR clinic, with an increased risk of "any DR," "more severe DR," and "DME" in the presence of moderate-severe OSA.

Effect of sustained-release long-acting intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy undergoing phacoemulsification: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Cataract and diabetes, both being a major health care problem, an intervention evaluated for the combination of the two attains paramount importance. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of intraoperative intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with diabetic retinopathy with/without macula edema undergoing phacoemulsification. METHODS: The study was a two-arm, single-center, randomized, assessor-blinded trial of 151 patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and cataract. It had two groups: dexamethasone group (DEX) versus standard of care (SOC) group, i.e. phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation without injection of dexamethasone drug delivery system (DDS). The number of rescue interventions required, central macular thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT), Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) score, laser flare meter (LFM) values, intraocular pressure (IOP), and grade of diabetic retinopathy (DR) were recorded until three months follow up. Macular thickness and number of rescue medications between the treatment groups were the co-primary outcomes. RESULTS: A statistically significant interaction was present between treatment and time on OCT score (P < 0.001). The requirement of rescue interventions in the dexamethasone DDS group [40.2% (33/82)] was lesser as compared to the SOC group [49.3% (34/69)] at the end of 12 weeks [odds ratio (OR), 0.70 (0.36-1.33)] follow up although not statistically significant (P = 0.343). A statistically significant interaction was present between treatment and time on LFM score (P = 0.003). No statistically significant interaction was present between the treatment and time on visual acuity score (P = 0.08) and IOP score (P = 0.375). CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone implant may have potential as a valuable therapy for patients undergoing cataract surgery with DR with/without macular edema with effects lasting for at least three months.

Oral D-penicillamine for the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To compare prophylactic enteral D-penicillamine (DPA) with placebo for prevention of 'retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or death' among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: This was a double-blind, single-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with stratification (for birth weight <1250 and ≥1250 g) and blocking. Inborn neonates with birth weight 750-1500 g, gestation ≤32 weeks, age ≤5 days, who tolerated feeds were eligible. Neonates with gastro-intestinal malformations, life-threatening malformations and necrotizing enterocolitis were excluded. Enrolled subjects were randomly allocated to receive oral DPA suspension at 100 mg/kg/dose 8 h for 3 days, followed by 50 mg/kg/day for another 11 days or placebo. The primary outcome was 'any ROP or death'. Secondary outcomes included any ROP, treatable ROP, adverse effects and feed intolerance. RESULTS: A total of 88 subjects were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar with the exception of multiple gestation. There were no significant differences in primary and secondary outcomes, even after adjusting for multiple gestation and on sub-group analysis. No adverse reaction was noted. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic enterally administered DPA suspension in a dose 100 mg/kg/dose 8 h for 3 days, followed by 50 mg/kg once per day for next 11 days, does not prevent 'any stage ROP or death' or 'ROP requiring treatment' in VLBW infants. DPA is well tolerated and does not have any major short-term adverse effects.

Outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with retinal detachments secondary to retinal vasculitis.

PURPOSE: Retinal detachments (RD) secondary to retinal vasculitis are highly complex. We report the clinical profile and outcome of vitrectomy in RDs secondary to retinal vasculitis in terms of intraoperative findings, final anatomical, and functional outcome. METHODS: In a retrospective review of 68 patients (6 with bilateral RD; 74 eyes) undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) between 2000 and 2015 for vasculitic RD, tractional RD was present in 50 (67.57%) eyes and combined RD in 24 (32.43%) eyes. RESULTS: The mean age was 31.54 ± 9.95 years (62 males, 6 females). Fibrovascular proliferations (FVPs) involved major vascular arcades (22.98%), optic disc (10.81%), both arcades and disc (20.27%), peripheral retina (32.43%), and arcades with peripheral retina (13.51%). A total of 14 (18.92%) eyes had retinal folds, of which 9 had macular drag. Of 24 eyes with combined RD, 3 (12.5%) eyes had macular hole, 15 (62.5%) eyes had the primary retinal break anterior to equator, and 6 (25%) eyes had the primary break posterior to equator. Twenty-one (28.38%) eyes had iatrogenic retinal breaks. Thirty-eight (51.35%) eyes required an internal tamponade [gas in 31 (81.57%) eyes and silicon oil in seven (18.42%) eyes]. A scleral buckle was additionally required in 26 (35.14%) eyes. Postoperative complications included vitreous hemorrhage (27.03%), re-RD (12.16%), and iris neovascularization (9.46%). The median follow-up was 18 months (range 6-122 months). Sixty-eight (91.9%) eyes achieved final anatomical success. Fifty-two (70.27%) eyes had ≥2 lines visual improvement. CONCLUSION: Vasculitic RDs are complicated by tractional/combined RDs, peripherally located FVPs, retinal folds and iatrogenic retinal breaks, and carry a moderate prognosis.

Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in a lactating woman.

Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is a rare but fulminant intraocular infection that needs prompt recognition and management. Bacteria are the commonest causative organisms and they may colonize the eye secondary to hematogenous spread from a focus anywhere in the body. EE in the peripartum period is an infrequent occurrence with no cases reported to occur secondary to a peurperal mastitis. We report a case of EE due to Staphylococcus aureous in a lactating female and describe its clinical presentation and management.

Author Correction: Induction of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) by non-enzymatic reagents targeting vitreous collagen liquefaction as well as vitreoretinal adhesion.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.