Oat cell carcinoma of esophagus: a report of six British patients with a review of the literature.

This paper presents 6 British patients with a diagnosis of oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Sixty-six patients have previously been reported in the literature, the majority (30) being British. Approximately two-thirds of these tumors have been reported as pure oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Four other histological patterns have been described: oat cell carcinoma with squamous carcinoma in situ; oat cell carcinoma with squamous carcinoma; oat cell carcinoma with adenocarcinoma; and oat cell carcinoma with carcinoid differentiation. A preponderance of males has also been noted, although this series shows a 2:1 female:male ratio. The tumor arises most commonly in the mid or lower esophagus. The cell of origin of these tumors in considered to be the Kulchitsky or APUD cell of neuroectodermal derivation. They may show neurosecretory granules on electron microscopy. Polypeptides have been identified within the tumor cells. One previous report describes a patient with primary oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus and hypercalcemia. A patient with the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion is described in this paper. Survival is poor following radiotherapy, with a median survival of 3 months in this series. On reviewing the records of the Radiation Oncology Unit in Edinburgh, no patient with oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus was reported before 1972. This suggests that awareness of this tumor is increasing and, although rare, its incidence is greater than previously reported.

Sarcoma of bone following therapeutic irradiation for breast carcinoma.

Four patients with sarcoma arising in bone following therapeutic irradiation for breast carcinoma are presented, along with a review of the 40 patients who have been previously reported in the literature. The majority of these lesions arose in the scapula and the most frequently reported histology is osteosarcoma. The incidence of these lesions has been reported as 0.05% to 0.23% in three previous series. The average latent period between irradiation and the diagnosis of the sarcoma is 10.9 years with a range of 4.5-24 years. The average survival following diagnosis in this series was 2.4 months, which is comparable to other series. However, one patient treated by forequarter amputation and another treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy survived 4 and 3 years, respectively.

Multiple primary tumours in patients treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer.

Between January 1954 and March 1964, 3926 patients with primary breast cancer were referred to The Department of Clinical Oncology, Edinburgh. One hundred and eighty patients developed 195 malignancies subsequent to the treatment of their initial breast cancer. Overall, the total number of second tumours was not significantly in excess of the expected incidence in the general population. However, statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in the incidence of rectal, skin and bone tumours. The excess of bone tumours was likely due to radiation exposure. There was not an overall excess of tumours within the irradiated or scattered radiation volume.

Cytochrome P-450 dependent metabolic activation of 1-naphthol to naphthoquinones and covalent binding species.

1-Naphthol was metabolised by a fully reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system in the presence of NADPH to methanol-soluble and covalently bound products. The formation of 1,4-naphthoquinone, the major methanol-soluble product at early time points, showed an almost total dependence on cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADPH, and to a lesser extent on dilauroylphosphatidylcholine. The metabolism was rapid and detectable levels of 1,4-naphthoquinone were formed within 30 sec. 1,4-Naphthoquinone formation was dependent on the concentration of both cytochrome P-450 (0.05-0.04 microM) and 1-naphthol (5-50 microM). Whereas 1,4-naphthoquinone was the major product observed at early time points, additional products were observed after prolonged incubation. In the absence of NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, 1-naphthol was metabolised, in a cumene hydroperoxide- and cytochrome P-450-dependent reaction, to 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone and covalently bound products. Glutathione and ethylenediamine inhibited both the NADPH- and cumene hydroperoxide-dependent formation of covalently bound products. These data show that cytochrome P-450 catalyses the activation of 1-naphthol to naphthoquinone metabolites and covalently bound species, the latter most likely being derived from naphthoquinones.

Spinal cord tumors in children: long-term results of combined surgical and radiation treatment.

The authors report a series of 31 children under 17 years of age with primary spinal cord tumors who underwent radiation treatment following decompression laminectomy with or without tumor resection between 1959 and 1990. The tumors consisted of 15 astrocytomas, 11 ependymomas, one mixed glioma, one gangliolioma, and three of unknown histology. Ten- and 20-year survival rates and 10- and 20-year relapse-free survival rates for the 28 patients with known histology were 80% and 53%, and 73% and 67%, respectively. Eleven patients (35%) had no resection, 14 (45%) had a partial resection, and six (19%) had a grossly complete resection. Eight patients (26%) are dead: five due to recurrent tumor, two due to a second malignant tumor, and one due to intercurrent disease. primary tumor relapse or progression occurred in nine patients (29%), four of whom were salvaged. A second malignant tumor developed in four patients (13%), two of whom died. Local control of the tumor was finally achieved in 26 cases (84%), despite either grossly incomplete or no resection in 25 of these cases (81%). These statistics suggest that radiation treatment without resection may achieve long-term control in children with astrocytoma or ependymoma of the spinal cord.

Contamination and infection of fractures resulting from gunshot trauma in dogs: 20 cases (1987-1992).

Medical records of 20 dogs with gunshot fractures were reviewed to determine the prevalence of preoperative contamination and postoperative osteomyelitis. Fractures were repaired primarily by application of a bone plate (n = 16) or external fixator (n = 2) in buttress fashion or application of interfragmentary screws and pins (n = 2). In 17 dogs, an autogenous bone graft was also used. Results of bacteriologic culture of swab specimens obtained intraoperatively for 15 of the 16 dogs that received antimicrobials preoperatively and for all 4 dogs that did not receive antimicrobials preoperatively were negative. Three dogs developed osteomyelitis at 6, 8, and 10 weeks following surgery; for all 3, results of bacteriologic culture of specimens obtained intraoperatively had been negative. Fracture healing was uncomplicated in the remaining dogs (mean follow-up time, 23 months; range, 2 to 58 months). Despite the potential for contamination associated with gunshot trauma, results indicated a low prevalence of preoperative fracture contamination and postoperative osteomyelitis. These results imply either a low contamination rate or treatable contamination of the perifracture area.

The same beta-globin gene mutation is present on nine different beta-thalassemia chromosomes in a Sardinian population.

The predominant beta-thalassemia in Sardinia is the beta 0 type in which no beta-globin chains are synthesized in the homozygous state. We determined the beta-thalassemia mutations in this population by the oligonucleotide-probe method and defined the chromosome haplotypes on which the mutation resides. The same beta 39(CAG----TAG) nonsense mutation was found on nine different chromosome haplotypes. Although this mutation may have arisen more than once, the multiple haplotypes could also be generated by crossing over and gene conversion events. These findings underscore the frequency of mutational events in the beta-globin gene region.

Psychologic adaptation of survivors of childhood cancer.

When adult survivors of childhood cancer were compared with their peers, survivors were found to be at least as well adjusted. Indeed, some evidence was suggestive of survivors having adaptive advantages in everyday life. The survivors reported significantly more positive affect, less negative affect, higher intimacy motivation, more perceived personal control, and greater satisfaction with control in life situations. Despite these apparent strengths associated with surviving childhood cancer, several specific problems were documented. Survivors were more likely than peers to have repeated school grades, to be worried about issues of fertility, and to express dissatisfaction with important relationships. The latter finding was interpreted as reflecting the high expectations of survivors for relationships, based on their difficult yet interpersonally rewarding experiences during times of illness.

A randomized comparison of dilatation alone versus dilatation plus laser in patients receiving chemotherapy and external beam radiation for esophageal carcinoma.

Most patients with carcinoma of the esophagus have advanced disease at presentation. Since cure is usually not possible, the goal of treatment is the palliation of dysphagia. Palliative modalities include bougies, balloons, stents, tumor probe, laser, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. In recent years, combined chemotherapy and radiation has shown promising results. However, the relief of dysphagia is slow and frequently incomplete. We compared the effectiveness of dilatation alone versus dilatation plus Nd-YAG laser therapy for the relief of dysphagia while assessing the role of chemotherapy and radiation as an adjunct to surgery. Fifteen patients with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus who were deemed fit for intensive chemotherapy and radiation were randomized to receive either dilatation alone (N = 7) or dilatation plus laser (N = 8); the end-point for initial success was the passage of a 45 French Savary dilator, and the relief of dysphagia. At entry, 13 of these 15 patients were judged potentially resectable. However, after chemotherapy and radiation, only 3 of 13 (20%) patients could be offered surgery; the remainder were considered too poor a surgical risk. Follow-up was for 30 months, or until death. Further dilatations were performed as needed for relief of dysphagia. No difference was observed between the laser plus dilatation and the dilatation alone group with respect to the degree of dysphagia, weight record, quality of life index (Karnofsky score), or mortality rate. Our results indicate that in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiation for esophageal carcinoma, dilatation alone provides adequate palliation of dysphagia, and in these patients, chemotherapy and radiation is a poor adjunct to surgical treatment.