Actuation-enhanced multifunctional sensing and information recognition by magnetic artificial cilia arrays.

Artificial cilia integrating both actuation and sensing functions allow simultaneously sensing environmental properties and manipulating fluids in situ, which are promising for environment monitoring and fluidic applications. However, existing artificial cilia have limited ability to sense environmental cues in fluid flows that have versatile information encoded. This limits their potential to work in complex and dynamic fluid-filled environments. Here, we propose a generic actuation-enhanced sensing mechanism to sense complex environmental cues through the active interaction between artificial cilia and the surrounding fluidic environments. The proposed mechanism is based on fluid-cilia interaction by integrating soft robotic artificial cilia with flexible sensors. With a machine learning-based approach, complex environmental cues such as liquid viscosity, environment boundaries, and distributed fluid flows of a wide range of velocities can be sensed, which is beyond the capability of existing artificial cilia. As a proof of concept, we implement this mechanism on magnetically actuated cilia with integrated laser-induced graphene-based sensors and demonstrate sensing fluid apparent viscosity, environment boundaries, and fluid flow speed with a reconfigurable sensitivity and range. The same principle could be potentially applied to other soft robotic systems integrating other actuation and sensing modalities for diverse environmental and fluidic applications.

Reconfigurable multifunctional ferrofluid droplet robots.

Magnetically actuated miniature soft robots are capable of programmable deformations for multimodal locomotion and manipulation functions, potentially enabling direct access to currently unreachable or difficult-to-access regions inside the human body for minimally invasive medical operations. However, magnetic miniature soft robots are so far mostly based on elastomers, where their limited deformability prevents them from navigating inside clustered and very constrained environments, such as squeezing through narrow crevices much smaller than the robot size. Moreover, their functionalities are currently restricted by their predesigned shapes, which is challenging to be reconfigured in situ in enclosed spaces. Here, we report a method to actuate and control ferrofluid droplets as shape-programmable magnetic miniature soft robots, which can navigate in two dimensions through narrow channels much smaller than their sizes thanks to their liquid properties. By controlling the external magnetic fields spatiotemporally, these droplet robots can also be reconfigured to exhibit multiple functionalities, including on-demand splitting and merging for delivering liquid cargos and morphing into different shapes for efficient and versatile manipulation of delicate objects. In addition, a single-droplet robot can be controlled to split into multiple subdroplets and complete cooperative tasks, such as working as a programmable fluidic-mixing device for addressable and sequential mixing of different liquids. Due to their extreme deformability, in situ reconfigurability and cooperative behavior, the proposed ferrofluid droplet robots could open up a wide range of unprecedented functionalities for lab/organ-on-a-chip, fluidics, bioengineering, and medical device applications.

Shape-programmable magnetic soft matter.

Shape-programmable matter is a class of active materials whose geometry can be controlled to potentially achieve mechanical functionalities beyond those of traditional machines. Among these materials, magnetically actuated matter is particularly promising for achieving complex time-varying shapes at small scale (overall dimensions smaller than 1 cm). However, previous work can only program these materials for limited applications, as they rely solely on human intuition to approximate the required magnetization profile and actuating magnetic fields for their materials. Here, we propose a universal programming methodology that can automatically generate the required magnetization profile and actuating fields for soft matter to achieve new time-varying shapes. The universality of the proposed method can therefore inspire a vast number of miniature soft devices that are critical in robotics, smart engineering surfaces and materials, and biomedical devices. Our proposed method includes theoretical formulations, computational strategies, and fabrication procedures for programming magnetic soft matter. The presented theory and computational method are universal for programming 2D or 3D time-varying shapes, whereas the fabrication technique is generic only for creating planar beams. Based on the proposed programming method, we created a jellyfish-like robot, a spermatozoid-like undulating swimmer, and an artificial cilium that could mimic the complex beating patterns of its biological counterpart.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation from Healthy Donors Reduced Alcohol-induced Anxiety and Depression in an Animal Model of Chronic Alcohol Exposure.

Alcohol addiction can cause brain dysfunction and threatens both individuals and society. Recently, emerging studies have suggested the dysbiosis of gut microbiota induced by alcohol exposure contributed to the reward-seeking behaviors as well as anxiety, depression. In the current study, animal model of chronic alcohol exposure was established by providing mice with gradient concentrations of alcohol from 2%, 4%, and 6% to 8% for 21 days. Moreover, three fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) plans were innovatively designed to explore the potential effects of FMT from 3 healthy donors on alcohol-induced neuropsychic behaviors. To our knowledge, for the first time, we found that anxiety and depression after alcohol intake were gradually relieved with the extension of transplantation. Although the two-week FMT starting at the end of alcohol treatment had few effects, the transplantation started at 8% ethanol exposure alleviated alcohol-induced depression in tail suspension test. More importantly, accompanied by three-week exposure, the five-week FMT significantly decreased anxiety-like behaviors in open field test and depression in tail suspension test. These data validated the role of gut microbiota in alcohol addiction and indicated the modulation of healthy donor FMT on alcohol-related anxiety and depression, providing a new target for treating alcohol addiction by targeting microbiota.

Profiling of genes associated with the murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical features and gene expression patterns of the physiologic development of retinal vessels and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) in a mouse model, with the aim of identifying differential regulators of physiologic and pathological angiogenesis in the retina. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were used. Seven-day-old pups were subjected to OIR induction following the standard protocols of entering a hyperoxic chamber on day 7 (P7) and returning to a normoxic condition (relative hypoxia) on day 12 (P12). The retinal vasculatures in the OIR model 24 h (P8-O) or 5 days (P12-O) after switching to the hyperoxic environment and 24 h (P13-O) after returning to normoxic conditions were evaluated with retinal flat mounts and compared with those of age-matched controls (i.e., P8-N, P12-N, P13-N). Gene expression profiling was performed using Phalanx Mouse Whole Genome OneArray microarrays. Normal 9-day-old mice were considered representative of physiologic angiogenesis and compared with 30-day-old mice. A bioinformatics analysis was performed on differentially expressed genes using various comparisons, and real-time reverse-transcription PCR was used to confirm the changes in the genes of interest. RESULTS: The sequential orders and patterns of vasculature development in normal mice and the OIR models were significantly different. In brief, in the early days (P1 to P7) for normal mice, retinal vessels grew from the optic disc into the non-vascularized retina in a radial fashion. In the hyperoxic stage of the OIR model, the main central retina became devoid of a vascular network, and when the mice returned to the normoxic room, the vessels grew from peripheral perfused areas toward the center of the retina, but the development of intermediate and deep layers of vasculature was significantly delayed. Gene profiling at three critical time points (P8, P12, and P13) showed that 162 probes were upregulated to ≥1.5-fold or downregulated to ≤0.67-fold at one or more time points in the OIR model compared to the controls. In the 45 upregulated genes for the P8-O/P8-N group, enriched genes were mainly related to cytoskeleton formation, whereas the 62 upregulated genes for P13-O/P13-N participated in various pathological processes. In the physiologic conditions on P9, however, 135 genes were upregulated compared with P30; the gap junction and Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis were the two main enriched pathways for these genes. Fifty-three probes, including vascular endothelium growth factor A, annexin A2, and endothelin 2, changed at P13-O but not at P9-N, and these changed genes might reflect the modulation of pathological neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Angiogenesis in physiologic and pathological conditions is characterized by the differential presentation of vasculature and gene expression patterns. Investigation of those genes unique to the OIR model may help develop new strategies and therapies for intervening in retinal neovascularization.

[The expression and function of annexin A2 in the course of retinal angiogenesis of mouse].

OBJECTIVE: To study the production and the role of annexin A2 (ANXA2) in the process of retinal neovascularization of mouse. METHODS: Experimental study. C57BL/6J mice were classified into four groups:normal group (80 mice), oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) mock group (80 mice) , siANXA2 group (transfected with siRNA target ANXA2) (50 mice) , and siANXA2_M group (50 mice) .Stretched preparation of retina after angiography was used to observe the morphology change of retinal neovascularization from 12 to 30 days after birth in normal group and OIR mock group, and real-time PCR was used to test the expression of ANXA2 in these days. On 17 days old, the mRNA and protein production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 in 4 groups were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The results of all factors among four groups were analyzed by one way ANOVA and SNK-q test. RESULTS: The retinal neovascularization of siANXA2 group in 17 days old was more regular than that in OIR mock group. The production of ANXA2 in mouse retina was associated with the stage of retinal neovascularization. The expression of ANXA2 was in high level when neovessels grew and in low level when neovessels stopped growing. The mRNA expressions of ANXA2,VEGF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 showed statistical difference among 4 groups (F = 8.122-74.009, P < 0.05) . Significant statistics difference was found in multiple comparison:the expressions of VEGF-α (0.22 ± 0.04), MMP-2 (11.08 ± 1.28), MMP-9 (4.64 ± 0.38) in OIR mock group were significantly higher than that in normal group (0.16 ± 0.02, 2.18 ± 1.39, 1.17 ± 0.25) (SNK-q test: P < 0.01).In siANXA2 group, the productions of VEGF-α (0.02 ± 0.01), MMP-2 (2.21 ± 0.42) , MMP-9 (1.33 ± 0.10) were significantly lower than that in OIR mock group (SNK-q test: P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of TIMP-2 (0.59 ± 0.15) in OIR mock group was significantly lower than that in normal group (1.35 ± 0.01) (SNK-q test: P < 0.05). In siANXA2 group, the production of TIMP-2 was higher than that in OIR mock group (SNK-q test: P < 0.05). The results of Western blot were similar to that in real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS: ANXA2 is overexpressed in oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in a mouse model. The overexpression of ANXA2 may affect the expression of proangiogenic factors. ANXA2 may involve in the development of the retinal neovascularization. The production of ANXA2 may be inhibited by siRNA. ANXA2 maybe a new target for inhibition of retinal neovascularization.

In situ sensing physiological properties of biological tissues using wireless miniature soft robots.

Implanted electronic sensors, compared with conventional medical imaging, allow monitoring of advanced physiological properties of soft biological tissues continuously, such as adhesion, pH, viscoelasticity, and biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, they are typically invasive, requiring being deployed by surgery, and frequently cause inflammation. Here we propose a minimally invasive method of using wireless miniature soft robots to in situ sense the physiological properties of tissues. By controlling robot-tissue interaction using external magnetic fields, visualized by medical imaging, we can recover tissue properties precisely from the robot shape and magnetic fields. We demonstrate that the robot can traverse tissues with multimodal locomotion and sense the adhesion, pH, and viscoelasticity on porcine and mice gastrointestinal tissues ex vivo, tracked by x-ray or ultrasound imaging. With the unprecedented capability of sensing tissue physiological properties with minimal invasion and high resolution deep inside our body, this technology can potentially enable critical applications in both basic research and clinical practice.

Wireless Millimeter-Size Soft Climbing Robots with Omnidirectional Steerability on Tissue Surfaces.

Wirelessly actuated miniature soft robots actuated by magnetic fields that can overcome gravity by climbing soft and wet tissues are promising for accessing challenging enclosed and confined spaces with minimal invasion for targeted medical operation. However, existing designs lack the directional steerability to traverse complex terrains and perform agile medical operations. Here we propose a rod-shaped millimeter-size climbing robot that can be omnidirectionally steered with a steering angle up to 360 degrees during climbing beyond existing soft miniature robots. The design innovation includes the rod-shaped robot body, its special magnetization profile, and the spherical robot footpads, allowing directional bending of the body under external magnetic fields and out-of-plane motion of the body for delivery of medical patches. With further integrated bio-adhesives and microstructures on the footpads, we experimentally demonstrated inverted climbing of the robot on porcine gastrointestinal (GI) tract tissues and deployment of a medical patch for targeted drug delivery.

Wireless soft millirobots for climbing three-dimensional surfaces in confined spaces.

Wireless soft-bodied robots at the millimeter scale allow traversing very confined unstructured terrains with minimal invasion and safely interacting with the surrounding environment. However, existing untethered soft millirobots still lack the ability of climbing, reversible controlled surface adhesion, and long-term retention on unstructured three-dimensional (3D) surfaces, limiting their use in biomedical and environmental applications. Here, we report a fundamental peeling-and-loading mechanism to allow untethered soft-bodied robots to climb 3D surfaces by using both the soft-body deformation and whole-body motion of the robot under external magnetic fields. This generic mechanism is implemented with different adhesive robot footpad designs, allowing vertical and inverted surface climbing on diverse 3D surfaces with complex geometries and different surface properties. With the unique robot footpad designs that integrate microstructured adhesives and tough bioadhesives, the soft climbing robot could achieve controllable adhesion and friction to climb 3D soft and wet surfaces including porcine tissues, which paves the way for future environmental inspection and minimally invasive medicine applications.

Creating three-dimensional magnetic functional microdevices via molding-integrated direct laser writing.

Magnetically driven wireless miniature devices have become promising recently in healthcare, information technology, and many other fields. However, they lack advanced fabrication methods to go down to micrometer length scales with heterogeneous functional materials, complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries, and 3D programmable magnetization profiles. To fill this gap, we propose a molding-integrated direct laser writing-based microfabrication approach in this study and showcase its advanced enabling capabilities with various proof-of-concept functional microdevice prototypes. Unique motions and functionalities, such as metachronal coordinated motion, fluid mixing, function reprogramming, geometrical reconfiguring, multiple degrees-of-freedom rotation, and wireless stiffness tuning are exemplary demonstrations of the versatility of this fabrication method. Such facile fabrication strategy can be applied toward building next-generation smart microsystems in healthcare, robotics, metamaterials, microfluidics, and programmable matter.

Wireless Miniature Magnetic Phase-Change Soft Actuators.

Wireless miniature soft actuators are promising for various potential high-impact applications in medical, robotic grippers, and artificial muscles. However, these miniature soft actuators are currently constrained by a small output force and low work capacity. To address such challenges, a miniature magnetic phase-change soft composite actuator is reported. This soft actuator exhibits an expanding deformation and enables up to a 70 N output force and 175.2 J g-1 work capacity under remote magnetic radio frequency heating, which are 106 -107 times that of traditional magnetic soft actuators. To demonstrate its capabilities, a wireless soft robotic device is first designed that can withstand 0.24 m s-1 fluid flows in an artery phantom. By integrating it with a thermally-responsive shape-memory polymer and bistable metamaterial sleeve, a wireless reversible bistable stent is designed toward future potential angioplasty applications. Moreover, it can additionally locomote inside and jump out of granular media. At last, the phase-change actuator can realize programmable bending deformations when a specifically designed magnetization profile is encoded, enhancing its shape-programming capability. Such a miniature soft actuator provides an approach to enhance the mechanical output and versatility of magnetic soft robots and devices, extending their medical and other potential applications.

Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype: Association with initial neurological severity and etiologic subtypes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Objective: To explore the relationship of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) with initial neurological severity and etiologic subtypes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods: The data for this study were collected from hospitalized patients within 72 h of acute ischemic stroke onset at the Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University from 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2022. The initial neurological severity was assessed by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on the day of admission: NIHSS <6 was defined as mild stroke, and NIHSS ≥6 as moderate to severe stroke. HTWP was defined by fasting serum triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L and waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women. Differentiation of etiologic subtypes was based on the method reported in the Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association of HTWP with initial neurological severity and etiologic subtypes. Results: The study included 431 patients. Compared with the normal waist-normal blood triglyceride group, patients with HTWP had reduced risks of moderate to severe stroke [odds ratio (OR): 0.384, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.170-0.869; P = 0.022]. In addition, the risk of small-artery occlusion stroke was 2.318 times higher in the HTWP group than in the normal triglyceride-normal waist (NWNT) group (OR: 2.318, 95% CI: 1.244-4.319; P = 0.008). Conclusion: Initial neurological severity was less severe in patients with HTWP, and HTWP was associated with an increased risk of small-artery occlusion stroke.

Soft-robotic ciliated epidermis for reconfigurable coordinated fluid manipulation.

The fluid manipulation capabilities of current artificial cilia are severely handicapped by the inability to reconfigure near-surface flow on various static or dynamically deforming three-dimensional (3D) substrates. To overcome this challenge, we propose an electrically driven soft-robotic ciliated epidermis with multiple independently controlled polypyrrole bending actuators. The beating kinematics and the coordination of multiple actuators can be dynamically reconfigured to control the strength and direction of fluid transportation. We achieve fluid transportation along and perpendicular to the beating directions of the actuator arrays, and toward or away from the substrate. The ciliated epidermises are bendable and stretchable and can be deployed on various static or dynamically deforming 3D surfaces. They enable previously difficult to obtain fluid manipulation functionalities, such as transporting fluid in tubular structures or enhancing fluid transportation near dynamically bending and expanding surfaces.

Intravitreally implantable voriconazole delivery system for experimental fungal endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and optimal drug dose of an intravitreally implantable voriconazole (VCZ) drug delivery system (DDS) in experimental endophthalmitis of Aspergillus fumigatus. METHODS: Vitrectomy was performed in albino rabbits with intravitreal inoculation of susceptible A. fumigatus. The animals were randomized into groups of control, polylactic-co-glycolic acid implantation, VCZ injection, and intravitreal VCZ DDS containing 0.5, 0.9, and 1.2 mg of VCZ, respectively. The therapeutic effect was assessed by clinical observation, histology, and microbiology. RESULTS: The inflammation in the VCZ injection and DDS groups was milder than the untreated and polylactic-co-glycolic acid groups (P ≤ 0.046). The 0.9-mg and 1.2-mg DDS groups presented milder anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation than the injection group during the first 3 weeks (P ≤ 0.044), but only the 1.2-mg DDS group had clearer vitreous thereafter (P ≤ 0.037). Smear and fungal culture showed negative results in all DDS groups. Normal histologic structure of the retina was observed in the eyes recovering from endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of intravitreal VCZ DDS on fungal endophthalmitis appears to be significantly better than intravitreal injection of VCZ. The optimal dose of VCZ in the DDS in this study was 1.2 mg.

[Experimental study of (Pro)renin receptor siRNA inhibiting retinal neovascularization].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the inhibit effect of (pro)renin receptor siRNA on mice retinal neovascularization, and investigate its possible mechanism. METHODS: Experimental study. 72 new born C57BL/6J mouse were randomly divided into six groups: group A to group E were exposed to hyperoxia, and then returned to normoxia to induce retinal neovascularization. Group A were treated with PRR siRNA plasmid, group B with control plasmid, group C with PRR siRNA and Losartan, and group D with Losartan. Group E were not treated. Group F was control group. Mouse were sacrificed at postnatal day 17, retinal perfusion stretched preparation and HE dyeing method were used to observe the status of retinal neovascularization. PRR expression and the activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were detected by Western Blot. And Real Time PCR was used to detect the expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) in group A, B, E and F. Analysis of one way variance (LSD) was used and statistical difference was considered significant at a P value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The mouse treated with PRR siRNA, Losartan and combined therapy could significantly reduce retina neovascularization and vessel leakage compared with oxygen-induced retinopathy group and control plasmid group. Average counts of vascular endothelial cells which break through the inner limiting membrane performed at postnatal day 17 in PRR siRNA group (4.47 ± 1.96), Losartan group (5.94 ± 2.54) and combined therapy group (4.49 ± 2.53) were significantly lower than oxygen-induced retinopathy group (32.73 ± 6.38) (P < 0.05) and control plasmid group (21.04 ± 5.39). Western Blot showed that PRR protein express in hyperoxia induced group was significantly higher than normal (P = 0.007). After treated with PRR siRNA or combined therapy, the expression of PRR protein was significantly lower than hyperoxia induced group (P < 0.05). There are no significantly differences between control plasmid group, Losartan group and hyperoxia induced group (P > 0.05). The activated ERK1/2 lever in hyperoxia group was significantly higher than normal (P = 0.003). After treated with PRRsiRNA, Losartan or combined therapy, activated ERK1/2 lever was significantly lower than hyperoxia induced group (P < 0.05). And the effect of PRR siRNA group and combined therapy group seems more obviously, compared with Losartan group, the difference was significantly (P < 0.05). Real Time PCR showed that the lever of TGF-ß1 in hyperoxia group was significantly higher than normal (P = 0.001). After treated with PRR siRNA, the TGF-ß1 was significantly reduced (P = 0.004), and there was no significantly difference between control plasma group and hyperoxia induced group (P = 0.222). CONCLUSIONS: PRR combined with prorenin or renin could activate ERK1/2 signal transduction passageway, and promote cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, thus promote retinal neovascularization. PRR siRNA could obviously reduce PRR expression, inhibit ERK1/2 signal transduction passageway activation, and diminish retinal neovascularization.

[Progress on studies of exfoliation glaucoma].

Exfoliation glaucoma is a specific type of glaucoma secondary to exfoliation syndrome. Exfoliation syndrome is one of the most common identifiable causes of secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide. In recent years, great progress has been made in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. The study of exfoliation glaucoma in the aspects of prevalence, inheritance, formation of exfoliative material, gene analysis and treatment are reviewed in this article.

[Experimental study of Twist siRNA to inhibit the formation of retinal neovascularization in mice].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research is to find the law of neovascular endothelial cell migration and transition through repressing the expression of Twist in mouse's retinal neovascularization with RNAi, and get a new target of inhibit retinal neovascularization. METHODS: Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was produced in new born C57BL/6J mice by exposing postnatal day 7 (P7) pups to 75% oxygen for 5 days. P12 pups were injected 1 µl pTwist. siRNA plasmid solution or 1 µl negative siRNA plasmid solution into vitreous cavity. Eyeballs were enucleated for Evans blue angiography, histopathologic examination, neovascular endothelial cell counting, immunohistochemistry and Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: Observed by light microscopy retinal neovascularization, the number of vascular endothelial cells per eye were 0.34 ± 0.11, 32.73 ± 6.38, 4.56 ± 2.02 and 20.17 ± 6.49 in the normal control group, hyperoxia group, Twist plasmid group and the control plasmid group. Mouse retinal Evans blue perfusion and HE staining of paraffin sections showed that retinal vascular leakage, tortuous and angiogenesis significantly reduced in Twist plasmid group compared with hyperoxia group. Endothelial cell count was significantly decrease in Twist plasmid group. Both immunohistochemistry and real time PCR proved that Twist and vimentin expression in hyperoxia group were significantly higher than that of Twist plasmid group (F = 27.214, 31.211;P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: As mice retinal neovascular growth, Twist may play important roles as a cell transition regulatory factor. Repressing Twist with RNAi, we can repress cell transition and inhibit retinal neovascular.

Over 10-year follow-up outcomes and failure analysis of black diaphragm intraocular lens implantation in traumatic Aniridia.

PURPOSE: To determine the over 10-year follow-up outcomes and analyse the reason for failure in patients who underwent black diaphragm intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for the management of traumatic aniridia. METHODS: Fifty-three patients underwent black diaphragm IOL implantation for the treatment of traumatic aniridia from September 1998 to August 2007. 33 eyes of 33 patients were enrolled in our study, and the mean follow-up period was 185.6 ± 36.2 months (range: 126-247 months). The primary methods employed for assessment of the safety of the IOL and the causes of failure were the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and observation during reoperation. RESULTS: In the current study, 13 patients (39.4%) who underwent IOL implantation by means of trans-scleral fixation were observed to maintain a transparent cornea and normal intraocular pressure. 20 patients (60.6%) developed corneal endothelial decompensation, and 14 patients (42.4%) developed secondary glaucoma. 27 patients were examined by means of UBM or reoperation and the position of black diaphragm IOL in 18 patients was observed to be abnormal; the IOL had shifted forward and directly contacted with the anterior chamber and even the corneal endothelium. CONCLUSION: The forward displacement of black diaphragm IOL is a direct cause of treatment failure. Although the implantation of black diaphragm IOL is an effective method of management of traumatic aniridia, the treatment should be guarded and performed in an appropriate manner. Patients should be informed regarding the need for life-long follow-up, so that the complications can be identified in a timely manner.

Comparison of Sensory Qualities in Eggs from Three Breeds Based on Electronic Sensory Evaluations.

The present study was conducted on three commercial laying breeder strains to evaluate differences of sensory qualities, including texture, smell, and taste parameters. A total of 140 eggs for each breed were acquired from Beinong No.2 (B) laying hens, Hy-Line Brown (H) laying hens, and Wuhei (W) laying hens. Sensory qualities of egg yolks and albumen from three breeds were detected and discriminated based on different algorithms. Texture profile analysis (TPA) showed that the eggs from three breeds had no differences in hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and chewiness other than cohesiveness. The smell profiles measured by electronic nose illustrated that differences existed in all 10 sensors for albumen and 8 sensors for yolks. The taste profiles measured by electronic tongue found that the main difference of egg yolks and albumen existed in bitterness and astringency. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully showed grouping of three breeds based on electronic nose data and failed in grouping based on electronic tongue data. Based on electronic nose data, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), fine k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and linear support vector machine (SVM) were performed to discriminate yolks, albumen, and the whole eggs with 100% classification accuracy. While based on electronic tongue data, the best classification accuracy was 96.7% for yolks by LDA and fine tree, 88.9% for albumen by LDA, and 87.5% for the whole eggs by fine KNN. The experiment results showed that three breeds' eggs had main differences in smells and could be successfully discriminated by LDA, fine KNN, and linear SVM algorithms based on electronic nose.

Discriminating Eggs from Two Local Breeds Based on Fatty Acid Profile and Flavor Characteristics Combined with Classification Algorithms.

This study discriminated fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics of Beijing You Chicken (BYC) as a precious local breed and Dwarf Beijing You Chicken (DBYC) eggs. Fatty acid profile and flavor characteristics were analyzed to identify differences between BYC and DBYC eggs. Four classification algorithms were used to build classification models. Arachidic acid, oleic acid (OA), eicosatrienoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), hexadecenoic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and 35 volatile compounds had significant differences in fatty acids and volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (p<0.05). For fatty acid data, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) got 91.7% classification accuracy. SPME-GC-MS data failed in classification models. For electronic nose data, classification accuracy of KNN, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), SVM and decision tree was all 100%. The overall results indicated that BYC and DBYC eggs could be discriminated based on electronic nose with suitable classification algorithms. This research compared the differentiation of the fatty acid profile and volatile compounds of various egg yolks. The results could be applied to evaluate egg nutrition and distinguish avian eggs.