Reversal of lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory deficits by agmatine in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Learning and memory functions in animals were evaluated by using Novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Following 7 days of LPS administration, animals were subjected to NOR test on Day-8 and MWM test on Days-9 to 13 for the assessment of recognition and spatial learning and memory, respectively. RESULTS: LPS administration produced significant deficits in recognition and spatial memory in mice after seven days of LPS administration. In LPS pre-treated mice, agmatine treatment on Day-8 resulted in the increased exploration to the novel object. Agmatine treatment (Day 8-12) in mice showed reduction in the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant (probe trial) in the MWM test. However, co-administration of agmatine with LPS in mice for 7 days showed higher discrimination index in NOR test on Day-8. This co-administration also decreased escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant in MWM test on Days 9-13 as compared to LPS control group. CONCLUSION: Results implies the protective and curative effects of agmatine against LPS-induced loss of memory functions in experimental animals.HighlightsSubchronic but not acute lipopolysaccharides induce memory deficitsLipopolysaccharides impairs recognition and spatial memory in mice.Agmatine prevents lipopolysaccharides-induced loss of memory.Agmatine reverses deficits in learning and memory by lipopolysaccharides.

Morphology of cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition in microinvasive and early invasive oral squamous cell carcinom a - a light microscopic study.

The present study focuses on identification of cancer attributes of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the earliest possible stage (microinvasion) under a light microscope by using hematoxylin and eosin stains, making it feasible for researchers to investigate such cases with ease without the use of extensive setups. The present study is the first in the English literature to define EMT features in micro-invasive and early invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) under a light microscope. This is a retrospective study of histological sections of 43 cases of OSCC from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. The data collected were later statistically analyzed. A total of 11 micro-invasive and 32 early invasive OSCC cases were assessed for core features of EMT. The predominant feature defining EMT found was dense inflammatory infiltrate in both microinvasive (91%) and early invasive OSCC (88%) followed by cell individualization in 82% of microinvasive and 75% of early invasive OSCC, which was then followed by other features. Reporting EMT in histopathological reports on a daily basis can aid in early diagnosis of OSCC as well as understanding carcinogenesis in early stages. Thereby, inclusion of EMT targeting therapeutics in early stages of OSCC can significantly alter the prognosis of cancer.