Microbiotas from Humans with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alter the Balance of Gut Th17 and RORγt+ Regulatory T Cells and Exacerbate Colitis in Mice.

Microbiota are thought to influence the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but determining generalizable effects of microbiota on IBD etiology requires larger-scale functional analyses. We colonized germ-free mice with intestinal microbiotas from 30 healthy and IBD donors and determined the homeostatic intestinal T cell response to each microbiota. Compared to microbiotas from healthy donors, transfer of IBD microbiotas into germ-free mice increased numbers of intestinal Th17 cells and Th2 cells and decreased numbers of RORγt+ Treg cells. Colonization with IBD microbiotas exacerbated disease in a model where colitis is induced upon transfer of naive T cells into Rag1-/- mice. The proportions of Th17 and RORγt+ Treg cells induced by each microbiota were predictive of human disease status and accounted for disease severity in the Rag1-/- colitis model. Thus, an impact on intestinal Th17 and RORγt+ Treg cell compartments emerges as a unifying feature of IBD microbiotas, suggesting a general mechanism for microbial contribution to IBD pathogenesis.

Etrasimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (ELEVATE): two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies.

BACKGROUND: Etrasimod, a once-daily, oral, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator that selectively activates S1P receptor subtypes 1, 4, and 5, with no detectable activity on S1P2,3, is in development for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases, including ulcerative colitis. In these two phase 3 trials, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of etrasimod in adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. METHODS: In two independent randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials, ELEVATE UC 52 and ELEVATE UC 12, adults with active moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis and an inadequate or loss of response or intolerance to at least one approved ulcerative colitis therapy were randomly assigned (2:1) to once-daily oral etrasimod 2 mg or placebo. Patients in ELEVATE UC 52 were enrolled from 315 centres in 40 countries. Patients in ELEVATE UC 12 were enrolled from 407 centres in 37 countries. Randomisation was stratified by previous exposure to biologicals or Janus kinase inhibitor therapy (yes vs no), baseline corticosteroid use (yes vs no), and baseline disease activity (modified Mayo score [MMS]; 4-6 vs 7-9). ELEVATE UC 52 comprised a 12-week induction period followed by a 40-week maintenance period with a treat-through design. ELEVATE UC 12 independently assessed induction at week 12. The primary efficacy endpoints were the proportion of patients with clinical remission at weeks 12 and 52 in ELEVATE UC 52 and week 12 in ELEVATE UC 12. Safety was evaluated in both trials. ELEVATE UC 52 and ELEVATE UC 12 were registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03945188 and NCT03996369, respectively. FINDINGS: Patients in ELEVATE UC 52 were enrolled between June 13, 2019, and Jan 28, 2021. Patients in ELEVATE UC 12 were enrolled between Sept 15, 2020, and Aug 12, 2021. ELEVATE UC 52 and ELEVATE UC 12 screened 821 patients and 606 patients, respectively, with 433 and 354 subsequently undergoing random assignment. The full analysis set of ELEVATE UC 52 comprised 289 patients assigned to etrasimod and 144 to placebo. In ELEVATE UC 12, 238 patients were assigned to etrasimod and 116 to placebo. In ELEVATE UC 52, a significantly greater proportion of patients in the etrasimod group achieved clinical remission compared with patients in the placebo group at completion of the 12-week induction period (74 [27%] of 274 patients vs ten [7%] of 135 patients; p<0·0001) and at week 52 (88 [32%] of 274 patients vs nine [7%] of 135 patients; p<0·0001). In ELEVATE UC 12, 55 (25%) of 222 patients in the etrasimod group had clinical remission compared with 17 (15%) of 112 patients in the placebo group at the end of the 12-week induction period (p=0·026). Adverse events were reported in 206 (71%) of 289 patients in the etrasimod group and 81 (56%) of 144 patients in the placebo group in ELEVATE UC 52 and 112 (47%) of 238 patients in the etrasimod group and 54 (47%) of 116 patients in the placebo group in ELEVATE UC 12. No deaths or malignancies were reported. INTERPRETATION: Etrasimod was effective and well tolerated as an induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Etrasimod is a treatment option with a unique combination of attributes that might address the persistent unmet needs of patients with ulcerative colitis. FUNDING: Arena Pharmaceuticals.

Long-Term Effectiveness and Durability of COVID-19 Vaccination Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 vaccination prevents severe disease in most patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but immunosuppressive medications can blunt serologic response. We followed adults with IBD for >1 year post-COVID-19 vaccination to describe factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination, evaluate for a protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody level, characterize SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence, and identify factors associated with humoral immune response durability. METHODS: Using a prospective cohort of COVID-19 immunized adults with IBD, we analyzed factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination. We evaluated for an association between SARS-CoV-2 antibody level 12 weeks postvaccination and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and assessed for a threshold of protection using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. We then conducted a separate analysis evaluating factors associated with persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 52 weeks postimmunization. RESULTS: Almost half (43%) of 1869 participants developed COVID-19 after vaccination, but most infections were mild, and <1% required hospitalization. Older age and corticosteroid use were associated with a decreased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection postvaccination (50-59 years of age vs 18-29 years of age: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.74; steroid users vs nonusers: adjusted hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.87). Most (98%) participants had detectable antibody levels at 52 weeks postvaccination. Antibody levels at 12 weeks and number of vaccine doses were positively associated with higher antibody levels at 52 weeks, while anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy was negatively associated. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination generates an effective and durable protective response for the vast majority of adults with IBD, including vulnerable populations such as corticosteroid users and older individuals. Patients with IBD benefit from COVID-19 booster vaccination.

Endoscopic Response Reduces the Risk of Subsequent Pouchitis in Patients With Crohn's Disease-Like Pouch Inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to report the frequency and impact of endoscopic response and remission on the risk of subsequent pouchitis in patients with Crohn's disease-like pouch inflammation (CDLPI) on therapy. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study of patients older than 18 years with CDLPI on therapy. RESULTS: Among 110 included patients with CDLPI in clinical remission, endoscopic remission was not significantly associated with a reduced risk of subsequent pouchitis when compared with endoscopic response. DISCUSSION: Endoscopic response, not remission, is sufficient to reduce the risk of subsequent pouchitis in patients with CDLPI.

Determining the Accuracy of Intestinal Ultrasound Scores as a Prescreening Tool in Crohn's Disease Clinical Trials.

INTRODUCTION: High rates of screen failure for the minimum Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD) plague Crohn's disease (CD) clinical trials. We aimed to determine the accuracy of segmental intestinal ultrasound (IUS) parameters and scores to detect segmental SES-CD activity. METHODS: A single-center, blinded, cross-sectional cohort study of children and young adult patients with CD undergoing IUS and ileocolonoscopy, comparing segmental IUS bowel wall thickness (BWT), hyperemia (modified Limberg score [MLS]), and scores to detect segmental SES-CD activity: (i) SES-CD ≤2, (ii) SES-CD ≥6, and (iii) SES-CD ≥4 in the terminal ileum (TI) only. Primary outcome was accuracy of BWT, MLS, and IUS scores to detect SES-CD ≤2 and SES-CD ≥6. Secondary outcomes were accuracy of TI BWT, MLS, and IUS scores to detect SES-CD ≥4 and correlation with the SES-CD. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients (median [interquartile range] age 16.5 [12.9-20.0] years) underwent IUS and ileocolonoscopy of 323 bowel segments. Segmental BWT ≤3.1 mm had a similar high accuracy to detect SES-CD ≤2 as IUS scores (area under the receiver operating curve [AUROC] 0.833 [95% confidence interval 0.76-0.91], 94% sensitivity, and 73% specificity). Segmental BWT ≥3.6 mm and ≥4.3 mm had similar high accuracy to detect SES-CD ≥6 (AUROC 0.950 [95% confidence interval 0.92-0.98], 89% sensitivity, 93% specificity) in the colon and an SES-CD ≥4 in the TI (AUROC 0.874 [0.79-0.96], 80% sensitivity, and 91% specificity) as IUS scores. Segmental IUS scores strongly correlated with the SES-CD. DISCUSSION: Segmental IUS BWT is highly accurate to detect moderate-to-severe endoscopic inflammation. IUS may be the ideal prescreening tool to reduce unnecessary trial screen failures.

Humoral immune response and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease.

Children with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) may respond differently to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunization compared to healthy children or other patients with IBD. We recruited children with VEO-IBD <6 years of age and younger following receipt of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Demographics, IBD characteristics, medication use, adverse events (AEs) and IBD exacerbations were collected. Blood draws (optional) were obtained for measurement of antireceptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies following vaccination. Of 41 participants, none required emergency department visit or hospitalization due to AE, and only one experienced IBD exacerbation. Detectable antibody was present in 19/19 participants who provided blood sample; 6/7 participants (86%) had durable humoral response 12 months postvaccination. Children with VEO-IBD experience robust humoral immune response to COVID-19 immunization. Severe AEs were rare. These findings provide reassurance that children with VEO-IBD respond well and safely to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Real-World Outcomes of Dual Advanced Therapy in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on the safety and efficacy of combining advanced therapies for refractory patients with IBD. AIM: To evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of dual advanced therapy (DAT), combining 2 biologics or a biologic with a small molecule, in children and young adults with refractory IBD. METHODS: Primary outcome of this single IBD center cohort was DAT remission (clinical and biomarker remission) at first assessment (T1). Secondary outcomes included remission at T2, if DAT de-intensification (De-I) occurred and T3, if T2 DAT re-intensification (Re-I) occurred. Efficacy and safety outcomes were described. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients [43% female, 30% CD, median age of 18.3 [15.1-19.8] years], all 11 UST + TOFA achieved T1 remission; 6/10 De-I failed at T2; and 4/4 Re-I achieved T3 remission. Of 9 VDZ + TOFA, 6 achieved T1 remission; 5/6 De-I failed at T2; and 1/1 failed T3 Re-I. Of 4 UST + VDZ, 3 achieved T1 remission; 2/3 De-I failed at T2; and 0 had Re-I. Of 5 UST + UPA, 4 achieved T1 remission; 1/5 De-I failed at T2 but recaptured T3 remission post-Re-I. One VDZ + OZA achieved T1 remission and maintained T2 remission post-De-I to OZA monotherapy. At last follow-up, 43% were on original DAT, 17% on one of original DAT, and 40% neither. One UST + TOFA patient developed mild leukopenia and another developed septic arthritis and venous thromboembolism on VDZ + TOFA and prednisone. CONCLUSION: Most children and young adults treated with DAT achieved remission with minimal safety events; however, de-intensification had limited success.

Patient and Health Care Professional Perceptions of the Experience and Impact of Symptoms of Moderate-to-Severe Crohn's Disease in US and Europe: Results from the Cross-Sectional CONFIDE Study.

BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease (CD) significantly affects patients' health-related quality of life and well-being. AIMS: Communicating Needs and Features of IBD Experiences (CONFIDE) survey explores the experience and impact of moderate-to-severe CD symptoms on patients' lives and identifies communication gaps between patients and health care professionals (HCPs). METHODS: Online, quantitative, cross-sectional surveys of patients, and HCPs were conducted in the United States (US), Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom), and Japan. Criteria based on previous treatment, steroid use, and/or hospitalization defined moderate-to-severe CD. US and Europe data are presented as descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 215 US and 547 European patients and 200 US and 503 European HCPs. In both patient groups, top three symptoms currently (past month) experienced were diarrhea, bowel urgency, and increased stool frequency, with more than one-third patients wearing diaper/pad/protection at least once a week in past 3 months due to fear of bowel urgency-related accidents. HCPs ranked diarrhea, blood in stool, and increased stool frequency as the most common symptoms. Although 34.0% US and 27.2% European HCPs ranked bowel urgency among the top five symptoms affecting patient lives, only 12.0% US and 10.9% European HCPs ranked it among top three most impactful symptoms on treatment decisions. CONCLUSION: Bowel urgency is common and impactful among patients with CD in the US and Europe. Differences in patient and HCP perceptions of experiences and impacts of bowel urgency exist, with HCPs underestimating its burden. Proactive communication between HCPs and patients in clinical settings is crucial for improving health outcomes in patients with CD.

Low-Dose Aspirin Use Does Not Increase Disease Activity in Pregnant Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs on the gastrointestinal system are well recognized, but the effect of NSAID use on disease activity patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unresolved. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) is recommended for all pregnant patients with risk factors for developing preeclampsia, including autoimmune conditions. As recognition of risk factors for preeclampsia improves, the preventative use of LDA is likely to increase. AIMS: To investigate if LDA use for prevention of preeclampsia increases the risk of disease activity in pregnant women with IBD. METHODS: Single-center retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients with IBD who delivered from 2012 to 2020, comparing those with and without LDA use. Primary outcome was odds of clinical IBD activity in patients in remission at time of conception. Secondary outcomes were rate of elevated inflammatory biomarkers, defined as C-reactive protein > 5 ug/mL or fecal calprotectin > 250 ug/g, and rate of preeclampsia. Univariate analyses tested for associations. RESULTS: Patients taking LDA were older (p = 0.003) and more likely to have chronic hypertension (p = 0.002), to have undergone in vitro fertilization (p < 0.001), and to be on biologics (p = 0.03). Among patients in remission at conception, there was no difference in clinical disease activity or biomarker elevation during pregnancy based on LDA use (OR 1.27, 95% CI [0.55-2.94], p = 0.6). Rates of preeclampsia were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: LDA use for preeclampsia prevention did not increase the incidence of disease activity in pregnant patients with IBD.

Biopsy and blood-based molecular biomarker of inflammation in IBD.

OBJECTIVE: IBD therapies and treatments are evolving to deeper levels of remission. Molecular measures of disease may augment current endpoints including the potential for less invasive assessments. DESIGN: Transcriptome analysis on 712 endoscopically defined inflamed (Inf) and 1778 non-inflamed (Non-Inf) intestinal biopsies (n=498 Crohn's disease, n=421 UC and 243 controls) in the Mount Sinai Crohn's and Colitis Registry were used to identify genes differentially expressed between Inf and Non-Inf biopsies and to generate a molecular inflammation score (bMIS) via gene set variance analysis. A circulating MIS (cirMIS) score, reflecting intestinal molecular inflammation, was generated using blood transcriptome data. bMIS/cirMIS was validated as indicators of intestinal inflammation in four independent IBD cohorts. RESULTS: bMIS/cirMIS was strongly associated with clinical, endoscopic and histological disease activity indices. Patients with the same histologic score of inflammation had variable bMIS scores, indicating that bMIS describes a deeper range of inflammation. In available clinical trial data sets, both scores were responsive to IBD treatment. Despite similar baseline endoscopic and histologic activity, UC patients with lower baseline bMIS levels were more likely treatment responders compared with those with higher levels. Finally, among patients with UC in endoscopic and histologic remission, those with lower bMIS levels were less likely to have a disease flare over time. CONCLUSION: Transcriptionally based scores provide an alternative objective and deeper quantification of intestinal inflammation, which could augment current clinical assessments used for disease monitoring and have potential for predicting therapeutic response and patients at higher risk of disease flares.

Early Biologic Initiation After Chronic Pouch Inflammation Diagnosis Does Not Impact Clinical Outcomes.

Approximately 20% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who undergo total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) develop chronic pouch inflammation (CPI).1 Given the involvement of the small bowel in CPI, there is no consensus on whether it should be managed more like UC or Crohn's disease (CD). Despite limited evidence, biologics are often used for CPI with clinical response rates of 20%-60% with adalimumab and infliximab, 50%-80% with ustekinumab, and 30%-70% with vedolizumab.2,3 Earlier biologic therapy has been associated with greater rates of response and favorable long-term outcomes in patients with CD, however not UC.4-7 The impact of earlier initiation of biologic therapy on CPI clinical outcomes has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess whether timing of biologic initiation relative to CPI diagnosis impacts clinical and endoscopic remission.

Integrative Analysis of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Serum Metabolome Improves Our Understanding of Genetic Etiology and Points to Novel Putative Therapeutic Targets.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Polygenic and environmental factors are underlying causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that integration of the genetic loci controlling a metabolite's abundance, with known IBD genetic susceptibility loci, may help resolve metabolic drivers of IBD. METHODS: We measured the levels of 1300 metabolites in the serum of 484 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 464 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 365 controls. Differential metabolite abundance was determined for disease status, subtype, clinical and endoscopic disease activity, as well as IBD phenotype including disease behavior, location, and extent. To inform on the genetic basis underlying metabolic diversity, we integrated metabolite and genomic data. Genetic colocalization and Mendelian randomization analyses were performed using known IBD risk loci to explore whether any metabolite was causally associated with IBD. RESULTS: We found 173 genetically controlled metabolites (metabolite quantitative trait loci, 9 novel) within 63 non-overlapping loci (7 novel). Furthermore, several metabolites significantly associated with IBD disease status and activity as defined using clinical and endoscopic indexes. This constitutes a resource for biomarker discovery and IBD biology insights. Using this resource, we show that a novel metabolite quantitative trait locus for serum butyrate levels containing ACADS was not supported as causal for IBD; replicate the association of serum omega-6 containing lipids with the fatty acid desaturase 1/2 locus and identify these metabolites as causal for CD through Mendelian randomization; and validate a novel association of serum plasmalogen and TMEM229B, which was predicted as causal for CD. CONCLUSIONS: An exploratory analysis combining genetics and unbiased serum metabolome surveys can reveal novel biomarkers of disease activity and potential mediators of pathology in IBD.

CORE-IBD: A Multidisciplinary International Consensus Initiative to Develop a Core Outcome Set for Randomized Controlled Trials in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: End points to determine the efficacy and safety of medical therapies for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are evolving. Given the heterogeneity in current outcome measures, harmonizing end points in a core outcome set for randomized controlled trials is a priority for drug development in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Candidate outcome domains and outcome measures were generated from systematic literature reviews and patient engagement surveys and interviews. An iterative Delphi process was conducted to establish consensus: panelists anonymously voted on items using a 9-point Likert scale, and feedback was incorporated between rounds to refine statements. Consensus meetings were held to ratify the outcome domains and core outcome measures. Stakeholders were recruited internationally, and included gastroenterologists, colorectal surgeons, methodologists, and clinical trialists. RESULTS: A total of 235 patients and 53 experts participated. Patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, endoscopy, biomarkers, and safety were considered core domains; histopathology was an additional domain for UC. In CD, there was consensus to use the 2-item patient-reported outcome (ie, abdominal pain and stool frequency), Crohn's Disease Activity Index, Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease, C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and co-primary end points of symptomatic remission and endoscopic response. In UC, there was consensus to use the 9-point Mayo Clinic Score, fecal urgency, Robarts Histopathology Index or Geboes Score, fecal calprotectin, and a composite primary end point including both symptomatic and endoscopic remission. Safety outcomes should be reported using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. CONCLUSIONS: This multidisciplinary collaboration involving patients and clinical experts has produced the first core outcome set that can be applied to randomized controlled trials of CD and UC.

Higher Postinduction Infliximab Concentrations Are Associated With Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of the REACH Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure-outcome relationship data show that higher infliximab concentrations are associated with better outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, most of these data were derived from adult patients on maintenance therapy. We aimed to investigate the association of infliximab concentrations during and early after induction therapy of infliximab with short-term and long-term clinical outcomes in a pediatric CD population. METHODS: We conducted a post hoc analysis of the REACH trial which included pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe CD treated with infliximab (n = 103). The investigated outcomes were early clinical remission (CR) defined as a pediatric CD activity index score of ≤ 10, assessed at week 10, and long-term clinical response (LTCR) defined as a decrease from baseline in the pediatric CD activity index score of at least 15 points, with a total score of ≤ 30 and no need for drug discontinuation, assessed at weeks 30 and 54. RESULTS: Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher week 10 infliximab concentrations were independently associated with CR at week 10 (odds ratio: 1.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.22; P = 0.022) and LTCR at week 30 (odds ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.12-2.36; P = 0.010). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified week 10 infliximab concentration thresholds of ≥7.1 µg/mL and ≥6.5 µg/mL to be associated with CR at week 10 and LTCR at week 30, respectively. DISCUSSION: Higher postinduction infliximab concentrations are associated with both short-term and long-term favorable clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with CD. Tailoring dosing during induction to achieve higher infliximab exposure may lead to better outcomes in pediatric patients with CD.

Humoral Immune Response and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may respond differently to COVID-19 immunization as compared with healthy children or adults with IBD. Those younger than 12 years receive a lower vaccine dose than adults. We sought to describe the safety and humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccine in children with IBD. METHODS: We recruited children with IBD, ages 5-17 years, who received ≥ 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine by a direct-to-patient outreach and at select sites. Patient demographics, IBD characteristics, medication use, and vaccine adverse events were collected. A subset of participants had quantitative measurement of anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibodies after 2-part immunization. RESULTS: Our study population included 280 participants. Only 1 participant required an ED visit or hospitalization because of an adverse event. Of 99 participants who underwent anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibody measurement, 98 had a detectable antibody, with a mean antibody level of 43.0 µg/mL (SD 67) and a median of 22 µg/mL (interquartile range 12-38). In adjusted analyses, older age ( P = 0.028) and antitumor necrosis factor monotherapy compared with immunomodulators alone ( P = 0.005) were associated with a decreased antibody level. Antibody response in patients treated with antitumor necrosis factor combination vs monotherapy was numerically lower but not significant. DISCUSSION: Humoral immune response to COVID-19 immunization in children with IBD was robust, despite a high proportion of this pediatric cohort being treated with immunosuppressive agents. Severe vaccine-related AEs were rare. Overall, these findings provide a high level of reassurance that pediatric patients with IBD respond well and safely to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Improvements in Disease Activity Partially Mediate the Effect of Tofacitinib Treatment on Generic and Disease-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Data from the OCTAVE Program.

BACKGROUND: Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) often report impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Tofacitinib is an oral small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of UC. In addition to previous demonstrations of improved clinical measures (e.g., Mayo score), tofacitinib has been shown to improve HRQoL in patients with UC. This analysis explored the interrelationships among tofacitinib treatment, HRQoL, and disease activity (measured using Mayo subscores) using mediation modeling. METHODS: Data were collected from two 8-week induction studies (OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2) in patients with moderate to severe UC treated with tofacitinib or placebo. Two mediation models were specified. First, Mayo subscores were mediators between the binary treatment variable (tofacitinib vs. placebo) and the eight Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) domain scores as outcomes. Second, the four Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) domain scores served as outcomes. Both models used data collected at week 8. RESULTS: Overall, 1,073 and 1,079 patients were included in the SF-36- and IBDQ-based models, respectively. For all SF-36 domains, improvements in Mayo subscores were estimated to explain 65.6% (bodily pain) to 92.9% (mental health) of the total treatment effect on SF-36 domain scores (all p < 0.05). For all IBDQ domains, improvements in Mayo subscores explained 71.6% (systemic symptoms) to 84.7% (emotional function) of the total treatment effect (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mayo scores and Mayo subscores are significant but incomplete contributors to tofacitinib's effect on HRQoL in patients with moderate to severe UC. CLINICALTRIALS: gov: NCT01465763; NCT01458951.

Predictors of pouch failure: A tertiary care inflammatory bowel disease centre experience.

AIM: Rates of pouch failure after total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) range from 5% to 18%. There is little consistency across studies regarding the factors associated with failure, and most include patients who underwent IPAA in the pre-biologic era. Our aim was to analyse a cohort of patients who underwent IPAA in the biologic era at a large-volume inflammatory bowel disease institution to better determine preoperative, perioperative and postoperative factors associated with pouch failure. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed with data from an institutional review board approved prospective database with ulcerative colitis or unclassified inflammatory bowel disease patients who underwent total proctocolectomy with IPAA at Mount Sinai Hospital between 2008 and 2017. Preoperative, perioperative and postoperative data were collected and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with increased risk of pouch failure. RESULTS: Out of 664 patients included in the study, pouch failure occurred in 41 (6.2%) patients, a median of 23.3 months after final surgical stage. Of these, 17 (41.4%) underwent pouch excision and 24 (58.5%) had diverting ileostomies. The most common indications for pouch failure were Crohn's disease like pouch inflammation (CDLPI) (n = 17, 41.5%), chronic pouchitis (n = 6, 14.6%), chronic cuffitis (n = 5, 12.2%) and anastomotic stricture (n = 4, 9.8%). On multivariate analysis, pre-colectomy biologic use (hazard ratio [HR] 2.25, 95% CI 1.09-4.67), CDLPI (HR 3.18, 95% CI 1.49-6.76) and pouch revision (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.26-5.32) were significantly associated with pouch failure. CONCLUSIONS: Pouch failure was significantly associated with CDLPI, preoperative biologic use and pouch revision; however, reassuringly it was not associated with postoperative complications.

A Single-Center Experience with Dupilumab for Atopic or Psoriasiform Dermatitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Dupilumab blocks IL4/IL13 and is used in atopic disease. There are concerns that blockade may lead to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inception or activity. Limited data exist on the use of this therapy in patients with IBD; we aimed to describe our experience using dupilumab in IBD to treat concomitant atopic dermatitis (AD) or anti-TNF-induced dermatitis. METHODS: We analyzed the electronic medical records (2018-2022) in a single, tertiary care center to identify patients with IBD on dupilumab. Clinical and demographic data were gathered, including disease location/behavior, personal/family history of atopy, indication for and response to dupilumab, IBD medication history, and adverse events. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (65% Crohn's) were identified with IBD on dupilumab for dermatitis; 9 for severe AD and 8 for a worsened dermatitis, either AD or psoriasiform dermatitis (PD), induced by anti-TNF. They were treated for a median 1.2 [IQR 0.6-2.3] years. All patients had a dermatologic response to dupilumab and remained on dupilumab at last follow-up. No adverse events were identified, including no increase in IBD activity. In those with dermatitis worsened or induced by anti-TNF, all started dupilumab in combination with another biologic: 3 with anti-TNF, 4 with ustekinumab, and 1 with vedolizumab. Seven of the eight had a response to the initial combination of biologics; however, one patient using dupilumab-anti-TNF ultimately changed to combination dupilumab-ustekinumab to achieve resolution of the dermatitis. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab is safe and effective for dermatitis in patients with IBD, both primary atopic dermatitis and dermatitis induced or worsened by anti-TNF.

Validation of the bowel urgency numeric rating scale in patients with Crohn's disease: results from a mixed methods study.

PURPOSE: Bowel urgency (BU) is an important symptom of Crohn's disease (CD), however there is no patient-reported outcome (PRO) scale validated in this population to assess BU severity. Here we evaluated the content validity and psychometric properties of the Urgency Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). METHOD: Qualitative interviews were conducted with moderate-to-severe CD participants to confirm importance and relevance of BU in this population, cognitively debrief the Urgency NRS, and explore score interpretation and CD remission. A quantitative web survey study was conducted to explore the measurement properties of the urgency NRS. RESULTS: Qualitative Interview: 34 of 35 participants reported BU. It was most bothersome for 44%, 47% reported it daily, 18% with every bowel movement. BU had a severe impact on daily activities, causing many participants to stay home more than preferred. Patients confirmed the relevance, appropriateness, comprehensibility of the item, recall period, response options, and instructions of the Urgency NRS. Small reductions on the Urgency NRS score reflected meaningful improvements. Quantitative survey: The study sample comprised 76 participants (65.8% female). Mean Urgency NRS score was 4.7 (SD 2.26; N = 76) at Week 1, with no floor/ceiling effect. Test-retest reliability was acceptable. Construct and known-groups validity against selected PROs were overall strong and within ranges hypothesized a priori. CONCLUSION: The Urgency NRS is a valid and reliable instrument to assess BU severity in CD.

Defined microbiota transplant restores Th17/RORγt+ regulatory T cell balance in mice colonized with inflammatory bowel disease microbiotas.

The building evidence for the contribution of microbiota to human disease has spurred an effort to develop therapies that target the gut microbiota. This is particularly evident in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), where clinical trials of fecal microbiota transplantation have shown some efficacy. To aid the development of novel microbiota-targeted therapies and to better understand the biology underpinning such treatments, we have used gnotobiotic mice to model microbiota manipulations in the context of microbiotas from humans with inflammatory bowel disease. Mice colonized with IBD donor-derived microbiotas exhibit a stereotypical set of phenotypes, characterized by abundant mucosal Th17 cells, a deficit in the tolerogenic RORγt+ regulatory T (Treg) cell subset, and susceptibility to disease in colitis models. Transplanting healthy donor-derived microbiotas into mice colonized with human IBD microbiotas led to induction of RORγt+ Treg cells, which was associated with an increase in the density of the microbiotas following transplant. Microbiota transplant reduced gut Th17 cells in mice colonized with a microbiota from a donor with Crohn's disease. By culturing strains from this microbiota and screening them in vivo, we identified a specific strain that potently induces Th17 cells. Microbiota transplants reduced the relative abundance of this strain in the gut microbiota, which was correlated with a reduction in Th17 cells and protection from colitis.