The P4-ATPase Drs2 interacts with and stabilizes the multisubunit tethering complex TRAPPIII in yeast.

Multisubunit Tethering Complexes (MTCs) are a set of conserved protein complexes that tether vesicles at the acceptor membrane. Interactions with other components of the trafficking machinery regulate MTCs through mechanisms that are partially understood. Here, we systematically investigate the interactome that regulates MTCs. We report that P4-ATPases, a family of lipid flippases, interact with MTCs that participate in the anterograde and retrograde transport at the Golgi, such as TRAPPIII. We use the P4-ATPase Drs2 as a paradigm to investigate the mechanism and biological relevance of this interplay during transport of Atg9 vesicles. Binding of Trs85, the sole-specific subunit of TRAPPIII, to the N-terminal tail of Drs2 stabilizes TRAPPIII on membranes loaded with Atg9 and is required for Atg9 delivery during selective autophagy, a role that is independent of P4-ATPase canonical functions. This mechanism requires a conserved I(S/R)TTK motif that also mediates the interaction of the P4-ATPases Dnf1 and Dnf2 with MTCs, suggesting a broader role of P4-ATPases in MTC regulation.

Estimated reduction in obesity prevalence and costs of a 20% and 30% ad valorem excise tax to sugar-sweetened beverages in Brazil: A modeling study.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes on SSB. Over the last 10 years, obesity prevalence has almost doubled in Brazil, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut the existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB has been under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. To simulate the potential impact of increasing taxes on SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and the potential impact of a new 20% or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and cost savings. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions. We used a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages; (2) alcoholic beverages; (3) unsweetened beverages; and (4) low-calorie or artificially sweetened beverages. We estimated the adult nationwide baseline intake for each beverage category using 24-h dietary recall data collected in 2017/2018. Taking group one as the taxed beverages, we applied the price and cross-price elasticities to the baseline intake data, we obtained changes in caloric intake. The caloric reduction was introduced into an individual dynamic model to estimate changes in weight and obesity prevalence. No benefits on cost savings were modeled during the first 3 years of intervention to account for the time lag in obesity cases to reduce costs. We multiplied the reduction in obesity cases during 7 years by the obesity costs per capita to predict the costs savings attributable to the sweetened beverage tax. SSB price elasticities were higher among the lowest tertile of income (-1.24) than in the highest income tertile (-1.13), and cross-price elasticities suggest SSB were weakly substituted by milk, water, and 100% fruit juices. We estimated a caloric change of -17.3 kcal/day/person under a 20% excise tax and -25.9 kcal/day/person under a 30% tax. Ten years after implementation, a 20% tax is expected to reduce obesity prevalence by 6.7%; 9.1% for a 30% tax. These reductions translate into a -2.8 million and -3.8 million obesity cases for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively, and a reduction of $US 13.3 billion and $US 17.9 billion in obesity costs over 10 years for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively. Study limitations include using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height, which could be insufficient to correct for reporting bias; also, weight, height, and physical activity were assumed to be steady over time. CONCLUSIONS: Adding a 20% to 30% excise tax on top of Brazil's current federal tax could help to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed beverages, empty calories, and body weight while avoiding large health-related costs. Given the recent cuts to SSB taxes in Brazil, a program to revise and implement excise taxes could prove beneficial for the Brazilian population.

Context-dependent accuracy of the cobas plasma separation card for HCV RNA viral load measurement.

Collection and preservation of plasma are challenging in remote or under-resourced settings. The cobas® Plasma Separation Card (PSC) is an alternative specimen type for blood-borne pathogen nucleic acid quantitation. We assessed PSC as a specimen type for HCV RNA quantitation in Pakistan. Plasma from venous blood and PSC from finger prick blood were prepared at two sites: Site 1 (in Lahore, n = 199) consisted of laboratory-based outpatient clinics. Specimens were prepared in the same facility and stored frozen. Site 2 was a catchment area within a resource-limited, semi-urban locality of Islamabad with limited access to healthcare services (n = 151). Community public health outreach staff collected blood and prepared the PSC in the participants' homes. Specimens were transported to the central hepatitis laboratory in Lahore to be stored frozen until tested. HCV RNA testing was performed using the cobas HCV RNA test in a central laboratory. Concordance with respect to RNA detectability was high at Site 1 (97.4%), but lower at Site 2 (82.4%). At Site 1, HCV viral load in plasma and PSC were well correlated across the linear range with a 0.21 log10 IU/mL mean bias toward higher concentrations in PSC. At Site 2, HCV viral load in plasma and PSC were poorly correlated. There was a 0.11 log10 IU/mL mean bias toward higher concentrations in PSC. PSC performance can be excellent in underserved settings where refrigerated transport of traditional specimens is difficult. In very challenging field settings, extra support must be provided to ensure correct specimen collection and handling.

The myoarchitecture of the vertebrate cardiac ventricles: evolution and classification.

The ventricle of the vertebrate heart is the main segment of the cardiac outflow region. Compared with other cardiac components, it shows remarkable histomorphological variation among different animal groups. This variation is especially apparent in the myocardium, which is generally classified into three main types: trabeculated, compact and mixed. The trabeculated or 'spongy' myocardium is characterized by the existence of trabeculae and deep recesses or intertrabecular spaces, lined by the endocardium. The compact type is composed of condensed myocardial fibers, with almost no trabeculated layer. The mixed type consists of an outer compact layer and an inner trabeculated layer. Among vertebrates, fishes show a great diversity of myocardial types. On this basis, the ventricular myoarchitecture has been categorized into four groups of varying complexity. This classification is made according to (i) the proportion of the two types of myocardium, trabeculated versus compact, and (ii) the vascularization of the heart wall. Here, we review the morphogenetic mechanisms that give rise to the different ventricular myoarchitecture in gnathostomes (i.e. jawed vertebrates) with special emphasis on the diversity of the ventricular myocardium throughout the phylogeny of ancient actinopterygians and teleosts. Finally, we propose that the classification of the ventricular myoarchitecture should be reconsidered, given that the degrees of myocardial compactness on which the current classification system is based do not constitute discrete states, but an anatomical continuum.

"Warning: ultra-processed": an online experiment examining the impact of ultra-processed warning labels on consumers' product perceptions and behavioral intentions.

BACKGROUND: Nutrient content and degree of processing are complementary but distinct concepts, and a growing body of evidence shows that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) can have detrimental health effects independently from nutrient content. 10 + countries currently mandate front-of-package labels (FOPL) to inform consumers when products are high in added sugars, saturated fat, and/or sodium. Public health advocates have been calling for the addition of ultra-processed warning labels to these FOPLs, but the extent to which consumers would understand and be influenced by such labels remains unknown. We examined whether the addition of ultra-processed warning labels to existing nutrient warning labels could influence consumers' product perceptions and purchase intentions. METHODS: In 2023, a sample of adults in Brazil (n = 1,004) answered an open-ended question about the meaning of the term "ultra-processed," followed by an online experiment where they saw four ultra-processed products carrying warning labels. Participants were randomly assigned to view either only nutrient warning labels or nutrient plus ultra-processed warning labels. Participants then answered questions about their intentions to purchase the products, product perceptions, and perceived label effectiveness. RESULTS: Most participants (69%) exhibited a moderate understanding of the term "ultra-processed" prior to the experiment. The addition of an ultra-processed warning label led to a higher share of participants who correctly identified the products as UPFs compared to nutrient warning labels alone (Cohen's d = 0.16, p = 0.02). However, the addition of the ultra-processed warning label did not significantly influence purchase intentions, product healthfulness perceptions, or perceived label effectiveness compared to nutrient warning labels alone (all p > 0.05). In exploratory analyses, demographic characteristics and prior understanding of the concept of UPF did not moderate the effect of ultra-processed warning labels. CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-processed warning labels may help consumers better identify UPFs, although they do not seem to influence behavioral intentions and product perceptions beyond the influence already exerted by nutrient warning labels. Future research should examine how ultra-processed warning labels would work for products that do and do not require nutrient warnings, as well as examine the benefits of labeling approaches that signal the health effects of UPFs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05842460. Prospectively registered March 15th, 2023.

The Efficacy of the SinHumo App Combined With a Psychological Treatment to Quit Smoking: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the efficacy of the SinHumo App combined with a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatment on 12-month follow-up abstinence, compared with the same smoking cessation treatment and a control App. AIMS AND METHODS: A sample of 288 treatment-seeking people who smoke were randomized: SinHumo App plus smoking cessation treatment (n = 140) and control App plus smoking cessation treatment (n = 148). The primary outcome was 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) at the 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were abstinence rates at the end of the intervention and 3- and 6-month follow-ups, cigarette per day (CPD) reduction over the 12-month follow-up, intervention engagement, and satisfaction. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analyses showed nonsignificant differences in self-reported 7-day PPA at the 12-month follow-up (37.1 and 42.6%, respectively; OR = 0.80). No significant differences were found in abstinence at the end of the treatment (68.6 vs. 62.8%) nor on 7-day PPA at 3- (35.7 vs. 45.9%) and 6-month (35.0 vs. 41.2%) follow-up. Complete case and multiple imputation analyses yielded similar results for abstinence outcomes. A significant reduction in CPD across the 12-month follow-up in the subsample of participants who smoked was observed, but nonsignificant differences between conditions were found. Higher engagement with the SinHumo App was a significant predictor of 12-month abstinence. Satisfaction with the intervention was high and similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: High abstinence rates over the 12-month follow-up and satisfaction were found in both conditions. The inclusion of the SinHumo App did not improve abstinence rates in the intervention. IMPLICATIONS: Scarce research has examined the long-term efficacy of smoking cessation treatments, including Apps, to support the quitting process. The present randomized controlled trial contributes to the existing literature about including information and communication technologies in behavior change interventions. The development of effective smoking cessation apps and information and communication technologies-based interventions is crucial for reducing the prevalence of smoking, as these interventions have the potential to reach a large number of people who smoke and reduce access-related barriers to treatment.

Unveiling a Silent Obstructor: Phytobezoar in the Third Duodenal Segment.

We present a case of obstruction in the third portion of the duodenum secondary to a phytobezoar in an adult patient with no surgical history and without a vegan diet. High intestinal obstruction due to a phytobezoar is rarely described in the literature, posing a diagnostic challenge when evaluating potential differentials in the emergency setting. Subsequently, we conduct a review focusing on tomographic findings and the surgical specimen, highlighting key points to consider when addressing such pathologies.

Consumption of low-calorie sweeteners: findings from the Campinas Nutrition and Health Survey.

We used data from the Campinas Health Survey (ISACamp 2014/15) and the Food Consumption and Nutritional Status Survey (ISACamp-Nutri 2015/16) to estimate the prevalence of the consumption of foods and beverages that contain low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) by individuals ≥ 10 years to estimate the dietary exposure of the population to high levels of LCS. We first estimated the prevalence of consuming LCS-containing foods and beverages and identified the top sources of LCS consumption. We then verified whether the prevalence of consumption varied according to individual-level characteristics or the presence of obesity and diabetes. Finally, we estimated the population dietary exposure to high levels of LCS and compared it with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels. Over 40 % of the study population consumed at least one LCS-containing food or beverage. Sweetened beverages, tabletop sweeteners and dairy beverages were the top contributors to the consumption of LCS. Among all age groups, education levels, and income levels, the consumption of LCS-containing foods and beverages ranged from 35 % to 55 %. The prevalence was only slightly greater among higher income 40-59-year-olds than among other income groups and was not higher among individuals with obesity or diabetes. Although dietary exposure to LCS did not exceed the ADI levels, we identified several limitations in our ability to measure exposure to high levels of LCS. Because of these challenges and the unclear evidence linking LCS to better health outcomes, the consumption of LCS-containing foods and beverages should be closely monitored.

Bioprocess conditions and regulation factors to optimize squalene production in thraustochytrids.

Squalene is a widely distributed natural triterpene, as it is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of all sterols. It is a compound of high commercial value worldwide because it has nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, due to its different biological properties. The main source of extraction has been shark liver oil, which is currently unviable on a larger scale due to the impacts of overexploitation. Secondary sources are mainly vegetable oils, although a limited one, as they allow low productive yields. Due to the diversity of applications that squalene presents and its growing demand, there is an increasing interest in identifying sustainable sources of extraction. Wild species of thraustochytrids, which are heterotrophic protists, have been identified to have the highest squalene content compared to bacteria, yeasts, microalgae, and vegetable sources. Several studies have been carried out to identify the bioprocess conditions and regulation factors, such as the use of eustressors that promote an increase in the production of this triterpene; however, studies focused on optimizing their productive yields are still in its infancy. This review includes the current trends that also comprises the advances in genetic regulations in these microorganisms, with a view to identify the culture conditions that have been favorable in increasing the production of squalene, and the influences that both bioprocess conditions and applied regulation factors partake at a metabolic level.

Drug use, risk perceptions and attitudes towards drug use amongst medical and dentistry students.

AIMS: To analyse the use of psychoactive substances and the risk perceptions amongst odontology and medical students. To study their perceptions, attitudes and knowledge, and to evaluate their motivation when helping their patients to stop using these substances. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 962 students in Spain, using validated questionnaires on an anonymous basis. RESULTS: Amongst these students, drug use varies and increases with age as assessed by the DAST and CAST tests, with more problematic use being observed as the academic cycle progresses (p < .001). Participants in the 2nd cycle presented higher consumption than those in the 1st cycle, in the univariate model (OR = 1.77, IC 95% 1.27-2.48, p = .001) and in the adjusted model (OR = 1.86, IC 95% 1.32-2.62, p < .001). Regarding CAST, non-problematic use in the 1st cycle versus the 3rd cycle presented an OR = 8.69 (IC 95% 4.50-16.78, p < .001) and for low risk use it presented an OR = 15.18 (IC 95% 1.83-14.68). Only 46.7% considered using marijuana on a regular basis as a high risk, whilst 60.5% stated that smoking a pack of cigarettes represents a high risk. Alcohol was the substance for which the risk perception was lowest. 66.2% are in the maintenance stage "I provide my regular drug-using patients help to give up," with women being more likely to be in this stage (p = .012). CONCLUSIONS: High risk of drug use increases after the 1st cycle in Dentistry and in Medicine. Training programmes should be implemented in both degrees, focusing on the 1st years in order to simultaneously prevent drug use amongst students.

The environmental geochemical baseline, background and sources of metal and metalloids present in urban, peri-urban and rural soils in the O´Higgins region, Chile.

The importance of environmental geochemistry baseline in soils of O´Higgins Region, Chile, since it hosts in its eastern area one of the major Cu-Mo producing mines in the country, is to establish and explain relationships between the chemical compositions of the Earth's surface and potential contaminants sources such as mining industry, agriculture and urban activity. A total of 109 samples of urban, peri-urban and rural soils were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence to determine most of the elemental concentrations analyzed. The C and S analyses were performed with the high-temperature combustion method, and a MERCUR mercury analyzer was used for Hg. The study shows that the distribution patterns for most major elements and some trace elements are controlled by the lithologic substrate. This study identified areas with metals and metalloids in high concentrations, which are a risk to the environment and health according to established international regulations. Some of these components correspond to Cu (2500 ppm), Mo (26,5 ppm), As (134,6 ppm), Cr (206.6 ppm), Hg (0.2 ppm), Ni (26.4 ppm), Pb (61.7 ppm), V (227,2 ppm) and Zn (180.3 ppm). Through an elementary association analysis, most of these elements resulted from extractive activities of Cu, metal alloys and oil combustion. It was also possible to trace the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural soils, as well as the combustion of oil related to vehicles in the study area. This information is relevant to implement environmental management strategies to control possible exposure to toxic compounds to human health.

Atomically thin half-van der Waals metals enabled by confinement heteroepitaxy.

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) metals may be key ingredients in next-generation quantum and optoelectronic devices. However, 2D metals must be stabilized against environmental degradation and integrated into heterostructure devices at the wafer scale. The high-energy interface between silicon carbide and epitaxial graphene provides an intriguing framework for stabilizing a diverse range of 2D metals. Here we demonstrate large-area, environmentally stable, single-crystal 2D gallium, indium and tin that are stabilized at the interface of epitaxial graphene and silicon carbide. The 2D metals are covalently bonded to SiC below but present a non-bonded interface to the graphene overlayer; that is, they are 'half van der Waals' metals with strong internal gradients in bonding character. These non-centrosymmetric 2D metals offer compelling opportunities for superconducting devices, topological phenomena and advanced optoelectronic properties. For example, the reported 2D Ga is a superconductor that combines six strongly coupled Ga-derived electron pockets with a large nearly free-electron Fermi surface that closely approaches the Dirac points of the graphene overlayer.

Role of different nutrient profiling models in identifying targeted foods for front-of-package food labelling in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the degree of strictness and agreement of different nutrient profiling models (NPM) used to identify which foods would be required to show front-of-package (FOP) warning labels. DESIGN: Using data of 11 434 packaged foods found in the five largest food retailers in Brazil, we used two published NPM: the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) model and the NPM used in the Chilean nutritional FOP labelling policy, and compared them with a NPM proposed by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). The proportion of foods that would be required to show FOP warning labels was calculated overall and by food category. We also tested whether a modified version of the PAHO NPM would behave similarly to the original version. SETTING: Brazil. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the packaged products (62 %) would receive FOP warning labels under the PAHO NPM, as compared with 45 % of products using the proposed Anvisa NPM and 41 % if the Chilean NPM was applied. The PAHO NPM identified more foods high in critical nutrients such as sweetened dairy and non-dairy beverages, canned vegetables and convenience foods. Overall agreement between models was considered good with kappa coefficient ranging from 0·57 to 0·92 but was lower for some food categories. CONCLUSIONS: We found variations in the degree of strictness and agreement between assessed NPM. The PAHO NPM identified more foods and beverages high in sugar which are among the top contributors to sugar and energy intake in Brazil.

Unexpected Near-Infrared to Visible Nonlinear Optical Properties from 2-D Polar Metals.

Near-infrared-to-visible second harmonic generation from air-stable two-dimensional polar gallium and indium metals is described. The photonic properties of 2D metals, including the largest second-order susceptibilities reported for metals (approaching 10 nm/V), are determined by the atomic-level structure and bonding of two-to-three-atom-thick crystalline films. The bond character evolved from covalent to metallic over a few atomic layers, changing the out-of-plane metal-metal bond distances by approximately ten percent (0.2 Å), resulting in symmetry breaking and an axial electrostatic dipole that mediated the large nonlinear response. Two different orientations of the crystalline metal atoms, corresponding to lateral displacements <2 Å, persisted in separate micrometer-scale terraces to generate distinct harmonic polarizations. This strong atomic-level structure-property interplay suggests metal photonic properties can be controlled with atomic precision.

Malnutrition in all its forms and social inequalities in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by income, education and race/ethnicity in the Brazilian population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged <5 years (n 14 580), adolescents aged 11-19 years (n 31 892) and adults aged 20-49 years (n 84 660). RESULTS: Among children, prevalence of excess weight, wasting and stunting was 16·9, 2·8 and 6·0 %, respectively. Differences related to income, education and race/ethnicity were verified, except for prevalence of wasting by education level. Girls and boys presented 18·4 and 20·5 % of excess weight, 2·8 and 3·7 % of underweight and 5·5 and 7·3 % of stunting, respectively. Prevalence of excess weight was lower among poorer, lower-educated (only for boys) and white adolescents, while stunting was lower among higher-income, higher-educated and white adolescents. Over three-quarters of women and almost half of men presented excess weight. Among adults, 3·9 % of women and 1·7 % of men were underweight, and 5·7 % of women and 0·2 % of men presented short stature. Prevalence of excess weight for women was higher among lower education and black, while for men it was higher among higher income and education and white. Short stature was more prevalent among black and mixed-race, low-educated and low-income women. Underweight prevalence was higher among low-educated, black and mixed-race women. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the prevalence of excess weight was at least threefold higher than that of undernutrition for children and adolescents and at least sevenfold higher for adults. Social inequalities were observed in the distribution of malnutrition across the lifespan and by gender.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve in 2 Model Species and Review of the Literature.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common human congenital cardiac malformation. Although the etiology is unknown for most patients, formation of the 2 main BAV anatomic types (A and B) has been shown to rely on distinct morphogenetic mechanisms. Animal models of BAV include 2 spontaneous hamster strains and 27 genetically modified mouse strains. To assess the value of these models for extrapolation to humans, we examined the aortic valve anatomy of 4340 hamsters and 1823 mice from 8 and 7 unmodified strains, respectively. In addition, we reviewed the literature describing BAV in nonhuman mammals. The incidences of BAV types A and B were 2.3% and 0.03% in control hamsters and 0% and 0.3% in control mice, respectively. Hamsters from the spontaneous model had BAV type A only, whereas mice from 2 of 27 genetically modified strains had BAV type A, 23 of 27 had BAV type B, and 2 of 27 had both BAV types. In both species, BAV incidence was dependent on genetic background. Unlike mice, hamsters had a wide spectrum of aortic valve morphologies. We showed interspecific differences in the occurrence of BAV between humans, hamsters, and mice that should be considered when studying aortic valve disease using animal models. Our results suggest that genetic modifiers play a significant role in both the morphology and incidence of BAV. We propose that mutations causing anomalies in specific cardiac morphogenetic processes or cell lineages may lead to BAV types A, B, or both, depending on additional genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors.

Nutritional quality of foods and non-alcoholic beverages advertised on Brazilian free-to-air television: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that foods marketed on television are often low-nutrient-dense foods associated with poor nutritional diet quality, obesity and non-communicable diseases. However, little research has been undertaken in Brazil around this issue. This study assessed the nutritional profile of foods and non-alcoholic beverages advertised on Brazilian television by applying the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO/Europe) nutrient profiling models. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on the International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) protocol. A total of 432 h on the three major Brazilian free-to-air TV channels was recorded from April 1st to 30th 2018. Recordings were done for eight non-consecutive and randomly selected days from 6 am to 12 am (midnight). All food-related ads were coded using a systematic approach and classified according to the PAHO and the WHO/Europe nutrient profile models as "eligible"/"not eligible" for marketing restrictions. Absolute and relative frequencies were used to describe absolute numbers and proportions of food and beverage advertisements. The nutritional profile of foods was compared by day, time of the day and types of TV program. For each advertisement, the parent company of promoted food products, supermarkets and restaurants was identified. RESULTS: A total of 1610 food and beverage ads were broadcast, representing 18.1% of the total ads shown on selected channels. Over 80.0% of all foods and beverages advertised on Brazilian TV channels did not meet the PAHO and the WHO/Europe nutritional quality standards and were considered eligible for marketing restrictions. The proportion of unhealthy food ads was significantly higher on weekends, in the afternoon, and during soap operas programming. Altogether, 10 transnational and local food and beverage companies, two large international fast food chains and two of Brazil's largest supermarket retailers accounted for almost 90% of all unhealthy food ads shown. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study indicate a high exposure of the Brazilian population to unhealthy food marketing and an inefficient enforcement of existing regulations. Further research to monitor population exposure to unhealthy food marketing and understand the policy inertia that is preventing policy progress, is highly recommended.

Parent-related factors influencing antibiotic use in a paediatric population: A qualitative study in Spain.

AIM: To explore the parent-related factors underlying antibiotic misuse/overuse and their implication in the development of resistance in the paediatric population. METHODS: Qualitative study using the focus group (FG) method in Galicia (Spain). FG sessions were conducted with the parents, 27 mothers and three fathers, of children under 12 years old. A discussion topic guide was developed to lead the sessions, which were then transcribed by the researcher and independently interpreted by two researchers working separately. The grounded theory approach was used. RESULTS: Five FG sessions were conducted. The principal factor detected among parents was fear, associated with the perception of poor parent-paediatrician communication. This factor was related to the following behaviours: (a) pressure on physicians; (b) lack of adherence to treatment; and (c) search for other ways of accessing antibiotics. No group highlighted antibiotic resistance as posing a real problem. All groups considered certain external agents to be responsible for such resistance. Four groups also acknowledged that patient behaviour can influence antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Our study points to poor communication between the healthcare system and the population. Identifying the factors underlying the problem enables more efficient, tailor-made interventions to be designed for the purpose of improving antibiotic use and resistance.

Myosin heavy chain isoforms in the myocardium of the atrioventricular junction of Scyliorhinus canicula (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes).

The atrioventricular junction of the fish heart, namely the segment interposed between the single atrium and the single ventricle, has been studied anatomically and histologically in several chondrichthyan and teleost species. Nonetheless, knowledge about myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in the atrioventricular myocardium remains scarce. The present report is the first one to provide data on the MyHC isoform distribution in the myocardium of the atrioventricular junction in chondrichthyans, specifically in the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, a shark species whose heart reflects the primitive cardiac anatomical design in gnathostomes. Hearts from five dogfish were examined using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The anti-MyHC A4.1025 antibody was used to detect differences in the occurrence of MyHC isoforms in the dogfish, as the fast-twitch isoforms MYH2 and MYH6 have a higher affinity for this antibody than the slow-twitch isoforms MYH7 and MYH7B. The histochemical findings show that myocardium of the atrioventricular junction connects the trabeculated myocardium of the atrium with the trabeculated layer of the ventricular myocardium. The immunohistochemical results indicate that the distribution of MyHC isoforms in the atrioventricular junction is not homogeneous. The atrial portion of the atrioventricular myocardium shows a positive reactivity against the A4.1025 antibody similar to that of the atrial myocardium. In contrast, the ventricular portion of the atrioventricular junction is not labelled, as is the case with the ventricular myocardium. This dual condition suggests that the myocardium of the atrioventricular junction has two contraction patterns: the myocardium of the atrial portion contracts in line with the atrial myocardium, whereas that of the ventricular portion follows the contraction pattern of the ventricular myocardium. Thus, the transition of the contraction wave from the atrium to the ventricle may be established in the atrioventricular segment because of its heterogeneous MyHC isoform distribution. The findings support the hypothesis that a distinct MyHC isoform distribution in the atrioventricular myocardium enables a synchronous contraction of inflow and outflow cardiac segments in vertebrates lacking a specialized cardiac conduction system.

Optimal Production of Protein Hydrolysates from Monkfish By-Products: Chemical Features and Associated Biological Activities.

The aim of this work was the recovery of protein substrates from monkfish waste (heads and viscera) generated in the on-board processing of this species. Initially, the effect of pH, temperature, and protease concentration was studied on mixtures of a 1:1 ratio (w/v) of monkfish heads/water. The optimal conditions of proteolytic digestion were established at 57.4 °C, pH 8.31, [Alcalase] = 0.05% (v/w) for 3 h of hydrolysis. Later on, a set of hydrolysis at 5L-pH-stat reactor were run under the aforementioned conditions, confirming the validity of the optimization studies for the head and viscera of monkfish. Regarding the chemical properties of the fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), the yield of digestion was higher than 90% in both cases and the degrees of hydrolysis and the soluble protein content were not especially large (<20% and <45 g/L, respectively). In vitro digestibility was higher than 90% and the percentage of essential amino acids ranged from 40 to 42%. Antioxidant activities were higher in viscera FPH, and antihypertensive ability was superior in head FPH. The values of number average molecular weights (Mn) of monkfish hydrolysates were 600 Da in the viscera and 947 Da in the head. The peptide size distribution, obtained by size-exclusion chromatography, indicated that the largest presence of peptides below 1000 Da and 200 Da was observed in the viscera FPH.