Molecular diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis: the state of the art.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis. Approximately one-third of the world's population is currently T. gondii-seropositive. Although most infections are symptomless, a few can produce retinal lesions and, in immunocompromised persons or when congenitally contracted, can progress to life-threatening central nervous system disseminated infections. Therefore, quick, and precise diagnosis is a must. Molecular techniques nowadays play a crucial role in toxoplasmosis diagnosis, particularly in immunocompromised patients or congenital toxoplasmosis. This review aimed to detail recent advancements in molecular diagnostics of T. gondii infections. The terms "Toxoplasmosis," "Molecular diagnostics," "PCR," "qPCR," "B1," and "rep529" were used to search the English-language literature. In developed nations, conventional PCR (PCR) and nested PCR have been supplanted by quantitative PCR (qPCR), although they are still widely employed in poor nations. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has been revolutionized by the emergence of molecular diagnostics. Unfortunately, there is still substantial interlaboratory variability. There is an immediate need for standardization to increase the comparability of results between laboratories and clinical trials. Graphical abstract: A graphical abstract highlighting the summary of Toxoplasma molecular diagnostics, created using Biorender.com.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PHLYCTENULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS AND INTESTINAL PARASITES.

This study was carred out on fifty children suffering from Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis and attending ophthalmology outpatient clinics of Sohag University Teaching Hospital and Sohag Ophthalmology Hospital, of them 30 (60%) male and 20 (40%) females with age range from 6months to 14 years. Fifty stool samples were collected and examined microscopically for detection of any parasitic infection. 12(24%) cases were infected with Hymenolepis nana, one (2%) case was infected with E. hyistolytica, one case was infected Enterobius vermicularis, one case was infected with Giardia lamblia and one case was infected Tenia spp., regarding to age and sex distribution of the disease, male gender and age ranged from 6-8years were more affected, rural children were more affected than urbans one.