Novel hit of DPP-4Is as promising antihyperglycemic agents with dual antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects for type 2 diabetes with/without COVID-19.

DPP-4Is are well recognized therapy for type 2 diabetes. In spite of sharing a common mode of action, the chemical diversity among members of DPP-4Is raised the question whether structural differences may result in distinguished activities. DPP-4Is were recently explored as drug repurposing means for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 due to the urgent need for small molecule drugs for controlling infections. The use of DPP-4Is was not correlated with adverse COVID-19-related consequences among patients with type 2 diabetes. Inspired by these reasons and the importance of pyrimidinone ring as DPP-4I with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, we succeeded to prepare some novel pyrimidinone and thio-pyrimidinone derivatives, which were then screened for their antidiabetic activity and DPP-4 inhibition. In addition, their anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. Furthermore, their antioxidant activities were also tested.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of new benzofuran and indole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors.

Microtubules and the mitotic spindle have become an important target for cancer treatment due to their critical role in cell division. In this work, a novel series of benzofuran and indole derivatives were designed and synthesized, to be evaluated as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. 2-Acetylbenzofuran derivatives 1a,b and 3-acetylindole 1c were condensed with Wittig reagents 2a-d and Wittig-Horner reagents 3a-e to afford the respective 2-ethylidene derivatives 5a-j and 7a-e. Also, iminomethylene triphenylphosphine (2e) reacted with 1a,b to afford benzofuran-2-ylethylidene aniline derivatives 6a,b. In addition, compounds 1a,b reacted with trialkylphosphites 4a-c to give 1:1 adduct for which the Oxaphospholo[4,3-b]benzofuran-7-yl)diazene derivatives 8a-f, were assigned. The possible reactions mechanisms were discussed and structural reasoning for the new compounds were based upon spectroscopic data. Their antiproliferative activities against two cell lines namely, HepG2 and MCF7 cells were then evaluated. It was found that the benzofuran compounds 5b, 6a, and 8c exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activities against both cell lines compared to doxorubicin. By studying the mechanism of action, compound 6a showed good inhibition of tubulin polymerization which leads to mitotic spindle formation disruption, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. A conducted docking study confirmed the in vitro results indicating that compound 6a fitted properly at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Based on these findings, compound 6a can be considered as a promising anticancer candidate that can be subjected for further development as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor for treating liver and breast cell carcinoma.

Synthesis of novel calcium channel blockers with ACE2 inhibition and dual antihypertensive/anti-inflammatory effects: A possible therapeutic tool for COVID-19.

Hypertension has been recognized as one of the most frequent comorbidities and risk factors for the seriousness and adverse consequences in COVID-19 patients. 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H) ones have attracted researchers to be synthesized via Beginilli reaction and evaluate their antihypertensive activities as bioisosteres of nifedipine a well-known calcium channel blocker. In this study, we report synthesis of some bioisosteres of pyrimidines as novel CCBs with potential ACE2 inhibitory effect as antihypertensive agents with protective effect against COVID-19 infection by suppression of ACE2 binding to SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD. All compounds were evaluated for their antihypertensive and calcium channel blocking activities using nifedipine as a reference standard. Furthermore, they were screened for their ACE2 inhibition potential in addition to their anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Most of the tested compounds exhibited significant antihypertensive activity, where compounds 7a, 8a and 9a exhibited the highest activity compared to nifedipine. Moreover, compounds 4a,b, 5a,b, 7a,b, 8a,c and 9a showed promising ACE2:SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD inhibitory effect. Finally, compounds 5a, 7b and 9a exerted a promising anti-inflammatory effect by inhibition of CRP and IL-6 production. Ultimately, compound 9a may be a promising antihypertensive candidate with anti-inflammatory and potential efficacy against COVID-19 via ACE2 receptor inhibition.

Novel structural hybrids of quinoline and thiazole moieties: Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities with molecular modeling studies.

One of the best ways to design new biocidal agents is synthesizing hybrid molecules by combining two or more bioactive moieties in a single molecular scaffold. So, new series of quinolines bearing a thiazole moiety were synthesized using thiosemicarbazones 2a-f. Cyclization of 2a-f with ethyl chloroacetate, ethyl 2-chloropropanoate or chloroacetone afforded the corresponding thiazoles 3-5. The antimicrobial activity of the new quinoline derivatives was evaluated. The most of tested compounds revealed potent both of the antibacterial and antifungal activities. Fourfold potency of amphotericin B for the inhibition the growth of the A. fumigatus was displayed by ccompound 5e. The latter compound displayed twofold potency of gentamycin for inhibition the growth of N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, this compound showed equipotent potency of references drugs for inhibition of the growth of S. flexneri, S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris, A. clavatus, G. candidum and P. marneffei. So, quinolines bearing a thiazole moiety can be suggested as interesting scaffolds for the development both of the novel antibacterial and antifungal agents. Some new derivatives were studied as peptide deformylase enzyme inhibitors. Thiazolidin-4-one derivative 3d and 2,3-dihydrothiazole derivative 5c had shown good PDF inhibition activity, which had been supported by the docking results with highest binding affinity and lowest docking energy score. These results suggested that the most potent compounds might be possible agents as novel bacterial PDF inhibitor.

Synthesis of Novel 2-Thiouracil-5-Sulfonamide Derivatives as Potent Inducers of Cell Cycle Arrest and CDK2A Inhibition Supported by Molecular Docking.

In an effort to discover potent anticancer agents, 2-thiouracil-5-sulfonamides derivatives were designed and synthesized. The cytotoxic activity of all synthesized compounds was investigated against four human cancer cell lines viz A-2780 (ovarian), HT-29 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), and HepG2 (liver). Compounds 6b,d-g, and 7b showed promising anticancer activity and significant inhibition of CDK2A. Moreover, they were all safe when tested on WI38 normal cells with high selectivity index for cancer cells. Flow cytometric analysis for the most active compound 6e displayed induction of cell growth arrest at G1/S phase (A-2780 cells), S phase (HT-29 and MCF-7 cells), and G2/M phase (HepG2 cells) and stimulated the apoptotic death of all cancer cells. Moreover, 6e was able to cause cycle arrest indirectly through enhanced expression of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. Finally, molecular docking of compound 6e endorsed its proper binding to CDK2A, which clarifies its potent anticancer activity.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Breast Cancer Activities of Some Newly Synthesized 5-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno-[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one Candidates.

In this study, some of new thiophenyl thienopyrimidinone derivatives 2-15 were prepared and tested as anti-cancer agents by using thiophenyl thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinone derivative 2 as a starting material, which was prepared from cyclization of ethyl ester derivative 1 with formamide. Treatment of 2 with ethyl- chloroacetate gave thienopyrimidinone N-ethylacetate 3, which was reacted with hydrazine hydrate or anthranilic acid to afford acetohydrazide 4 and benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one 5, respectively. Condensation of 4 with aromatic aldehydes or phenylisothiocyanate yielded Schiff base derivatives 6,7, and thiosemicarbazise 10, which were treated with 2-mercaptoacetic acid or chloroacetic acid to give the corresponding thiazolidinones 8, 9, and phenylimino-thiazolidinone 11, respectively. Treatment of 4 with ethylacetoacetate or acetic acid/acetic anhydride gave pyrazole 12 and acetyl acetohydrazide 13 derivatives, respectively. The latter compound 13 was reacted with ethyl cycno-acetate or malononitrile to give 14 and 15, respectively. In this work, we have studied the anti-cancer activity of the synthesized thienopyrimidinone derivatives against MCF-7 and MCF-10A cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that the synthesized compounds significantly reduced tumor growth up to the 8th day of treatment in comparison to control animal models. Additionally, the synthesized derivatives showed potential inhibitory effects against pim-1 kinase activities.

Synthesis of Cyclic and Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides Analogues with Anticipated Antiviral Activity.

A convenient method for preparation of cyclic and acyclic nucleosides was achieved by alkylation of 6-(2,4-dichlorophenoxymethyl) pyrimidine-2,4-dione (1) with a variety of acyclic and cyclic activated sugar analogues, namely (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate (3), 2-(acetoxymethoxy)propane-1,3-diyl dibenzoate (4), benzyloxymethyl acetate (5), 2-acetoxy-5-(benzoyloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl dibenzoate (12), 5-chloro-2-((4-chlorobenzoyloxy)methyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-yl 4-chlorobenzoate (13) and 2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-bromotetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (14), respectively. Deprotection of the synthesized nucleosides was achieved by using methanolic ammonia. The structures of the newly synthesized nucleoside analogues were fully characterized by analytical methods (mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis).

New Biguanides as Anti-Diabetic Agents, Part II: Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Properties Evaluation of 1-Arylamidebiguanide Derivatives as Agents of Insulin Resistant Type II Diabetes.

New 1-arylamidebiguanide hydrochloride salts were synthesized via reaction of hydrazide derivatives with dicyandiamide in acidic medium. The structure of the obtained derivatives was characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis tools. The anti-diabetic properties of the synthesized compounds were determined. Oral treatment of hyperglycemic rats with the synthesized biguanide derivatives showed a significant decrease of the elevated glucose in comparison with the anti-diabetic standard drug, metformin. The effects of the synthesized biguanide derivatives on the diabetic properties regarding liver function enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid profiles (TC, TG, and TL), lipid peroxide, and nitrous oxide as well as histopathological characteristics were investigated and discussed.

Pyrazole derivatives as potent EGFR inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico and biodistribution study.

Aim: Synthesis of pyrazole derivatives as EGFR inhibitors. Materials & methods: Cytotoxicity and EGFR inhibitory effect were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and EGFR kits, respectively. The biodistribution of radioiodinated compound nanoparticles in tumor-bearing mice was studied. Results: The IC50 values of compound 4a against HepG2 cells and EGFR were 0.15 ± 0.03 and 0.31 ± 0.008 µM, respectively, while those of erlotinib were 0.73 ± 0.04 and 0.11 ± 0.008 µM, respectively. The binding scores of compound 4a and erlotinib to EGFR were -9.52 and -10.23 Kcal/mol, respectively. The maximum tumor uptake of radioiodinated compound after intravenous nanoparticle injection was 6.7 ± 0.3% radioactivity/g. Conclusion: Compound 4a is a promising antitumor agent with a potential EGFR inhibitory effect.

Synthesis and Molecular Docking of New Thiophene Derivatives as Lactate Dehydrogenase-A Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: A series of novel derivatives possessing the thiophene moiety were synthesized using ethyl 5'-amino-2,3'-bithiophene-4'-carboxylate as the starting material. METHODS: The new synthesized derivatives were screened as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitors. LDH plays an important role in glucose metabolism in cancer cells and can affect tumor genesis and metastasis. RESULTS: 3-Substituted p-tolylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones 4 were the most potent inhibitors in this study compared to Galloflavin reference drug. CONCLUSION: Molecular docking studies on the Human Lactate Dehydrogenase active site were carried out on the synthesized compounds and the MolDock scores ranged between -127 to -171.

Quinoline derivatives bearing pyrazole moiety: Synthesis and biological evaluation as possible antibacterial and antifungal agents.

In an attempt for development of new antimicrobial agents, three series of quinoline derivatives bearing pyrazole moiety have been synthesized. The first series was synthesized through the synthesis of 4-(quinolin-2-yloxy)benzaldehyde and 4-(quinolin-2-yloxy)acetophenone and then treatment with ketone or aldehyde derivatives to afford the corresponding chalcones. Cyclization of the latter chalcones with hydrazine derivatives led to the formation of new pyrazoline derivatives. The second series was synthesized via the synthesis of 2-hydrazinylquinoline and then treatment with formylpyrazoles to afford the corresponding hydrazonyl pyrazole derivatives. The third series was synthesized through the treatment of 2-hydrazinylquinoline with ethoxyethylidene, dithioacetal and arylidene derivatives to afford the corresponding pyrazole derivatives. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their expected antibacterial and antifungal activities; where, the majority of these compounds showed potent antibacterial and antifungal activities against the tested strains of bacteria and fungi. Pyrazole derivative 13b showed better results when compared with the reference drugs as revealed from their MIC values (0.12-0.98 µg/mL). The pyrazole derivative 13b showed fourfold potency of gentamycin in inhibiting the growth of S. flexneri (MIC 0.12 µg/mL). Also, compound 13b showed fourfold potency of amphotericin B in inhibiting the growth of A. clavatus (MIC 0.49 µg/mL) and C. albicans (MIC 0.12 µg/mL), respectively. The same compound showed twofold potency of gentamycin in inhibiting the growth of P. vulgaris (MIC 0.98 µg/mL), equipotent to the ampicillin and amphotericin B in inhibiting the growth of S. epidermidis (MIC 0.49 µg/mL), A. fumigatus (MIC 0.98 µg/mL), respectively. Thus, these studies suggest that quinoline derivatives bearing pyrazole moiety are interesting scaffolds for the development of novel antibacterial and antifungal agents.