RESUMO
Prior to 1983, several landmark reports prepared the stage for a detailed description of the Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome (APS). Formerly depicted as lupus-like, APS exhibits a wide spectrum of symptoms that overlap with Sjogren's, Hashimoto, and other autoimmune diseases. In this review, we take a glimpse into the history of description of APS, discussing the events that led to its recognition as one of the most common autoimmune diseases and the enormous impact of that recognition in the rheumatology field.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anticardiolipina/sangue , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/história , Inibidor de Coagulação do Lúpus/sangue , Aborto Habitual/etiologia , Aborto Habitual/imunologia , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/classificação , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/imunologia , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Trombose/imunologia , Trombose/patologia , beta 2-Glicoproteína IRESUMO
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are caused by three distinct coronaviruses belonging to the same genus. COVID-19 and its two predecessors share many important features in their clinical presentations, and in their propensity for progression to severe disease which is marked by high rates of morbidity and mortality. However, comparison of the three viral illnesses also reveals a number of specific differences in clinical manifestations and complications, which suggest variability in the disease process. This narrative review delineates the pulmonary, cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, neurological and hematologic complications associated with these three respiratory coronaviruses. It further describes the mechanisms of immune hyperactivation-particularly cytokine release syndrome-implicated in the multi-organ system injury seen in severe cases of MERS, SARS and COVID-19.