RESUMO
In excitable cells, mitochondria play a key role in the regulation of the cytosolic Ca2+ levels. A dysregulation of the mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering machinery derives in serious pathologies, where neurodegenerative diseases highlight. Since the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX) is the principal efflux pathway of Ca2+ to the cytosol, drugs capable of blocking NCLX have been proposed to act as neuroprotectants in neuronal damage scenarios exacerbated by Ca2+ overload. In our search of optimized NCLX blockers with augmented drug-likeness, we herein describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of new benzothiazepines analogues to the first-in-class NCLX blocker CGP37157 and its further derivative ITH12575, synthesized by our research group. As a result, we found two new compounds with an increased neuroprotective activity, neuronal Ca2+ regulatory activity and improved drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties, such as clog p or brain permeability, measured by PAMPA experiments.
Assuntos
Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Tiazepinas , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/síntese química , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Mitocôndrias , Neurônios/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/síntese química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Ratos , Tiazepinas/síntese química , Tiazepinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) is a valid approach for obtaining effective drugs for complex pathologies. MTDLs that combine neuro-repair properties and block the first steps of neurotoxic cascades could be the so long wanted remedies to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). By linking two privileged scaffolds with well-known activities in ND-targets, the flavonoid and the N,N-dibenzyl(N-methyl)amine (DBMA) fragments, new CNS-permeable flavonoid - DBMA hybrids (1-13) were obtained. They were subjected to biological evaluation in a battery of targets involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other NDs, namely human cholinesterases (hAChE/hBuChE), ß-secretase (hBACE-1), monoamine oxidases (hMAO-A/B), lipoxygenase-5 (hLOX-5) and sigma receptors (σ1R/σ2R). After a funnel-type screening, 6,7-dimethoxychromone - DBMA (6) was highlighted due to its neurogenic properties and an interesting MTD-profile in hAChE, hLOX-5, hBACE-1 and σ1R. Molecular dynamic simulations showed the most relevant drug-protein interactions of hybrid 6, which could synergistically contribute to neuronal regeneration and block neurodegeneration.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Metilaminas/farmacologia , Regeneração Nervosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Animais , Araquidonato 5-Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Flavonoides/química , Humanos , Masculino , Metilaminas/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/síntese química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/químicaRESUMO
5-Methoxy-3-(5-methoxyindolin-2-yl)-1H-indole (3), whose structure was unambiguously elucidated by X-ray analysis, was identified as a multi-target compound with potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. It is a low nanomolar inhibitor of QR2 (IC50 = 7.7 nM), with greater potency than melatonin and comparable efficacy to the most potent QR2 inhibitors described to date. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential binding mode of 3 to QR2, which explains its superior potency compared to melatonin. Furthermore, compound 3 inhibits hMAO-A, hMAO-B and hLOX-5 in the low micromolar range and is an excellent ROS scavenger. In phenotypic assays, compound 3 showed neuroprotective activity in a cellular model of oxidative stress damage, it was non-toxic, and was able to activate neurogenesis from neural stem-cell niches of adult mice. These excellent biological properties, together with its both good in silico and in vitro drug-like profile, highlight compound 3 as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
Assuntos
Melatonina , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Neurogênese , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/síntese química , Melatonina/farmacologia , Melatonina/química , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Descoberta de Drogas , Quinona Redutases/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinona Redutases/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
By replacing a phenolic ring of (E)-resveratrol with an 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one heterocycle, new resveratrol-based multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) were obtained. They were evaluated in several assays related to oxidative stress and inflammation (monoamine oxidases, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor, quinone reductase-2, and oxygen radical trapping) and then in experiments of increasing complexity (neurogenic properties and neuroprotection vs okadaic acid). 5-[(E)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (4e) showed a well-balanced MTDL profile: cellular activation of the NRF2-ARE pathway (CD = 9.83 µM), selective inhibition of both hMAO-B and QR2 (IC50s = 8.05 and 0.57 µM), and the best ability to promote hippocampal neurogenesis. It showed a good drug-like profile (positive in vitro central nervous system permeability, good physiological solubility, no glutathione conjugation, and lack of PAINS or Lipinski alerts) and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant actions in both acute and chronic Alzheimer models using hippocampal tissues. Thus, 4e is an interesting MTDL that could stimulate defensive and regenerative pathways and block early events in neurodegenerative cascades.
Assuntos
Monoaminoxidase , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ligantes , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo , Resveratrol/farmacologiaRESUMO
By linking two N-methyl-N-carbocyclic quaternary ammonium groups to an azobenzene scaffold in meta- or para-positions we generated a series of photoswitchable neuromuscular ligands for which we coined the term "azocuroniums". These compounds switched between the (E)- and (Z)-isomers by light irradiation at 400-450 nm and 335-340 nm, respectively. Meta-azocuroniums were potent nicotinic ligands with a clear selectivity for the muscular nAChRs compared to neuronal α7 and α4ß2 subtypes, showed good solubility in physiologic media, negligible cell toxicity, and would not reach the CNS. Electrophysiological studies in muscle-type nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that (E)-isomers were more potent than (Z)-forms. All meta-azocuroniums were neuromuscular blockers, with the exception of the pyrrolidine derivative that was an agonist. These new meta-azocuroniums, which can be modulated ad libitum by light, could be employed as photoswitchable muscle relaxants with fewer side effects for surgical interventions and as tools to better understand the pharmacology of muscle-type nAChRs.
Assuntos
Fármacos Neuromusculares/efeitos da radiação , Agonistas Nicotínicos/química , Receptores Nicotínicos/metabolismo , Animais , Compostos Azo/química , Humanos , Isomerismo , Ligantes , Luz , Fármacos Neuromusculares/síntese química , Agonistas Nicotínicos/efeitos da radiação , Oócitos , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
New multi-target indole and naphthalene derivatives containing the oxadiazolone scaffold as a bioisostere of the melatonin acetamido group have been developed. The novel compounds were characterized at melatonin receptors MT1R and MT2R, quinone reductase 2 (QR2), lipoxygenase-5 (LOX-5), and monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B), and also as radical scavengers. We found that selectivity within the oxadiazolone series can be modulated by modifying the side chain functionality and co-planarity with the indole or naphthalene ring. In phenotypic assays, several oxadiazolone-based derivatives induced signalling mediated by the transcription factor NRF2 and promoted the maturation of neural stem-cells into a neuronal phenotype. Activation of NRF2 could be due to the binding of indole derivatives to KEAP1, as deduced from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Molecular modelling studies using the crystal structures of QR2 and the KEAP1 Kelch-domain, as well as the recently described X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) structures of chimeric MT1R and MT2R, provided a rationale for the experimental data and afforded valuable insights for future drug design endeavours.
Assuntos
Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/agonistas , Neurogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Quinona Redutases/metabolismo , Receptor MT1 de Melatonina/metabolismo , Receptor MT2 de Melatonina/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/síntese química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Células CHO , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cricetulus , Humanos , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Proteína 1 Associada a ECH Semelhante a Kelch/metabolismo , Ligantes , Inibidores de Lipoxigenase/síntese química , Inibidores de Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Inibidores de Lipoxigenase/farmacologia , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/síntese química , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/farmacologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Naftalenos/síntese química , Naftalenos/metabolismo , Naftalenos/farmacologia , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , Oxidiazóis/metabolismo , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
In this work we describe neurogenic and neuroprotective donepezil-flavonoid hybrids (DFHs), exhibiting nanomolar affinities for the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) and inhibition of key enzymes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). In general, new compounds scavenge free radical species, are predicted to be brain-permeable, and protect neuronal cells against mitochondrial oxidative stress. N-(2-(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxamide (18) is highlighted due to its interesting biological profile in σ1R, AChE, 5-LOX, MAO-A and MAO-B. In phenotypic assays, it protects a neuronal cell line against mitochondrial oxidative stress and promotes maturation of neural stem cells into a neuronal phenotype, which could contribute to the reparation of neuronal tissues. Molecular modelling studies of 18 in AChE, 5-LOX and σ1R revealed the main interactions with these proteins, which will be further exploited in the optimization of new, more efficient DFHs.