Economic implications of reduced binge drinking among the military health system's TRICARE Prime plan beneficiaries.

This study examines the economic burden of alcohol misuse to the Department of Defense (DoD) and the benefits of reduced binge drinking among beneficiaries in the DoD's TRICARE Prime plan. Data analyzed include administrative records for approximately 3 million beneficiaries age 18 to 64, DoD's Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel, and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Alcohol misuse among Prime beneficiaries cost the DoD an estimated $1.2 billion in 2006--$425 million in higher medical costs and $745 million in reduced readiness and misconduct charges. Potential annual gross benefits to the DoD of reduced binge drinking are simulated for three scenarios: (1) implementing a comprehensive alcohol screening with referral to brief intervention or treatment by primary care ($87 million/$129 million in short/long-term benefits); (2) increasing the price of alcoholic beverages on military installations by 20% ($75 million/$115 million); and (3) implementing a Web-based education program ($81 million/$123 million).

Cost associated with being overweight and with obesity, high alcohol consumption, and tobacco use within the military health system's TRICARE prime-enrolled population.

PURPOSE: To estimate medical and indirect costs to the Department of Defense (DoD) that are associated with tobacco use, being overweight or obese, and high alcohol consumption. DESIGN: Retrospective, quantitative research. SETTING: Healthcare provided in military treatment facilities and by providers participating in the military health system. SUBJECTS: The 4.3 million beneficiaries under age 65 years who were enrolled in the military TRICARE Prime health plan option in 2006. MEASURES: The findings come from a cost-of-disease model developed by combining information from DoD and civilian health surveys and studies; DoD healthcare encounter data for 4.1 million beneficiaries; and epidemiology literature on the increased risk of comorbidities from unhealthy behaviors. RESULTS: DoD spends an estimated $2.1 billion per year for medical care associated with tobacco use ($564 million), excess weight and obesity ($1.1 billion), and high alcohol consumption ($425 million). DoD incurs nonmedical costs related to tobacco use, excess weight and obesity, and high alcohol consumption in excess of $965 million per year. CONCLUSION: Unhealthy lifestyles are significant contributors to the cost of providing healthcare services to the nation's military personnel, military retirees, and their dependents. The continued rise in healthcare costs could impact other DoD programs and could potentially affect areas related to military capability and readiness. In 2006, DoD initiated Healthy Choices for Life initiatives to address the high cost of unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors, and the DoD continues to monitor lifestyle trends through the DoD Lifestyle Assessment Program.

Factors associated with choice of pharmacy setting among DoD health care beneficiaries aged 65 years or older.

BACKGROUND: Department of Defense (DoD) health care planners want to stimulate a voluntary migration of prescription fills from military and community pharmacies to its mail-order pharmacy, a lower-cost dispensing option for the department. Beneficiary cost share for a 90-day supply of generic/ brand medication is $0/$0 at military (DoD) pharmacies, $3/$9 at the DoD mail-order pharmacy, and $9/$27 at network community pharmacies. OBJECTIVE: To examine the pharmacy use patterns among the beneficiary population age 65 years or older, traditionally the heaviest users of the TRICARE DOD prescription drug benefit, to identify factors that are associated with beneficiary use of pharmacy setting(s). METHODS: Outpatient prescription fill records were examined for TRICARE beneficiaries age 65 years or older (N = 300,084) residing in North Carolina, Texas, and California for dates of service from December 1, 2004 through February 28, 2005. Binary logistic regression models were run for each type (military, community, and mail order) and number of pharmacy settings used by beneficiary gender, age group, catchment area status (located either within or outside a 40-mile radius of each military pharmacy), state, and number of medications obtained (defined as count of unique combinations of strength, and route of administration). The mean number of medications per beneficiary and cost per medication were tabulated for each type and number of settings used. RESULTS: In the 3-month period from December 1, 2004 through February 28, 2005, beneficiary use of military, community, and mail-order pharmacies was 45.4%, 67.6%, and 22.1%, respectively. About 67% of the study population used 1 setting exclusively and 2.4% used all 3 settings. Noncatchment residents were significantly less likely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 0.080; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.078-0.082) to use a military pharmacy exclusively and significantly more likely to use a community pharmacy (AOR = 4.64; 95% CI, 4.55-4.73) or the mail-order pharmacy (AOR = 3.92; 95% CI, 3.80-4.05) exclusively than were catchment residents. Beneficiaries taking 10 or more medications were more likely (AOR = 8.43; 95% CI, 8.21-8.65) to use multiple settings than were those who obtained 3 or fewer medications. Single-setting users obtained a median of 4 (interquartile range [IQ]) 2-7) medications with a median copayment of $7.00 (IQ $0-$13.19) per medication. Those who used all 3 settings obtained a median of 9 (IQ 7-12) medications with a median copayment of $4.33 (IQ $3.00-$6.00) per medication. Among beneficiaries who obtained 6 or more unique medications during the 90-day study period, approximately 25% used the mail-order pharmacy to obtain 1 or more prescription fills. CONCLUSION: A significant portion of the study population did not use the mail-order pharmacy despite the financial incentive to use mail-order rather than community pharmacies. Relatively small financial incentives alone may be inadequate for promoting a switch to the mail-order option among those beneficiaries not already using it in a pharmacy benefit plan with low copayments. Larger monetary and other incentives may be necessary to achieve the desired transfer of prescriptions fills to the mail-order pharmacy and the associated reduction in military pharmacy workload.

Examination of multiple medication use among TRICARE beneficiaries aged 65 years and older.

BACKGROUND: The simultaneous use of multiple prescription medications has been associated with an increased risk of adverse drug events and other drug-related complications, especially in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the prevalence of use of multiple medications among a sample of Department of Defense (DoD) health care beneficiaries, aged 65 years and older, who used their TRICARE (military health care services) benefit to obtain prescription medication. METHODS: Outpatient pharmacy fill records were analyzed for a 10% random sample of 1.27 million TRICARE beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who obtained 1 or more prescription medications in the 90-day period from December 1, 2004, through February 28, 2005. The First DataBank generic code number was used to identify drugs and to calculate the mean number of medications obtained and the mean, frequency, and type of American Hospital Formulary System drug therapy categories. Statistical significance for gender and age subgroups was tested via independent t tests. RESULTS: There were 1,268,162 users of the TRICARE pharmacy benefit in the 90-day study period from December 1, 2004, through February 28, 2005, approximately 72.7% of 1,744,072 eligible beneficiaries. The 10% sample of these users (n=126,682) accounted for 1,091,699 pharmacy fill records for 761,043 unique medications, or an average of 6.01 [SD 4.01] unique medications per user, distributed across an average of 3.80 [2.08] therapeutic categories; 8.8% of users received 1 medication, 50.0% received 5 or more medications from an average of 3 therapeutic categories, and 2.8% obtained 16 or more medications from an average of 8 therapeutic categories. Multiple drug use was more prevalent among women relative to men, with an average of 6.28 [4.12] medications from 4.03 [2.11] therapeutic categories for women versus an average of 5.69 [3.85] medications from an average of 3.80 [2.08] therapeutic categories for men (P <0.001). The prevalence of multiple drug use peaked among beneficiaries aged 80 to 84 years. Cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system agents, and hormones and synthetic substitutes were the 3 most common therapeutic categories used by 77%, 48%, and 42% of beneficiaries, respectively. CONCLUSION: This baseline analysis documented the common use of multiple medications among TRICARE beneficiaries. The DoD faces a challenge similar to that of Medicare Part D drug plans to cost-effectively monitor and optimize pharmacotherapy for its older beneficiaries.

Status of U.S. military retirees and their spouses toward achieving Healthy People 2010 objectives.

PURPOSE: To assess the status of U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age relative to select Healthy People 2010 objectives and to identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with select health behaviors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses with self-reported standardized measures from the U.S. Department of Defense Population Health Survey, 2003. SETTING: The continental United States. SUBJECTS: U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age. MEASURES: Data for this study were self-reported responses to the Population Health Survey. Dichotomous variables were created to indicate whether each Healthy People 2010 objective had been met. Each objective was measurable with the survey by using the definitions set forth in Healthy People 2010. These objectives included healthy weight and obesity based on body mass index (height and weight); daily fruit, vegetable, and grain-product consumption; physical inactivity, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity; binge drinking; cigarette use; and smoking-cessation attempts. RESULTS: The study population did not meet any of the Healthy People 2010 objectives included in this study. Sociodemographic characteristics that were associated with this result included being male, not having a college degree, and a less-than-excellent self-reported general health status. CONCLUSION: Health-promotion interventions are needed to improve the health status of this population and to achieve the goals set forth in Healthy People 2010.