Evaluation of rickettsial infection in free-range capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus, 1766) (Rodentia: Caviidae) and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Western Amazon, Brazil.

Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus, 1766) (Rodentia: Caviidae) are important hosts of Amblyomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), which in turn can transmit rickettsiae to humans and animals. However, there is a scarcity of studies about the tick fauna and rickettsial infection in the Amazon region. The present study evaluated rickettsial infection in capybaras and ticks in different areas of the municipality of Rio Branco, state of Acre, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, where rickettsiosis has never been reported. Blood sera from 43 capybaras from four localities in Rio Branco were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay using Rickettsia rickettsii antigens. Ticks were collected from capybaras and from vegetation as well. Ticks were taxonomically identified to the species level and some of them were tested by PCR, targeting a fragment of the rickettsial gltA gene. Additionally, ticks were tested for bacteria from the genus Borrelia and family Anaplasmatacae. All capybaras submitted to the serological examination were considered non-reactive to R. rickettsii. A total of 410 ticks were collected directly from the capybaras. Amblyomma dubitatum Neumann, 1899 was the most abundant species (82.4%), followed by Amblyomma naponense (Packard, 1869) (14.3%), Amblyomma humerale Koch, 1844 (0.7%), Amblyomma pacae Aragão, 1911 (0.4%), Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844 (0.2%) and Amblyomma sp. (1.7%). From the environment 262 ticks were collected: Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) (88.9%), Dermacentor nitens Neumann, 1897 (9.9%), Amblyomma varium Koch, 1844 (0.7%) and A. rotundatum (0.3%). With the exception of A. humerale, A. rotundatum and R. microplus, all other species are reported here for the first time in the state. Some of the ticks sampled (N = 317) were tested by molecular methods for infection by Rickettsia spp. Rickettsia bellii was identified infecting A. dubitatum and A. rotundatum, while Rickettsia amblyommatis only was found infecting A. humerale and Rickettsia sp. strain Tapirapé was found in A. naponense. This is the first detection of R. bellii and Rickettsia sp. strain Tapirapé in Acre. No Borrelia or Anaplasmataceae were found in the tested ticks. These results add relevant knowledge about the Rickettsia spp. and the acarological fauna in the region of the Western Amazon, and are essential for the maintenance of vigilance about possible pathogens that occur in the state and determination of the risks that they pose to humans and animals that inhabit the region.

Tráfico de animais silvestres e seus produtos no extremo Oeste Brasileiro / Trafficking of wild animals and their products in the far West Brazilian / Tráfico de animales silvestres y sus productos en el extremo Oeste Brasileño

O tráfico de animais silvestres vivos e abatidos no estado do Acre ocorre constantemente. Notadamente a fauna silvestre está perdendo a batalha com a exploração desenfreada nesta região, uma vez que a carne de animais silvestres é importante fonte proteica e muitas pessoas alegam que praticam a caça como forma de subsistência. No entanto, a maioria das apreensões feitas pelos órgãos competentes pertence à avifauna acriana. Estas oriundas de atividades ilícitas, e se não interceptadas iriam abastecer o mercado ilegal, seriam exportadas e vendidas a preços exorbitantes. Diante do acentuado índice de ocorrência de autuações sobre tráfico de animais silvestres, vale ressaltar que a sociedade e as comunidades locais têm papel fundamental na conscientização de que os animais silvestres podem ser extintos devido à caça predatória.

Trafficking of live wild animals and slaughtered in Acre occurs constantly. Notably the wildlife is losing the battle with the unbridled exploitation in this region, since the meat of wild animals is important protein source and many people claim that practice hunting for subsistence. But most of the seizures made by the competent bodies belongs to acriana avifauna. These derived from illicit activities, and if not intercepted would supply the illegal market, would be exported and sold at exorbitant prices. Before the sharp assessments of occurrence index on wildlife trafficking, it is noteworthy that society and local communities have a vital role in awareness that wild animals may be extinct due to poaching.

El tráfico de animales silvestres vivos y sacrificados en el estado de Acre ocurre constantemente. Especialmente la fauna silvestre está perdiendo la batalla con la desenfrenada explotación en esa región, una vez que la carne de animales silvestres es una importante fuente de proteínas y muchas personas afirman que practican la caza como medio de subsistencia. Sin embargo, gran parte de las incautaciones hechas por los órganos competentes pertenecen a la avifauna del estado de Acre. Estos provienen de actividades ilegales que, si no fuera interceptada, abastecería el mercado ilegal, serian exportadas y vendidas a precios exorbitantes. Dada las altas tasas de ocurrencia de aprehensiones en el tráfico de animales silvestres, se debe destacar que la sociedad y las comunidades locales tienen un papel fundamental en la concientización de que los animales silvestres pueden ser extinguidos debido a la caza depredadora.