RESUMO
Findings in humans and rats indicate that hyperlipidaemia may be associated with enhanced endogenous oxalate (Ox) synthesis, which may be relevant for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolith formation. Moreover, changes in lipid metabolism are proposed to negatively affect gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate those potential interactions in hyperlipidaemic cats. Therefore, 10 normal control cats and seven lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-deficient cats were fed a low-fat diet for seven weeks. During the last week of the study, cats were housed in metabolic cages to collect urine and faeces. Blood was taken on the last day of the study. The LPL-deficient cats had significantly higher serum triglyceride concentrations than normal cats, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not different. Urinary relative supersaturation with CaOx, urinary Ox, calcium, and citrate excretions, and urine pH did not differ between groups. Lower faecal acetic, propionic and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were observed in the LPL-deficient cats. In conclusion, hyperlipidaemia does not appear to be a specific risk factor for CaOx urolith formation in cats. In contrast to results in rats, hyperlipidaemia was not accompanied by elevated serum LDH activity. As LDH can synthesise Ox from glycolate or other precursors, this might be one possible explanation for the similar urinary parameters in the LPL-deficient and normal cats. Non-diet-induced hyperlipidaemia was not associated with marked changes in faecal microbial metabolites, suggesting no differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/genética , Dieta com Restrição de Gorduras/veterinária , Fezes/química , Hiperlipidemias/veterinária , Lipase Lipoproteica/genética , Urina/química , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Doenças do Gato/metabolismo , Gatos , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , UrináliseRESUMO
The determination of undeclared ingredients in pet food using different analytical methods has been reported in recent years, raising concerns regarding adequate quality control, dietary efficacy and the potential for purposeful adulteration. The objective of this study was to determine the presence or absence of mammalian DNA using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on diets marketed as vegetarian or vegan for dogs and cats. The diets were tested in duplicate; two samples were purchased approximately 3 to 4 months apart with different lot numbers. Multiplex PCR-targeted mitochondrial DNA with two species-specific primers was used to amplify and sequence two sections of the cytochrome b gene for each of the 11 mammalian species. Half of the diets assessed (7/14) were positive for one or more undeclared mammalian DNA source (bovine, porcine, or ovine), and the result was repeatable for one or more species in six diets. While most of the detected DNA was found at both time points, in some cases, the result was positive only at one time point, suggesting the presence may have been due to unintentional cross-contact with animal-sourced ingredients. DNA from feline, cervine, canine, caprine, equine, murine (mouse and rat) and leporine was not identified in any samples. However, evidence of mammalian DNA does not confirm adulteration by the manufacturer nor elucidate its clinical significance when consumed by animals that may benefit from a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Gatos , DNA/genética , DNA/isolamento & purificação , Dieta Vegetariana/veterinária , Cães , AnimaisRESUMO
Resveratrol has generated interest in cats due to reported health benefits. Cats have low activity of ß-glucuronidase, and we hypothesized they could not form two common resveratrol metabolites, resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide. Resveratrol, 3 mg/cat/day, was given orally to intact male (n = 5) and female cats (n = 5) for 4 weeks. A control group (8 intact males) was used for comparison. Plasma and urine were collected weekly and analysed using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Resveratrol and resveratrol-3-O-sulphate, but no glucuronide metabolites, were detected in plasma and urine. Median (range 10-90th percentile) plasma resveratrol for control and treatment groups was 0.46 ng/ml (0.02-1.74 ng/ml) and 0.96 ng/ml (0.65-3.21 ng/ml). Median (range) plasma resveratrol-3-O-sulphate for control and treatment groups was 6.32 ng/ml (2.55-10.29 ng/ml) and 11.45 ng/ml (1.47-53.29 ng/ml). Plasma resveratrol differed from control in week 4, while plasma resveratrol-3-O-sulphate was different in all weeks (p < 0.05). Median (range) urine resveratrol for control and treatment groups was 0.28 ng/ml (0.05-1.59 ng/ml) and 19.98 ng/ml (8.44-87.54 ng/ml). Median (range) urine resveratrol-3-O-sulphate for control and treatment groups was 26.71 ng/ml (10.50-75.58 ng/ml) and 108.69 ng/ml (11.83-231.05 ng/ml). All time points for urine resveratrol and resveratrol-3-O-sulphate were significantly different from control (p < 0.05), except for weeks 1, 3 and 4 for resveratrol. The results support our hypothesis that cats are unlikely able to glucuronidate resveratrol, most likely due to a reduction in the activity of ß-glucuronidase.
Assuntos
Gatos/sangue , Gatos/urina , Estilbenos/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , Resveratrol , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Estilbenos/sangue , Estilbenos/urinaRESUMO
Low circulating taurine concentrations may be a risk factor for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. Circulating taurine is typically measured in the clinic 4-5 h after feeding, largely because the impact of later sampling is not known. The objective of this study was to measure taurine in the blood during a 48-h fast in 12 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers to refine sampling methodology for determination of taurine status. Plasma and whole blood (WB) taurine concentrations did not fall to levels indicative of clinical deficiency throughout fasting; WB was the more reliable indicator of taurine status. This study shows that blood samples can be taken for assessment of taurine status any time up to 48 h after ingestion of a meal in healthy adult dogs.
Assuntos
Cães/sangue , Privação de Alimentos/fisiologia , Taurina/sangue , Animais , Cães/fisiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
High-protein (HP) diets help prevent loss of lean mass in calorie-restricted (CR) cats. However, it is not entirely known whether these diets also induce changes of energy expenditure during periods of CR. To investigate this issue, sixteen overweight cats were fed either a high-protein [(HP), 54.2% of metabolizable energy (ME)] or a moderate-protein [(MP), 31.5% of ME] diet at 70% of their maintenance energy intakes for 8 weeks, and energy expenditure, energy intake, body weight and composition, and serum metabolites and hormones were measured. While both groups of cats lost weight at a similar rate, only cats eating the HP diet maintained lean mass during weight loss. Indirect respiration calorimetry measurements revealed that both total and resting energy expenditure (kcal/d) significantly decreased during weight loss for both treatment groups. However, only cats eating the MP diet exhibited significant decreases of total and resting energy expenditures after energy expenditure was normalized for body weight or lean mass. Results from this study suggest that in addition to sparing the loss of lean mass, feeding HP diets to overweight cats in restricted amounts may be beneficial for preventing or minimizing decreases of mass-adjusted energy expenditure during weight loss.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Restrição Calórica/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/dietoterapia , Proteínas Alimentares/farmacologia , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrepeso/veterinária , Animais , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Suporte de CargaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Dilated cardiomyopathy can be associated with taurine deficiency in dogs. Blood taurine concentrations can be analyzed in whole blood (WB) and plasma. The study objectives were to investigate agreement between taurine concentrations measured in WB, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma, determine intraindividual variation in healthy dogs, and evaluate if time from feeding to sampling impacts concentrations. ANIMALS: Ten English Cocker spaniels and 10 dogs of various breeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dogs were fasted 12 h prior to initial blood sampling, and the blood was collected at five occasions over eight h. Food was offered immediately after first and one h after fourth sampling time point. RESULTS: Agreement between taurine concentrations in EDTA plasma and heparinized plasma was good (mean difference 4.5 nmol/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-45.8 nmol/mL). Whole blood concentrations were systematically higher than EDTA and heparin plasma concentrations (mean difference 132.7 nmol/mL, 95% CI 23.6-241.8 nmol/mL, and 127.6 nmol/mL, 95% CI 28.6-226.6 nmol/mL, respectively, all P < 0.001). Intraindividual daily variations in taurine concentration were seen in all additives, with largest variations in plasma (P < 0.001). Taurine concentration in heparinized plasma was higher at first and fifth sampling time points compared to the fourth (P = 0.014). DISCUSSION: Agreement was found between taurine concentrations measured in different additives, with expected higher concentration in WB than plasma. Taurine concentrations measured in heparinized plasma varied with sampling time point. Intraindividual daily variations were observed in all additives, but mainly in plasma samples. CONCLUSION: Taurine concentrations in dogs with suspected deficiency should be interpreted with caution.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Dilatada , Doenças do Cão , Cães , Animais , Taurina , Ácido Edético , Cardiomiopatia Dilatada/veterinária , HeparinaRESUMO
Many animals convert ß-carotene to retinol to meet their vitamin A (VA) requirement. However, this pathway is inefficient in many carnivores. This study quantified the plasma response to a single oral dose of [(2) H(8)]-ß-carotene in adult domestic cats, including measurement of [(2) H(4)]-retinol derived from the dose. Cats were fed with either a control diet containing adequate VA (n = 5) or a VA-devoid diet (n = 5) for 28 days. An oral dose of either 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) (n = 4) or 10 mg/kg BW (n = 6) of [(2) H(8) ]-ß-carotene was administered on day 28. Plasma samples were collected prior to dosing and at 6, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72, 120, 168 and 216 h post-dose. Plasma retinoids and ß-carotene were measured using HPLC and [(2) H(4)]-retinol by GC-ECNCI-MS (gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry). ß-carotene was undetectable in plasma prior to dosing. Post-dose, mean peak plasma ß-carotene was 0.37 ± 0.06 nmol/ml at 9.0 ± 1.8 h following the dose, while [(2) H(4) ]-retinol peaked at 3.71 ± 0.69 pmol/ml at 55.2 ± 16.3 h. The ratio per cent of total area under the curve for [(2) H(4)]-retinol compared with the ß-carotene response was 4.6 ± 2.6%. There was little effect of diet or dose on the ß-carotene or [(2) H(4)]-retinol responses. The appearance of [(2) H(4)]-retinol in plasma indicates that cats are capable of converting ß-carotene to active VA. Conversion efficiency was not calculated in this study, but it is likely inadequate to meet cats' VA requirement without the inclusion of preformed VA in the diet.
Assuntos
Gatos/metabolismo , Vitamina A/metabolismo , beta Caroteno/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , beta Caroteno/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The influence of a high-protein [HP, 47% of metabolizable energy (ME)] diet on energy balance was evaluated in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food. Energy intake, body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, and concentrations of hormones and metabolites associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides and leptin) were measured in cats after consuming either a moderate protein (MP, 27% of ME) or HP diet for 4 months. Indirect respiration calorimetry showed that resting and total energy expenditure (kJ/day) adjusted for either body weight or lean body mass was increased in cats consuming the HP in relation to MP diets. However, voluntary energy intake also was increased in the HP treatment and, thus, there was no difference in body weight between animals consuming the two diets. Body composition measurements using deuterium oxide dilution showed that dietary protein content did not alter amounts of either lean body mass or fat mass. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the two treatment groups for blood glucose, free fatty acid or leptin concentrations, although there was a trend (p = 0.054) towards an increase of serum insulin concentrations in the cats eating the HP diet. This study showed that short-term ad libitum feeding of an HP diet did not reduce food intake or promote weight loss in obese cats. However, energy expenditure was increased in the HP diet group and it is possible that this effect of HP might help promote weight loss when energy intake is restricted.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Doenças do Gato/dietoterapia , Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas Alimentares/farmacologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Obesidade/veterinária , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Calorimetria Indireta/veterinária , Gatos , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperkalemia occurs in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the incidence of hyperkalemia in dogs with CKD, (2) to determine the proportion of hyperkalemic dogs that required modification of dietary potassium intake, (3) to evaluate the response to dietary modification. METHODS: The hospital database was reviewed retrospectively to identify dogs with CKD and persistent (>5.3 mmol/L on at least 3 occasions) or severe (K > or = 6.5 mmol/L) hyperkalemia while consuming a therapeutic renal diet. Records of dogs with hyperkalemia that were prescribed a home-prepared, potassium-reduced diet were evaluated further. Response was evaluated by changes in body weight, BCS, and serum potassium concentration. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-two dogs were diagnosed with CKD, of which 47% had > or =1 documented episode of hyperkalemia, 25% had > or = 3 episodes of hyperkalemia, and 16% had > or =1 episodes of severe hyperkalemia (K > 6.5 mmol/L). Twenty-six dogs (17.2%) with CKD and hyperkalemia were prescribed a potassium-reduced, home-prepared diet. The potassium concentration of all hyperkalemic dogs on therapeutic diets (potassium content, 1.6 +/- 0.23 g/1,000 kcal of metabolizable energy [ME]) was 6.5 +/- 0.5 mmol/L but decreased significantly to 5.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/L in 18 dogs available for follow-up in response to the dietary modification (0.91 +/- 0.14 g/1,000 kcal of ME, P < .001). Potassium concentration normalized in all but 1 dog. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Hyperkalemia is a potential complication of CKD. In a subset of CKD dogs, hyperkalemia can be associated with commercial renal diets and could restrict use of these diets. Appropriately formulated, potassium-reduced, diets are an effective alternative to correct hyperkalemia.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Hiperpotassemia/veterinária , Falência Renal Crônica/veterinária , Potássio/química , Animais , Cães , Hiperpotassemia/dietoterapia , Hiperpotassemia/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/dietoterapiaRESUMO
Growth assays were performed to determine lysine bioavailability for kittens and rats in untreated and heated casein; these values were compared with estimates obtained with an in vitro method. Body weight, food intake, nitrogen and dry matter digestibility, and plasma lysine were determined during an 80-day growth trial using kittens (n = 16). Body weight and food intake were determined during a 21-day growth trial using weanling rats (n = 80). The growth data showed bioavailable lysine to be 102.4% and 100.2% (for untreated casein) and 66.1% and 51.7% (for heated casein) for kittens and rats, respectively. There was no relationship between plasma lysine and dietary lysine concentrations for kittens. There were no significant differences in nitrogen or dry matter digestibility among diets for kittens. The chemically reactive lysine content of untreated casein was 99.6%, and of heated casein was 67.1%. Heat treatment of casein resulted in significantly decreased lysine bioavailability as estimated by all methods. For untreated casein, both growth assays showed good agreement with the in vitro method for available lysine. For heated casein, the rat growth assay significantly underestimated bioavailable lysine as determined in kittens while the in vitro method closely approximated this value for the cat.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Bioensaio , Caseínas/química , Gatos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Lisina/farmacocinética , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Proteínas Alimentares , Digestão , Manipulação de Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Lisina/química , Masculino , Ratos , Organismos Livres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMO
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) added to purified diets devoid of PQQ improves indices of perinatal development in rats and mice. Herein, PQQ nutritional status and lysine metabolism are described, prompted by a report that PQQ functions as a vitamin-like enzymatic cofactor important in lysine metabolism (Nature 422 [2003] 832). Alternatively, we propose that PQQ influences lysine metabolism, but by mechanisms that more likely involve changes in mitochondrial content. PQQ deprivation in both rats and mice resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial content. In rats, alpha-aminoadipic acid (alphaAA), which is derived from alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (alphaAAS) and made from lysine in mitochondria, and the plasma levels of amino acids known to be oxidized in mitochondria (e.g., Thr, Ser, and Gly) were correlated with changes in the liver mitochondrial content of PQQ-deprived rats, but not PQQ-supplemented rats. In contrast, the levels of NAD dependent alpha-aminoadipate-delta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASDH), a cytosolic enzyme important to alphaAA production from alphaAAS, was not influenced by PQQ dietary status. Moreover, the levels of U26 mRNA were not significantly changed even when diets differed markedly in PQQ and dietary lysine content. U26 mRNA levels were measured, because of U26's proposed, albeit questionable role as a PQQ-dependent enzyme involved in alphaAA formation.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Cofator PQQ/farmacologia , Ácido 2-Aminoadípico/sangue , Ácido 2-Aminoadípico/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , L-Aminoadipato-Semialdeído Desidrogenase/genética , L-Aminoadipato-Semialdeído Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Camundongos , Estado Nutricional , Cofator PQQ/sangue , Gravidez , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increased delivery of taurine-conjugated bile acids to the distal bowel can lead to dysbiosis resulting in colitis in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. A similar situation also could occur in cats with intestinal disease and might therefore result in decreased whole-body taurine concentration. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether whole-blood taurine concentrations are decreased at the time of diagnosis in cats with intestinal disease and to correlate concentrations with clinical and laboratory variables. ANIMALS: Twenty-one cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and 7 cats with intestinal neoplasia from the University of Bristol. METHODS: Cats that had undergone a thorough investigation consisting of a CBC, serum biochemistry, serum cobalamin and folate concentrations, transabdominal ultrasound examination and histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens, as well as additional testing if indicated, were included. Whole-blood from these cats collected at the time of histologic diagnosis and stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was retrospectively analyzed for taurine with an automated high-performance liquid chromatography amino acid analyzer. RESULTS: Although whole-blood taurine concentrations remained within the reference range, those cats with predominantly large intestinal clinical signs had significantly lower concentrations than did cats with small intestinal and mixed bowel clinical signs (P = 0.033) and this difference also was significant when assessed only in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Additional studies are needed to determine whether large intestinal signs in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy are caused by alterations in the microbiota arising as a consequence of increased delivery of taurine-conjugated bile acids.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/sangue , Enteropatias/veterinária , Taurina/sangue , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Colite/sangue , Colite/diagnóstico , Colite/veterinária , Feminino , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Enteropatias/sangue , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Intestinais/sangue , Neoplasias Intestinais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Intestinais/veterinária , Masculino , Albumina Sérica/análise , Vitamina B 12/sangueRESUMO
Urinary stone disease, particularly calcium oxalate, is common in both humans and cats. Calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) are spherical nanocrystallite material, and are composed of proteins (fetuin, albumin) and inorganic minerals. CNP are suggested to play a role in a wide array of pathologic mineralization syndromes including urolithiasis. We documented the development of a clinically relevant protocol to assess urinary CNP in 9 healthy cats consuming the same diet in a controlled environment using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA®). NTA® is a novel method that allows for characterization of the CNP in an efficient, accurate method that can differentiate these particles from other urinary submicron particulates. The predominant nanoscale particles in feline urine are characteristic of CNP in terms of their size, their ability to spontaneously form under suitable conditions, and the presence of an outer layer that is rich in calcium and capable of binding to hydroxyapatite binders such as alendronate and osteopontin. The expansion of this particle population can be suppressed by the addition of citrate to urine samples. Further, compounds targeting exosomal surfaces do not label these particulates. As CNP have been associated with a number of significant urologic maladies, the method described herein may prove to be a useful adjunct in evaluating lithogenesis risk in mammals.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas Calcificantes/urina , Alendronato/química , Animais , Nanopartículas Calcificantes/química , Nanopartículas Calcificantes/metabolismo , Gatos , Ácido Cítrico/química , Durapatita/química , Feminino , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Osteopontina/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Urolitíase/diagnóstico , Urolitíase/veterináriaRESUMO
There are no available biochemical analyses that will reliably identify malnourished cats or enable monitoring them during supportive alimentation. Studies in people indicate that creatine kinase (CK) activity is high in malnourished patients and may decrease in response to nutritional intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of quantifying serum CK activities in anorectic cats and to assess the usefulness of this test in monitoring nutritional support in these patients. Serum CK activity was evaluated in nonanorectic cats (Group 1, n = 25), and in hospitalized, anorectic cats that received nutritional support through a nasoesophageal tube (Group 2, n = 25). Anorectic cats had a significantly higher serum CK activity (median = 2,529 U/ L, range 88 to 153,000 U/L) than the control group (median = 175 U/L, range 81 to 363 U/L, P < .001). There were significant positive correlations between serum CK and both aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < .05; r = .59) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P < .05; r = .41) activities. Serum CK activity was significantly lower in anorectic cats after 48 hours of nutritional support than at time 0 (P < .001) and eventually returned to normal with continued support. Serum CK activity may serve as a useful marker in assessing and monitoring nutritional status in cats.
Assuntos
Anorexia/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/enzimologia , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Animais , Anorexia/diagnóstico , Anorexia/enzimologia , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Biomarcadores , Doenças do Gato/sangue , Gatos , Dieta/veterinária , Nutrição Enteral/veterinária , Feminino , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Masculino , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Preparturient hypocalcemia was identified in 4 cats in a specific pathogen-free colony between 1995 and 1996. All cats had an acute onset of clinical signs, 3 to 17 days prior to parturition. Signs of depression, weakness, tachypnea, and mild muscle tremors were the most common clinical signs, following by vomiting and anorexia. Additional abnormalities included hypothermia, third eyelid prolapse, dehydration, pallor, lethargy, flaccid paralysis, and hyperexcitability. Hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Hypocalcemia was documented in each queen. Common serum biochemical abnormalities included high aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities. All cats responded to IV or SC administration of 10% calcium gluconate. Queens were then given calcium orally prior to and following parturition. The queens did not have additional complications for the duration of the gestational or lactational periods.
Assuntos
Gluconato de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Gato , Hipocalcemia/veterinária , Complicações na Gravidez/veterinária , Animais , Gluconato de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/fisiopatologia , Gatos , Feminino , Hipocalcemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocalcemia/fisiopatologia , Infusões Intravenosas/veterinária , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Organismos Livres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMO
The diet of the feral domestic cat consists of primarily birds and small mammals, but the nutritional composition is relatively unknown. Because of the increasing popularity of natural diets for cats and other wild captive carnivores, the purpose of this study was to describe the body composition and AA concentrations of select birds and small mammals in northern and central California: wild-caught mice (n = 7), Norway rats (n = 2), roof rats (n = 2), voles (n = 4), moles (n = 2), gophers (n = 3), and birds (n = 4). Body water, crude fat (CFa), CP, ash, and AA composition for each specimen were determined. Results are reported as mean ± SD. All results are reported on a DM basis except body water (as-is basis) and AA (g/16 g N). Combined, carcasses had this mean composition: 67.35 ± 3.19% water, 11.72 ± 6.17% CFa, 62.19 ± 7.28% CP, and 14.83 ± 2.66% ash. Concentrations of Arg, Tau, Cys, and Met were 5.63 ± 0.46, 0.92 ± 0.33, 1.91 ± 0.89, and 1.82 ± 0.19 g/16 g N, respectively. Using NRC physiologic fuel values for CP, CFa, and carbohydrate by difference, the combined average energy content of the carcasses was 3,929 kcal/kg DM, but the fiber content was not determined. With the exception of mice and rats, little historical data exist regarding the body and AA composition of many of the species analyzed in this study. Wild-caught mice and rats were composed of less fat but more ash compared with previously reported data in their purpose-bred counterparts. The CP content of mice in this study was similar to previous reports in purpose-bred mice. The CP content of rats was similar or slightly greater compared with historical findings in purpose-bred rats. The N content of rats and AA concentrations on a per-N basis for both rats and mice were similar to previously published data on purpose-bred rodents. The discrepancies in nutrient composition, especially fat concentration, indicate that using purpose-bred animals to represent the diet of the feral domestic cat may not be valid in many instances. When consumed to meet energy needs, the nutrient content of the species reported in the present study exceed the NRC (2006) recommended allowances (RA) for total fat, CP, and essential AA for felines at all life stages.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/análise , Composição Corporal , Gatos/fisiologia , Cadeia Alimentar , Toupeiras/fisiologia , Roedores/fisiologia , Aves Canoras/fisiologia , Animais , California , Dieta , Feminino , Masculino , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is increasingly used to support hospitalized dogs and cats. Published assessments of outcome are limited. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate type and prevalence of complications and risk factors for death and complications in dogs and cats receiving PN. ANIMALS: Three hundred and nineteen dogs and 112 cats that received PN at a teaching hospital between 2000 and 2008. METHODS: Retrospective case review. Diagnosis, duration of PN administration, concurrent enteral feeding, death, and mechanical, septic, and metabolic complications were abstracted from medical records. Association of each parameter with complications and death was analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Pancreatitis was the most common diagnosis (109/319 dogs, 34/112 cats), and 137/319 dogs and 51/112 cats died. Dogs and cats received 113 ± 40% and 103 ± 32% of resting energy requirement, respectively. Mechanical (81/319 dogs, 16/112 cats) and septic (20/319 dogs, 6/112 cats) complications were not associated with death (P > .05). Hyperglycemia was the most common metabolic complication (96/158 dogs, 31/37 cats). Hypercreatininemia in dogs (8/79) was the only complication associated with death (P < .01). Chronic kidney disease in dogs, hepatic lipidosis in cats, and longer duration of inadequate caloric intake before PN in both species were negatively associated with survival (P < .05). Factors positively associated with survival included longer duration of PN administration in both species, enteral feeding in cats with any disease, and enteral feeding in dogs with respiratory disease (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: PN can be effectively used to provide the energy requirements of most critically ill dogs and cats. Most complications accompanying PN administration do not affect survival.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/terapia , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Nutrição Parenteral/veterinária , Animais , Catéteres/efeitos adversos , Catéteres/veterinária , Gatos , Estado Terminal/terapia , Cães , Feminino , Hospitalização , Masculino , Nutrição Parenteral/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A high dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some animals. The mechanism could be either an increase in caloric intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. To test the hypothesis that high fat diets result in decreased resting energy expenditure (REE), we measured REE using indirect calorimetry in 10-adult intact male Labrador Retrievers, eating weight-maintenance high-fat (HF, 41% energy, average daily intake: 8018 +/- 1247 kJ/day, mean +/- SD) and low-fat (LF, 14% energy, average daily intake: 7331 +/- 771 kJ/day) diets for a 30-day period. At the end of each dietary treatment, body composition measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean +/- SD REE was not different between diets (4940 +/- 361 vs. 4861 +/- 413 kJ/day on HF and LF diets respectively). Measurements of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) also did not differ between diets (FFM: 26.8 +/- 2.3 kg vs. 26.3 +/- 2.5 kg; FM: 3.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.1 +/- 1.5 kg on HF and LF diets respectively). In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in REE or a change in body composition on a HF diet compared with LF diet.