Compact x-ray microscope for the water window based on a high brightness laser plasma source.

We present a laser plasma based x-ray microscope for the water window employing a high-average power laser system for plasma generation. At 90 W laser power a brightness of 7.4 x 10(11) photons/(s x sr x µm(2)) was measured for the nitrogen Lyα line emission at 2.478 nm. Using a multilayer condenser mirror with 0.3 % reflectivity 10(6) photons/(µm(2) x s) were obtained in the object plane. Microscopy performed at a laser power of 60 W resolves 40 nm lines with an exposure time of 60 s. The exposure time can be further reduced to 20 s by the use of new multilayer condenser optics and operating the laser at its full power of 130 W.

Synchronized beamline at FLASH2 based on high-order harmonic generation for two-color dynamics studies.

We present the design, integration, and operation of the novel vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline installed at the free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH. The VUV source is based on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gas and is driven by an optical laser system synchronized with the timing structure of the FEL. Ultrashort pulses in the spectral range from 10 to 40 eV are coupled with the FEL in the beamline FL26, which features a reaction microscope (REMI) permanent endstation for time-resolved studies of ultrafast dynamics in atomic and molecular targets. The connection of the high-pressure gas HHG source to the ultra-high vacuum FEL beamline requires a compact and reliable system, able to encounter the challenging vacuum requirements and coupling conditions. First commissioning results show the successful operation of the beamline, reaching a VUV focused beam size of about 20 µm at the REMI endstation. Proof-of-principle photo-electron momentum measurements in argon indicate the source capabilities for future two-color pump-probe experiments.

A sensitive EUV Schwarzschild microscope for plasma studies with sub-micrometer resolution.

We present an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscope using a Schwarzschild objective which is optimized for single-shot sub-micrometer imaging of laser-plasma targets. The microscope has been designed and constructed for imaging the scattering from an EUV-heated solid-density hydrogen jet. Imaging of a cryogenic hydrogen target was demonstrated using single pulses of the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) free-electron laser at a wavelength of 13.5 nm. In a single exposure, we observe a hydrogen jet with ice fragments with a spatial resolution in the sub-micrometer range. In situ EUV imaging is expected to enable novel experimental capabilities for warm dense matter studies of micrometer-sized samples in laser-plasma experiments.

Biophysical effects of high-energy pulsed ultrasound on human cells.

Human benign and malignant cells of different human origin (pancreas, liver, kidney, pharynx, tongue, lip) were exposed to high-energy pulsed ultrasound (HEPUS) in vitro to evaluate the effects of various physical parameters and sonication conditions on cell viability. This included the number of pulses, focal pressure, pulse repetition rate, pulse shape, cell suspension volume, water level of the basin and cell density. Cell viability was found to depend significantly on the number of pulses (exponential), the focal pressure (linear) and the pulse repetition rate (minimum at 1 Hz). Other parameters showed no marked influence. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed intracellular damage, and proliferation rates of cells surviving sonication were normal after HEPUS exposure. The experimental piezoelectric ultrasound transducer used in the experiments generated oscillating bipolar pulses with high negative pressure amplitudes. Measurements were made of the pulse shape and ultrasonic field of the experimental device and of a conventional lithotripter for comparison.

Extreme ultraviolet laser excites atomic giant resonance.

Exceptional behavior of light-matter interaction in the extreme ultraviolet is demonstrated. The photoionization of different rare gases was compared at the free-electron laser in Hamburg, FLASH, by applying ion spectroscopy at the wavelength of 13.7 nm and irradiance levels of thousands of terawatts per square centimeter. In the case of xenon, the degree of nonlinear photoionization was found to be significantly higher than for neon, argon, and krypton. This target specific behavior cannot be explained by the standard theories developed for optical strong-field phenomena. We suspect that the collective giant 4d resonance of xenon is the driving force behind the effect that arises in this spectral range.

Photoelectric effect at ultrahigh intensities.

In the spectral range of the extreme ultraviolet at a wavelength of 13.3 nm, we have studied the photoionization of xenon at ultrahigh intensities. For our ion mass-to-charge spectroscopy experiments, irradiance levels from 10(12) to 10(16) W cm(-2) were achieved at the new free-electron laser in Hamburg FLASH by strong beam focusing with the aid of a spherical multilayer mirror. Ion charges up to Xe21+ were observed and investigated as a function of irradiance. Our surprising results are discussed in terms of a perturbative and nonperturbative description.

In vitro effects of high-energy pulsed ultrasound on human squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Human squamous cell carcinoma cells cloned from the hypopharynx (FaDu) and oral cavity (SCC-4) were exposed to high-energy pulsed ultrasound (HEPUS) in vitro to evaluate the effects of various physical parameters on cell viability. Such included the number of pulses, voltage applied, pulse repetition rate and cell density. The experimental piezoelectric ultrasound transducer used in the experiments generated pulses with a high negative pressure amplitude. By varying the repetition frequency from 0.6 to 8 Hz, cell viability was found to be least when pulse repetition was approximately 1 Hz. An increase in transducer voltage resulted in a linear decrease in cell viability. The cell survival rate dropped exponentially as a function of the number of pulses applied, reaching 4.2% after 2000 pulses. The cell survival rate exhibited no significant dependence on cell density when cells ranged from 1 to 3.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Data obtained with trypan blue dye exclusion were confirmed by measurements of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase released into an extracellular fluid supernatant. By applying HEPUS to tumor cells, almost complete destruction of the cells could be achieved in vitro. The degree of cell destruction achieved depended significantly on the number of pulses administered, the pulse repetition rate and the transducer voltage applied.