Classification of anticancer drugs: an update with FDA- and EMA-approved drugs.

Anticancer systemic therapy comprises a complex and growing group of drugs. Some of the new agents with novel mechanisms of action that have appeared are difficult to fit in the groups of classical chemotherapy, hormones, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies. We propose a classification based on two levels of information: the site of action and the mechanism of action. Regarding the former, drugs can exert their action in the tumor cell, the tumor vasculature, the immune system, or the endocrine system. The mechanism of action refers to the molecular target.

Functional proteomics of colon cancer Consensus Molecular Subtypes.

BACKGROUND: The Colorectal Cancer Subtyping Consortium established four Consensus Molecular Subtypes (CMS) in colorectal cancer: CMS1 (microsatellite-instability [MSI], Immune), CMS2 (Canonical, epithelial), CMS3 (Metabolic), and CMS4 (Mesenchymal). However, only MSI tumour patients have seen a change in their disease management in clinical practice. This study aims to characterise the proteome of colon cancer CMS and broaden CMS's clinical utility. METHODS: One-hundred fifty-eight paraffin samples from stage II-III colon cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy were analysed through DIA-based mass-spectrometry proteomics. RESULTS: CMS1 exhibited overexpression of immune-related proteins, specifically related to neutrophils, phagocytosis, antimicrobial response, and a glycolytic profile. These findings suggested potential therapeutic strategies involving immunotherapy and glycolytic inhibitors. CMS3 showed overexpression of metabolic proteins. CMS2 displayed a heterogeneous protein profile. Notably, two proteomics subtypes within CMS2, with different protein characteristics and prognoses, were identified. CMS4 emerged as the most distinct group, featuring overexpression of proteins related to angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and complement activation. CMS4 showed a high metastatic profile and suggested possible chemoresistance that may explain its worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: DIA proteomics revealed new features for each colon cancer CMS subtype. These findings provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer subtypes in the future.

Performance of the Idylla microsatellite instability test in endometrial cancer.

CONTEXT: DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (dMMR) testing is now recommended in endometrial cancer. Defect identification in the molecules participating in this pathway, or the presence of microsatellite instability, are commonly employed for this purpose. Novel methods are continuously evolving to report dMMR/microsatellite instability and to easily perform routine diagnoses. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to compare the concordance of the Idylla microsatellite instability test for the identification of dMMR endometrial cancer samples defined by immunohistochemistry and MMR genomic status. DESIGN: We applied the Idylla MSI test to 126 early-stage endometrial cancer cases with MMR testing by immunohistochemistry and genomic characterization (methylation in MLH1 and sequence alterations in MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6). Individual markers and overall specific performance indicators were explored. RESULTS: The Idylla platform achieved a higher global concordance rate with MMR genomic status than with immunohistochemistry (75 % and 66 %, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity are also higher (75 % vs 66 % and 96 % vs 90 %, respectively). Clustering analysis split the patients into 2 well-differentiated clusters, the pMMR and the dMMR group, represented by MLH1/PMS2 loss and the MLH1 methylated promoter. Overall, immunohistochemistry and MMR genomic status identified more dMMR cases than did the Idylla test, although correlations were improved with a modified Idylla test cut-off. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the Idylla test was better correlated with MMR genomic status than MMR immunohistochemistry status, which improved with a modified test cut-off. Further studies are needed to confirm the cut-off accuracy.

Regorafenib in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in Spain: from clinical trials to real-world evidence.

Aim: To describe the evolution of regorafenib use, since its approval, in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in routine clinical practice in Spain.Methods: We extracted patient characteristics, dosing, safety and efficacy data for the Spanish cohorts of the CORRECT and CONSIGN trials, and the real-world CORRELATE study.Results: The Spanish cohorts represented 10.7-13.8% of the global cohorts. Efficacy and safety in the Spanish cohorts reflected findings from the global cohorts, with evidence of a flexible dosing approach being adopted in routine clinical practice.Conclusion: Regorafenib use in patients with mCRC has evolved in the real-world setting, emphasizing the need for further research evaluating dosing patterns that can optimize clinical outcomes in these patients.Clinical trial registration: The CORRECT trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01103323; the CONSIGN trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01538680; the CORRELATE study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02042144.

Bowel cancer (also called colorectal cancer) affects the large bowel, including the colon and rectum. Approximately one in ten patients with advanced bowel cancer that has spread to other areas of the body (metastatic bowel cancer) survive 5 years after diagnosis or the start of treatment.Regorafenib is a treatment for patients with advanced bowel cancer that has continued to spread after receiving other treatments. It can slow down cancer growth, as shown in three international studies (CORRECT, CONSIGN and CORRELATE). In Spain, bowel cancer is the most common type of cancer and the cancer that causes the second most deaths. This study describes how the use of regorafenib in Spain has changed since it was approved in 2012, by looking at the patients from Spain who made up 11­14% of the participants in the three international studies.The CORRECT trial that compared regorafenib with a non-therapeutic placebo and the CONSIGN trial of regorafenib alone showed that treatment with regorafenib prolonged life and was well tolerated in patients with metastatic bowel cancer who had previously received or were not suitable to receive other treatments. The CORRELATE study showed that in the real world (i.e., outside of a controlled clinical trial), patients are sometimes prescribed regorafenib at lower starting doses than the recommended dose, without an apparent overall effect on how well regorafenib works or side effects. In the future, it will be important to continue researching how doctors prescribe regorafenib in daily clinical practice in Spain.

Cytokines and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Exploring Their Relationship with Molecular Subtypes and Prognosis.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by its poor prognosis. The current challenge remains the absence of predictive biomarkers. Cytokines are crucial factors in the pathogenesis and prognosis of PDAC. Furthermore, there is growing interest in differentiating between molecular subtypes of PDAC. The aim of our study is to evaluate the association between the analyzed cytokines and the molecular subtypes of PDAC and to determine their prognostic value. Cytokine levels were measured in 73 patients, and molecular subtypes were analyzed in 34 of these patients. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGF-ß2) levels were independently associated with the basal-like and null subtypes. In patients with locally advanced and metastatic PDAC, elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-15 were associated with a higher risk of progression during first-line treatment, and increased levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-15 were related to increased mortality. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between higher percentiles of IL-6 and IL-8 and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) during first-line treatment, and between higher percentiles of IL-8 and shorter overall survival (OS). In the multivariate analysis, only elevated levels of IL-8 were independently associated with a higher risk of progression during first-line treatment and mortality. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that cytokine expression varies according to the molecular subtype of PDAC and that cytokines also play a relevant role in patient prognosis.

Utility of CYP2D6 copy number variants as prognostic biomarker in localized anal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is an infrequent tumor whose treatment has not changed since the 1970s. The aim of this study is the identification of biomarkers allowing personalized treatments and improvement of therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: Forty-six paraffin tumor samples from ASCC patients were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing. Copy number variants (CNVs) were identified and their relation to disease-free survival (DFS) was studied and validated in an independent retrospective cohort of 101 ASCC patients from the Multidisciplinary Spanish Digestive Cancer Group (GEMCAD). GEMCAD cohort proteomics allowed assessing the biological features of these tumors. RESULTS: On the discovery cohort, the median age was 61 years old, 50% were males, stages I/II/III: 3 (7%)/16 (35%)/27 (58%), respectively, median DFS was 33 months, and overall survival was 45 months. Twenty-nine genes whose duplication was related to DFS were identified. The most representative was duplications of the CYP2D locus, including CYP2D6, CYP2D7P, and CYP2D8P genes. Patients with CYP2D6 CNV had worse DFS at 5 years than those with two CYP2D6 copies (21% vs. 84%; p < .0002, hazard ratio [HR], 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-24.9). In the GEMCAD validation cohort, patients with CYP2D6 CNV also had worse DFS at 5 years (56% vs. 87%; p = .02, HR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-5.7). Mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle proteins were overexpressed in patients with CYP2D6 CNV. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor CYP2D6 CNV identified patients with a significantly worse DFS at 5 years among localized ASCC patients treated with 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and radiotherapy. Proteomics pointed out mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle genes as possible therapeutic targets for these high-risk patients. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Anal squamous cell carcinoma is an infrequent tumor whose treatment has not been changed since the 1970s. However, disease-free survival in late staged tumors is between 40% and 70%. The presence of an alteration in the number of copies of CYP2D6 gene is a biomarker of worse disease-free survival. The analysis of the proteins in these high-risk patients pointed out mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle genes as possible therapeutic targets. Therefore, the determination of the number of copies of CYP2D6 allows the identification of anal squamous carcinoma patients with a high-risk of relapse that could be redirected to a clinical trial. Additionally, this study may be useful to suggest new treatment strategies to increase current therapy efficacy.

Comparison of Methods for Testing Mismatch Repair Status in Endometrial Cancer.

Approximately 20-30% of endometrial carcinomas (EC) are characterized by mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (dMMR) or microsatellite instability (MSI), and their testing has become part of the routine diagnosis. The aim of this study was to establish and compare the MMR status using various approaches. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), PCR-based MSI, and the detection of defects in the four key MMR genes (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) via methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed. MSH3 expression was also evaluated. A set of 126 early-stage EC samples were analyzed, 53.2% of which were dMMR and 46.8% of which were proficient MMR (pMMR) as determined using IHC, whereas 69.3% were classified as microsatellite stable, while 8.8% and 21.9% were classified MSI-low (MSI-L) and MSI-high (MSI-H), respectively. In total, 44.3% of the samples showed genetic or epigenetic alterations in one or more genes; MLH1 promoter methylation was the most common event. Although acceptable concordance was observed, there were overall discrepancies between the three testing approaches, mainly associated with the dMMR group. IHC had a better correlation with MMR genomic status than the MSI status determined using PCR. Further studies are needed to establish solid conclusions regarding the best MMR assessment technique for EC.

Prognostic implications of tumor-infiltrating T cells in early-stage endometrial cancer.

Patients with endometrial cancer differ in terms of the extent of T-cell infiltration; however, the association between T-cell subpopulations and patient outcomes remains unexplored. We characterized 285 early-stage endometrial carcinoma samples for T-cell infiltrates in a tissue microarray format using multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry. The proportion of T cells and their subpopulations were associated with clinicopathological features and relapse-free survival outcomes. CD3+ CD4+ infiltrates were more abundant in the patients with higher grade or non-endometrioid histology. Cytotoxic T cells (CD25+, PD-1+, and PD-L1+) were strongly associated with longer relapse-free survival. Moreover, CD3+ PD-1+ stromal cells were independent of other immune T-cell populations and clinicopathological factors in predicting relapses. Patients with high stromal T-cell fraction of CD3+ PD-1+ cells were associated with a 5-year relapse-free survival rate of 93.7% compared to 79.0% in patients with low CD3+ PD-1+ fraction. Moreover, in patients classically linked to a favorable outcome (such as endometrioid subtype and low-grade tumors), the stromal CD3+ PD-1+ T-cell fraction remained prognostically significant. This study supports that T-cell infiltrates play a significant prognostic role in early-stage endometrial carcinoma. Specifically, CD3+ PD-1+ stromal cells emerge as a promising novel prognostic biomarker.

Genetic Profile and Functional Proteomics of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Proposal for a Molecular Classification.

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor. Chemo-radiotherapy yields a 50% 3-year relapse-free survival rate in advanced anal cancer, so improved predictive markers and therapeutic options are needed. High-throughput proteomics and whole-exome sequencing were performed in 46 paraffin samples from anal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Hierarchical clustering was used to establish groups de novo Then, probabilistic graphical models were used to study the differences between groups of patients at the biological process level. A molecular classification into two groups of patients was established, one group with increased expression of proteins related to adhesion, T lymphocytes and glycolysis; and the other group with increased expression of proteins related to translation and ribosomes. The functional analysis by the probabilistic graphical model showed that these two groups presented differences in metabolism, mitochondria, translation, splicing and adhesion processes. Additionally, these groups showed different frequencies of genetic variants in some genes, such as ATM, SLFN11 and DST Finally, genetic and proteomic characteristics of these groups suggested the use of some possible targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors or immunotherapy.

Eribulin activity in soft tissue sarcoma monolayer and three-dimensional cell line models: could the combination with other drugs improve its antitumoral effect?

BACKGROUND: Eribulin has shown antitumour activity in some soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), but it has only been approved for advanced liposarcoma (LPS). METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the effect of eribulin on proliferation, migration and invasion capabilities in LPS, leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and fibrosarcoma (FS) models, using both monolayer (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures. Additionally, we explored combinations of eribulin with other drugs commonly used in the treatment of STS with the aim of increasing its antitumour activity. RESULTS: Eribulin showed activity inhibiting proliferation, 2D and 3D migration and invasion in most of the cell line models. Furthermore, we provide data that suggest, for the first time, a synergistic effect with ifosfamide in all models, and with pazopanib in LMS as well as in myxoid and pleomorphic LPS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the effect of eribulin on LPS, LMS and FS cell line models. The combination of eribulin with ifosfamide or pazopanib has shown in vitro synergy, which warrants further clinical research.

Predicting Chemotherapy Toxicity in Older Patients with Cancer: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Standard oncology tools are inadequate to distinguish which older patients are at higher risk of developing chemotherapy-related complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients over 70 years of age starting new chemotherapy regimens were prospectively included in a multicenter study. A prechemotherapy assessment that included sociodemographics, tumor/treatment variables, and geriatric assessment variables was performed. Association between these factors and the development of grade 3-5 toxicity was examined by using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 551 patients were accrued. Chemotherapy doses (odds ratio [OR] 1.834; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.237-2.719) and creatinine clearance (OR 0.989; 95% CI 0.981-0.997) were the only factors independently associated with toxicity. Only 19% of patients who received reduced doses of chemotherapy and had a creatinine clearance ≥40 mL/minute had grade 3-4 toxicity, compared with 38% of those who received standard doses or had a creatinine clearance <40 mL/minute (p < .0001). However, no satisfactory multivariate model was obtained using different selection approaches. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy doses and renal function were identified as the major risk factors for developing severe toxicity in the older patient. These factors should be considered when planning to initiate a new chemotherapy regimen and should also lead to a closer follow-up in these patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Older patients are more vulnerable to chemotherapy toxicity. However, standard tools are inadequate to identify who is at higher risk of developing chemotherapy-related complications. Chemotherapy doses (standard vs. reduced) and renal function were identified as the major risk factors for developing severe toxicity in the elderly. These factors should be considered when planning to initiate a new chemotherapy regimen and should also lead to a closer follow-up.

Amperometric Bioplatforms To Detect Regional DNA Methylation with Single-Base Sensitivity.

This work reports the first bioplatform able to determine electrochemically 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) methylation events at localized sites and single-base sensitivity. The described bioplatform relies on a specific antibody (anti-5-hmC), further conjugated with commercial bioreagents loaded with multiple horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules, recognizing the epimark in a target DNA, captured through hybridization onto streptavidin-magnetic microbeads (Strep-MBs) modified with a complementary DNA capture probe. The electrochemical detection is performed by amperometry (-0.20 V vs Ag pseudoreference electrode) at disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) in the presence of H2O2/hydroquinone (HQ) upon magnetic capture of the modified MBs onto the SPCE. The use of the commercial bioreagents ProtA-polyHRP80 and Histostar, very scarcely explored so far in electrochemical biosensors, provides high sensitivities for a synthetic target DNA sequence with a unique 5-hmC in the promoter region of MGMT tumor suppressor gene. Amplification factors of 43.6 and 55.2 were achieved using ProtA-polyHRP80 or Histostar, respectively, compared to the conventional secondary antibody labeling. This amplification was crucial to detect methylation events at single-nucleotide resolution achieving limits of detection (LODs) of 23.0 and 13.2 pM, respectively, without any target DNA amplification. The ProtA-polyHRP80-based bioplatform, selected as a compromise between sensitivity and cost per determination, exhibited full discrimination toward the target 5-hmC against the closely related 5-mC. In addition, the bioplatform detected 5-hmC at the regional level (MGMT promoter region) in just 10 ng of genomic DNA (gDNA, ∼2700 genomes) extracted from cancer cells and tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients within 60 min.

Prospective Biomarker Study in Advanced RAS Wild-Type Colorectal Cancer: POSIBA Trial (GEMCAD 10-02).

BACKGROUND: RAS testing is used to select patients with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies sensitivity in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, other biomarkers such as BRAF, PIK3CA/PTEN, and p-IGF-1R+/MMP7+ (double positive [DP] phenotype) have not been prospectively assessed to predict anti-EGFR resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a multicenter prospective trial (NCT01276379) to evaluate whether the biomarkers BRAF mutation, PIK3CA mutation/PTEN loss, and DP phenotype can improve the prediction for 12-months progression-free survival (PFS) over the use of clinical variables exclusively in patients with RAS wild-type (WT) mCRC treated with standard chemotherapy plus biweekly cetuximab as first-line therapy. The planned sample size was 170 RAS WT patients to detect a 20% difference in 12-month PFS based on the analysis of clinical and selected biomarkers (α = .05, ß = .2). The discriminatory capacity of the biomarkers was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: We included 181 RAS WT patients. The biomarker distribution was as follows: BRAF mutant, 20 patients (11%); PIK3CA mutated/PTEN loss, 98 patients (58%); DP, 23 patients (12.7%). The clinical variables in the clinical score were progression status >0, left-sided tumor, and resectable liver metastasis as the only metastatic site. The area under the curve (AUC) of the score containing the clinical variables was 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.75). The AUC of the score with clinical variables and BRAF mutational status was 0.68 (0.61-0.75, p = .37). The AUC of the score with clinical variables and PI3KCA mutation/PTEN status was 0.69 (0.61-0.76, p = .32). The AUC of the score with clinical variables and DP phenotype was 0.66 (0.58-0.73, p = .09). CONCLUSION: The addition of BRAF, PIK3CA/PTEN, and DP to a clinical score does not improve the discrimination of 12-month PFS. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This prospective biomarker design study has important clinical implications because many prospective clinical trials are designed with the hypothesis that BRAF mutation per se and MEK and PIK3CA downstream pathways are critical for colorectal tumor survival. The results lead to the question of whether these pathways should be considered as passengers instead of drivers.

Age-dependent hypoxia-induced PD-L1 upregulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), intermittent hypoxia (IH) compromises immune surveillance through the upregulation of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand (PD-L1). Because the risk of OSA-related cancer depends on age, we assessed PD-L1/PD-1 expression in middle-aged and older patients with OSA as well as in a murine model. METHODS: PD-L1 expression was studied in 41 patients with severe OSA and 40 healthy volunteers (HV), divided into two groups (≤55 and >55 years of age). We used flow cytometry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA to determine PD-L1 expression on monocytes and plasma PD-L1 protein levels. Moreover, we analysed PD-L1 expression on an in vivo IH model with old and young mice. RESULTS: In subjects up to 55 years of age, severe OSA increased PD-L1 surface protein and mRNA level expression on monocytes and soluble-PD-L1 protein concentration in plasma compared to HV. PD-L1 and hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1α expression correlated with age in HV, whereas in patients with OSA there was a negative relationship. In the mice exposed to IH, PD-L1 expression on F4/80+ splenocytes was also only increased in young animals. HIF-1α expression was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in HV in subjects up to 55 years of age, while PD-L1 expression in monocytes was related to HIF-1α expression in young patients with OSA. CONCLUSION: PD-L1 upregulation in patients with OSA as a consequence of HIF-1α activation occurs mainly in young patients. In older patients with OSA, upregulation was not detected, possibly due to impaired oxygen sensitivity.

Nuclear IGF-1R predicts chemotherapy and targeted therapy resistance in metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although chemotherapy is the cornerstone treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), acquired chemoresistance is common and constitutes the main reason for treatment failure. Monoclonal antibodies against insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) have been tested in pre-treated mCRC patients, but results have been largely deceiving. METHODS: We analysed time to progression, overall survival, and the mutational status of RAS, BRAF and nuclear p-IGF-1R expression by immunohistochemistry, in 470 metastatic CRC patients. The effect of IGF-1R activation and distribution was also assessed using cellular models of CRC and RNAi for functional validation. RESULTS: Nuclear IGF-1R increased in metastatic tumours compared to paired untreated primary tumours, and significantly correlated with poor overall survival in mCRC patients. In vitro, chemo-resistant cell lines presented significantly higher levels of IGF-1R expression within the nuclear compartment, and PIAS3, a protein implicated also in the sumoylation process of intranuclear proteins, contributed to IGF-1R nuclear sequestration, highlighting the essential role of PIAS3 in this process. Intriguingly, we observed that ganitumab, an IGF-1R blocking-antibody used in several clinical trials, and dasatinib, an SRC inhibitor, increased the nuclear localisation of IGF-1R. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that IGF-1R nuclear location might lead to chemotherapy and targeted agent resistance.

A phase II study of antibody-drug conjugate, TAK-264 (MLN0264) in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma expressing guanylyl cyclase C.

Background This phase II open-label, multicenter study evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of TAK-264 in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma expressing guanylyl cyclase C (GCC). Methods Patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma expressing GCC (H-score ≥ 10) received TAK-264 1.8 mg/kg on day 1 of a 21-day cycle as a 30-min intravenous infusion for up to 1 year or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was overall response rate (ORR [complete response + partial response (PR)]). Secondary objectives included evaluations of the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of TAK-264 (NCT02202785). Results 43 patients were enrolled and treated with 1.8 mg/kg TAK-264: 11, 15, and 17 patients with low, intermediate, and high GCC expression, respectively. Median number of treatment cycles received was two (range 1-10). The ORR was 3%, including one patient with intermediate GCC expression who achieved a PR. All patients experienced ≥1 adverse events (AE). The majority of patients experienced grade 1/2 AEs affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Fifteen (35%) patients experienced ≥grade 3 drug-related AEs; five (12%) patients had a serious AE. The most common (≥10% of patients) all-grade drug-related AEs were nausea (33%), fatigue (28%), neutropenia (23%), decreased appetite (23%), vomiting (16%), asthenia (16%), and alopecia (14%). Conclusions TAK-264 demonstrated a manageable safety profile; however, the low efficacy of TAK-264 observed in this study did not support further clinical investigation.

Recommendations for SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres in chemotherapy-refractory/intolerant colorectal liver metastases.

A Spanish expert panel reviewed current evidence for the use of SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres in patients with chemotherapy refractory/intolerant unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Substantial evidence for its efficacy and safety is available from a randomized controlled study, retrospective comparative studies and several single arm studies. Clinical evidence data obtained from more than 1500 patients have led to the inclusion of selective internal radiation therapy in the 2016 ESMO Clinical Guidelines as third-line treatment. This publication results from an expert panel meeting, where published evidence and author's experiences were shared to position SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres in Spain for the treatment of chemotherapy refractory/intolerant unresectable colorectal liver metastases, and second, to define the patient subgroup that will benefit the most with this treatment.

Incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting with moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: ADVICE (Actual Data of Vomiting Incidence by Chemotherapy Evaluation) study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the incidence of nausea and vomiting (CINV) after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC), under medical practice conditions and the accuracy with which physicians perceive CINV. METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive patients receiving MEC between April 2012 and May 2013 were included. Patients completed a diary of the intensity of nausea and number of vomiting episodes. Complete response and complete protection were assessed as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Of 261 patients included, 240 were evaluated. Median age was 64 years, 44.2 % were female and 11.2 % were aged less than 50 years; 95.3 % of patients received a combination of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) antagonist + corticosteroid as antiemetic treatment. Vomiting within 5 days of chemotherapy administration occurred in 20.8 %, nausea in 42 % and significant nausea in 23.8 % of patients. An increase in the percentage of patients with significant nausea (from 9.4 to 21.7 %) and vomiting (from 9.2 to 16.5 %) was observed from the acute to the delayed phase. Complete response was 84.2 % in the acute phase, 77 % in the late phase and 68.9 % in overall period. Complete protection was 79.5 % in the acute phase, 68.8 % in the late phase and 62.4 % throughout the study period. Physicians estimated prophylaxis would be effective for 75 % of patients receiving MEC, compared with 54.1 % obtained from patients' diary. CONCLUSION: Despite receiving prophylactic treatment, 31 % of patients did not achieve a complete response and 38 % complete protection. In general, nausea was worse controlled than vomiting. The results also showed the late phase was worse controlled than the acute phase in all variables. Healthcare providers overestimated the effectiveness of antiemetic prophylaxis.

Hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) leads to activation of proto-oncogenes in human colorectal cancer metastasis.

OBJECTIVE: Hypomethylation of LINE-1 elements has emerged as a distinguishing feature in human cancers. Limited evidence indicates that some LINE-1 elements encode an additional internal antisense promoter, and increased hypomethylation of this region may lead to inadvertent activation of evolutionarily methylation-silenced downstream genes. However, the significance of this fundamental epigenetic mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been investigated previously. DESIGN: We analysed tissue specimens from 77 CRC patients with matched sets of normal colonic mucosa, primary CRC tissues (PC), and liver metastasis tissues (LM). LINE-1 methylation levels were determined by quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing. MET, RAB3IP and CHRM3 protein expression was determined by western blotting and IHC. MET proto-oncogene transcription and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmc) were evaluated by quantitative real-time-PCR. RESULTS: Global LINE-1 methylation levels in LM were significantly lower compared with the matched PC (PC=66.2% vs LM=63.8%; p<0.001). More importantly, we observed that specific LINE-1 sequences residing within the intronic regions of multiple proto-oncogenes, MET (p<0.001), RAB3IP (p=0.05) and CHRM3 (p=0.01), were significantly hypomethylated in LM tissues compared with corresponding matched PC. Furthermore, reduced methylation of specific LINE-1 elements within the MET gene inversely correlated with induction of MET expression in CRC metastases (R=-0.44; p<0.0001). Finally, increased 5-hmc content was associated with LINE-1 hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel evidence that hypomethylation of specific LINE-1 elements permits inadvertent activation of methylation-silenced MET, RAB3IP and CHRM3 proto-oncogenes in CRC metastasis. Moreover, since 5-hmc content inversely correlated with LINE-1 hypomethylation in neoplastic tissues, our results provide important mechanistic insights into the fundamental processes underlying global DNA hypomethylation in human CRC.