[The importance of evaluating the effectiveness of the ventilation VE/VCO2 slope in patients with heart failure]. / Význam hodnocení ventilacní efektivity VE/VCO2 slope u pacientu se srdecním selháním.

Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) is accompanied by a whole range of symptoms, which significantly decrease the quality of life; these typically concern dyspnoea, fatigue and exercise intolerance. The objectification of the patients condition but must have an effective means of evaluation. One such resource is cardiopolmonary exercise (CPX) testing with it is functional parameters. CPX test with its functional parameters is one of such means. VO2peak is undoubtebly the parameter, which was used the most often in the past 25 years, however, it has many limitations. It is reason, why the evaluation of ventilation effectiveness using the VE/VCO2 slope is becoming more and more the centre of Czech and foreign interest of cardiologists abroad. Foreign studies have unambiguously proven that because of the absence of the fundamental limitations, such as in case of VO2peak, the VE/VCO2 slope is a stronger predictor of the amount of hospitalizations and of mortality in the population of patients suffering from CHF. This short overview intends to inform of the significant merit of this parameter. That is the reason why the VE/VCO2 should be classified as a standard criterion in indication of heart transplantations, but also in evaluation of seriousness and prognosis in population of patient suffering from HF.Key words: heart failure - mortality - prognosis - ventilation efficiency - VE/VCO2 slope.

Effects of home-based exercise with telehealth guidance in lymphoma cancer survivors entering cardio-oncology rehabilitation: rationale and design of the tele@home study.

BACKGROUND: Participation in cardio-oncological rehabilitation is low, and the effects incline to decrease after the initial rehabilitation term. Home-based exercise has the potential to enhance involvement in cardio-oncology rehabilitation and was demonstrated to be feasible, safe, and helpful in increasing short-term cardiorespiratory fitness. The lasting effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity are uncertain. Hence, a novel approach via telehealth management based on objectively measured exercise at home was proposed. OBJECTIVES: To improve self-monitoring, such as self-confidence, behavioral change, and goal setting for individual exercise, and afterward, increase long-term effects concerning cardiorespiratory fitness. DESIGN: This randomized controlled trial compares a 12-week guided home exercise telehealth intervention with a center-based exercise intervention of the same duration and intensity of exercise in lymphoma cancer survivors entering cardio-oncology rehabilitation after treatment. Participants will be instructed to exercise gradually at 60-85% of their maximum heart rate for 30-50 min 3 times a week. Participants will receive individual remote guidance (feedback about frequency, duration, and exercise intensity) by preferred contact (phone call, text message) once a week based on shared exercise data through the web platform. The primary outcome is a change in cardiorespiratory fitness expressed as maximal oxygen uptake assessed through cardiopulmonary exercise test at baseline, 12 weeks, and 1 year. Secondary objectives are quality of life, muscle strength, body composition, incidence of adverse events, and exercise adherence. This study will determine whether a telehealth model is effective and safe compared to a center-based model in cancer survivors and whether exercise prescriptions are followed by participants. Additionally, an overview of the long-term effectiveness of telehealth cardio-oncology rehabilitation will be provided. This approach aligns with the trend of moving non-complex healthcare services into the patients' home environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.Gov Identifier: NCT05779605.

Home-based cardio-oncology rehabilitation using a telerehabilitation platform in hematological cancer survivors: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: Cardiovascular disease is a competing mortality cause in hematological cancer survivors due to toxic oncological treatment, accumulation of risk factors, and decline of cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardio-oncology rehabilitation (CORE) is an emerging treatment model to optimize the prognosis of hematological cancer patients and survivors; however, its accessibility during the COVID-19 pandemic is poor. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effect of a 12-week home-based CORE intervention in telerehabilitation approach among hematological cancer survivors. METHODS: A prospective single-arm interventional study was conducted at a faculty hospital in Brno, Czech Republic. This study provided 12 weeks of the home-based CORE using a telerehabilitation approach that allows remote supervision by a clinician from a medical facility. The telerehabilitation approach consists of three components: a heart rate sensor (PolarM430, Kempele, Finland), a web platform compatible with the sensor, and telesupervising via telephone call (1 call per week). To improve adherence, a physiotherapist called participants to assess or address adverse effects, exercise feedback, and participant-related concerns. The anthropometry, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured immediately after the intervention. RESULTS: Eleven hematological cancer survivors with an average age of 60.3 ± 10 years participated in the study. Most participants were diagnosed with Follicular lymphoma and received maintenance treatment. Participants had a significant (p < 0.05) increase in cardiorespiratory fitness by 2.6 ml/kg/min; and in peak workload, from 143.3 ± 60.6 W to 158.6 ± 67.5 W (p < 0.05). Improvement in anthropometry and body composition was observed but yielded no statistical significance. Most (80%) participants completed the three times/per week telesupervising exercise session for 12 weeks.No adverse event was identified. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest that home-based CORE may provide hematological cancer survivors with an increase in CRF during the rehabilitation period after hospital discharge. The telerehabilitation CORE model is effective, feasible, safe, and has demonstrated good adherence. Further randomized controlled efficacy study with larger sample size is needed before clinical implementation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration number NCT04822389 (30/03/2021).

Validity and reliability of automated treadmill six-minute walk test in patients entering exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.

Introduction: The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a well-established tool for assessing submaximal functional capacity for cardiac patients, but space limitations challenge its implementation. Treadmill-based (TR) 6MWT is a promising alternative, but it requires patients to complete a familiarization test to adapt treadmill speed regulation. With the advancement of sensors, it is possible to automatically control speed for individual patients and thus overcome the space limitation or the speed control difficulty on the treadmill for each patient.Methods: This study investigated the validity and interchangeability of automated speed TR6MWT and standard hallway (HL) 6MWT. Eighteen patients were assessed at baseline of the 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program. Fourteen of them were assessed after rehabilitation. All patients performed three TR6MWTs and three HL6MWTs at baseline and one of each test after the program.Results: Patients well tolerated the TR6MWT. There was a strong correlation between both test methods (r = 0.79). However, patients performed significantly better in HL6MWT (514.8m ± 59.7m) than in TR6MWT (447.2 ± 79.1m) with 95% CI, 40.4-94.6m, p < 0.05. Both tests showed high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.86). The TR6MWT showed a valuable comparison of the effect of the cardiac rehabilitation program (20% increase, effect size 1.1) even though it is not interchangeable with the HL6MWT.Conclusion: The automated speed TR6MWT appears to be an acceptable tool with adequate validity, reliability, and responsiveness for assessing functional capacity in patients utilizing cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Impact of antecedent hypertension on outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe forms of acute heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: Even though several studies described a positive influence of elevated initial blood pressure on the outcome in acute heart failure (AHF), data specifically addressed to a population with severe AHF associated with antecedent hypertension, regardless of admission blood pressure values, are missing. METHODS AND RESULTS: From the 4153 consecutive patients enrolled in the Czech AHF registry we selected 1343 patients who suffered from pulmonary oedema or cardiogenic shock and compared them according to the presence of antecedent hypertension. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment profiles and mortality rates were assessed and predictors of short- and long-term outcome were identified. Patients with antecedent hypertension (n = 1053, 78%) were older (P < 0.001), more often women (P = 0.001), having more co-morbidities and a worse laboratory profile. A trend for worse survival of hypertensive patients was observed when compared to a non-hypertensive cohort (1-, 2-, 3-year survival 70.0, 61.5, 55.5% vs. 72.6, 68.2, 64.0%, P = 0.062). Age and creatinine levels were independently associated with mortality during the whole follow-up period (P < 0.001). Low left ventricular ejection fraction, need of mechanical ventilation, inotropic and vasopressor support, were adversely related to in-hospital mortality (P < 0.001). On the other hand, presence of initial tachycardia improved short-term outcome (P = 0.007). Long-term survival was worsened by initial atrial fibrillation (P = 0.036) and anaemia (P < 0.001) while the presence of de-novo AHF improved it (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term antecedent hypertension is not significantly correlated with mortality after an episode of severe AHF, but probably still participates in vascular and end-organ damage. Survival of these patients is determined by other associated co-morbidities.

Cardio-Oncology Rehabilitation and Telehealth: Rationale for Future Integration in Supportive Care of Cancer Survivors.

The direct toxicity of cancer treatment threatens patients and survivors with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or adverse functional changes with subsequent progression of cardiovascular complications. An accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors combined with an unhealthy lifestyle has recently become more common in cancer patients and survivors. It has been recommended to integrate a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation model called cardio-oncology rehabilitation to mitigate cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, cardiac rehabilitation interventions limit barriers in low utilization, further exacerbated by the restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is essential to integrate alternative interventions such as telehealth, which can overcome several barriers. This literature review was designed as a framework for developing and evaluating telehealth interventions and mobile applications for comprehensive cardio-oncology rehabilitation. We identify knowledge gaps and propose strategies to facilitate the development and integration of cardio-oncology rehabilitation telehealth as an alternative approach to the standard of care for cancer patients and survivors. Despite the limited evidence, the pilot results from included studies support the feasibility and acceptability of telehealth and mobile technologies in cardio-oncology rehabilitation. This new area suggests that telehealth interventions are feasible and induce physiological and psychological benefits for cancer patients and survivors. There is an assumption that telehealth interventions and exercise may be an effective future alternative approach in supportive cancer care.

Baseline characteristics and hospital mortality in the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) Main registry.

INTRODUCTION: The prognosis of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF) is poor and risk stratification may help clinicians guide care. The objectives of the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) registry are to assess patient characteristics, etiology, treatment and outcome of AHF. METHODS: The AHEAD main registry includes patients hospitalized for AHF in seven centers with a Catheterization Laboratory Service in the Czech Republic. The data were collected from September 2006 to October 2009. The inclusion criteria for the database adhere to the European guidelines for AHF (2005) and patients were systematically classified according to the basic syndromes, type and etiology of AHF. RESULTS: Of 4,153 patients, 12.7% died during hospitalization. The median length of hospitalization was 7.1 days. Mean age of patients was 71.5 ± 12.4 years; men were younger (68.6 ± 12.4 years) compared to women (75.5 ± 11.5 years) (P < 0.001). De-novo heart failure was seen in 58.3% of the patients. According to the classification of heart failure syndromes, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) was reported in 55.3%, hypertensive AHF in 4.4%, pulmonary edema in 18.4%, cardiogenic shock in 14.7%, high output failure in 3.3%, and right heart failure in 3.8%. The mortality of cardiogenic shock was 62.7%, of right AHF 16.7%, of pulmonary edema 7.1%, of high output HF 6.1%, whereas the mortality of hypertensive AHF or ADHF was < 2.5%. According to multivariate analyses, low systolic blood pressure, low cholesterol level, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, the use of inotropic agents and norepinephrine were predictive parameters for in-hospital mortality in patients without cardiogenic shock. Severe left ventricular dysfunction and renal insufficiency were predictive parameters for mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock. Invasive ventilation and age over 70 years were the most important predictive factors for mortality in both genders with or without cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSIONS: The AHEAD Main registry provides up-to-date information on the etiology, treatment and hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized with AHF. The results highlight the highest risk patients.

Is the Training Intensity in Phase Two Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Different in Telehealth versus Outpatient Rehabilitation?

Telehealth cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a feasible and effective alternative to conventional outpatient CR. Present evidence is limited on the comparison of exercise intensity adherence in telehealth and outpatient CR. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare training intensity adherence through 12-week phase II CR in telehealth and outpatient CR. A sample of 56 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with a mean age of 56.7 ± 7.1 entering comprehensive secondary prevention phase II was randomized into telehealth CR (n = 28) and control outpatient CR (n = 28) groups. The primary outcome was a comparison of training intensity adherence in both CR models and heart rate (HR) response from individual CR sessions, expressed by the HR reserve percentage. As a result, the parameter HR reserve percentage as the total average of the training intensity during the telehealth intervention and the outpatient CR did not differ statistically (p = 0.63). There was no death case, and all severe adverse cases required medical admission throughout an exercise training session in study subjects in both groups. This research evidence demonstrated that the telehealth CR model is similar in training intensities to the conventional outpatient CR in CAD patients with low to moderate cardiovascular risk.

Differences in risk profiles and long-term outcomes in acute heart failure patients with preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in the Czech Republic: The AHEAD registry sub-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The latest European heart failure guidelines define patients as those with reduced (HFrEF), mid-range, and preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; <40%, 40%-49%, and ≥50%, respectively). We investigated the causes of rehospitalizations/deaths in our institution's heart failure patients and focused on differences in the clinical presentation, risk profile, and long-term outcomes between the HFrEF and HFpEF groups in a real-life scenario. METHODS AND RESULTS: We followed 1274 patients discharged from heart failure hospitalization in 2 centres. The mean patient age was 75.9 years, and men and women were represented equally. During the minimal follow-up of 2 years, 57% of patients were hospitalised for any cause, 24.9% for decompensated heart failure, and 43.3% for any cardiovascular cause. A total of 36.1% of patients died, either with prior (11.8%) or without prior (24.3%) heart failure rehospitalization. Heart failure was also the most frequent cause of cardiovascular hospitalization, followed by gastrointestinal problems, infections, and tumours for noncardiovascular hospitalizations. Patients with HFrEF had different baseline characteristics and risk profiles, experienced more hospitalizations for acute heart failure (28.6% vs 20.2%, P=0.012), and had higher cardiovascular mortality (82.4% vs 63.5%, P<0.001) when compared with HFpEF patients. Overall mortality and rehospitalization rates were similar. CONCLUSION: Within 2 years, half of the patients died and/or were hospitalised for acute decompensation of heart failure, and only one-third of the patients survived without any hospitalization. HFrEF and HFpEF patients were confirmed to be different entities with diverse characteristics, risk profiles, and cardiovascular event rates.

Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Impact on Clinical and Hemodynamic Parameters, Quality of Life and Risk Profile.

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a novel treatment option for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) who are not eligible for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) or suffer from persistent pulmonary hypertension after PEA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the real-life efficacy and safety of BPA in a consecutive group of patients who were diagnosed and treated in the national referral center for CTEPH in the Czech Republic. Here we report data from 160 BPA procedures performed in 64 patients. Efficacy analysis was performed in the subgroup of 25 patients who completed BPA series. Significant improvements were observed in New York Heart Association functional class (4% to 79% in I/II, p < 0.001), 6 min walking test distance (+54.3 m, p < 0.001), risk profile (15.8% to 68.5% with presence of 2/3 low risk criteria, p < 0.001), pulmonary artery mean pressure (-18%, p < 0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance (-32%, p < 0.001), stroke volume (+17%, p = 0.011) and quality of life (+37% in assessment of overall health status by a patient, p < 0.001). We observed 1 fatal periprocedural complication (1.6% of all 64 patients) and 19 BPA-related non-fatal complications (11.9% of all 160 interventions) that predominantly included hemoptysis (10.0% of all sessions). Overall survival at 12 months was 94.6%.

Delayed-type Hypersensitivity to Metals in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

The causes of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy are classified as genetic or nongenetic, but environmental factors such as metal pollutants may interact with genetic susceptibility. The presence of metal particles has been detected in the myocardium, including in those patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also known that hypersensitivity reactions can induce inflammation in tissue. The present study aimed to verify if metal-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity is present in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient group consisted of 30 patients with newly diagnosed dilated cardiomyopathy; the control group comprised 41 healthy subjects. All patients and control subjects provided blood samples for lymphocyte transformation testing (MELISA®) to assess possible hypersensitivity to seven common metals. Specific exposure to metals was based on interview data. Results showed that exposure to cadmium and lead (p = 0.0002), aluminum (p = 0.0006), nickel (p = 0.0012), and chromium (p = 0.0065) was more often reported by patients than controls. The patients also had significantly more frequent hypersensitivity reactions to mercury (26.7% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.014624), nickel (40% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.02341), and silver (20% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.025468) than the control group. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy had greater exposure to certain metals compared with healthy controls. Hypersensitivity to metals was more frequent in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting a possible association that warrants further investigation.

Heart rate as an independent predictor of long term mortality of acute heart failure patients in sinus rhythm according to their ejection fraction: data from the AHEAD registry.

BACKGROUND: Heart rate (HR) at admission in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) has been shown to be an important risk marker of in-hospital mortality. However, its relation with mid and long-term prognosis as well as the impact of Ejection Fraction (EF) is unknown. Our objective was to study the relationship between long-term survival and HR at admission depending on EF in a cohort of patients hospitalized for AHF. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 2335 patients in sinus rhythm hospitalized for AHF from AHEAD registry. Patients with cardiogenic shock and AHF from surgical or non-cardiac etiology were excluded. RESULTS: Survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 84.8% and 78% respectively. Increased age, decreased diastolic BP, lack of PCI during hospitalization, increased creatinine level and increased HR (with different cut-offs according to EF categories) were found as predictors whatever the EF at 6 and 12 months. Optimal prognostic cut-offs of heart rate were identified for Heart Failure with reduced EF at 100 bpm, for Heart Failure with mid-range EF at 90 bpm and for Heart Failure with preserved EF at 80 bpm for both 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that HR at admission appears to be an independent prognostic parameter in AHF patients in sinus rhythm irrespective of EF and can be used to classify patients according to the severity of the disease.

Hyperuricemia treatment in acute heart failure patients does not improve their long-term prognosis: A propensity score matched analysis from the AHEAD registry.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is associated with a poorer prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. Benefits of hyperuricemia treatment with allopurinol have not yet been confirmed in clinical practice. The aim of our work was to assess the benefit of allopurinol treatment in a large cohort of HF patients. METHODS: The prospective acute heart failure registry (AHEAD) was used to select 3160 hospitalized patients with a known level of uric acid (UA) who were discharged in a stable condition. Hyperuricemia was defined as UA ≥500 µmoL/L and/or allopurinol treatment at admission. The patients were classified into three groups: without hyperuricemia, with treated hyperuricemia, and with untreated hyperuricemia at discharge. Two- and five-year all-cause mortality were defined as endpoints. Patients without hyperuricemia, unlike those with hyperuricemia, had a higher left ventricular ejection fraction, a better renal function, and higher hemoglobin levels, had less frequently diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation, and showed better tolerance to treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and/or beta-blockers. RESULTS: In a primary analysis, the patients without hyperuricemia had the highest survival rate. After using the propensity score to set up comparable groups, the patients without hyperuricemia had a similar 5-year survival rate as those with untreated hyperuricemia (42.0% vs 39.7%, P = 0.362) whereas those with treated hyperuricemia had a poorer prognosis (32.4% survival rate, P = 0.006 vs non-hyperuricemia group and P = 0.073 vs untreated group). CONCLUSION: Hyperuricemia was associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile in HF patients. Treatment with low doses of allopurinol did not improve the prognosis of HF patients.

Worse prognosis of real-world patients with acute heart failure from the Czech AHEAD registry in comparison to patients from the RELAX-AHF trial.

AIMS: The randomized clinical trial RELAX-AHF demonstrated a positive effect of vasodilator therapy with serelaxin in the treatment of AHF patients. The aim of our study was to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients from the AHEAD registry who met criteria of the RELAX-AHF trial (relax-comparable group) with the same characteristics and outcomes of patients from the AHEAD registry who did not meet those criteria (relax-non-comparable group), and finally with characteristics and outcomes of patients from the RELAX-AHF trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 5856 patients from the AHEAD registry (Czech registry of AHF) were divided into two groups according to RELAX-AHF criteria: relax-comparable (n = 1361) and relax-non-comparable (n = 4495). As compared with the relax-non-comparable group, patients in the relax-comparable group were older, had higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower creatinine clearance, and a higher number of comorbidities. Relax-comparable patients also had significantly lower short-term as well as long-term mortality rates in comparison to relax-non-comparable patients, but a significantly higher mortality rate in comparison to the placebo group of patients from the RELAX-AHF trial. Using AHEAD score, we have identified higher-risk patients from relax-comparable group who might potentially benefit from new therapeutic approaches in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Only about one in five of all evaluated patients met criteria for the potential treatment with the new vasodilator serelaxin. AHF patients from the real clinical practice had a higher mortality when compared with patients from the randomized clinical trial.

AHEAD score--Long-term risk classification in acute heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The role of co-morbidities in the prognosis of patients hospitalized for AHF was examined using the AHEAD (A--atrial fibrillation, H--haemoglobin<130 g/l for men and 120 g/l for women (anaemia), E--elderly (age>70years), A--abnormal renal parameters (creatinine>130 µmol/l), D--diabetes mellitus) scoring system. METHODS: AHEAD--multicentre prospective Czech registry of AHF patients; GREAT registry--international cohort of AHF patients. Data from 5846 consecutive patients hospitalized for AHF (AHEAD registry; derivation cohort) were analysed to build the AHEAD score. Each risk factor of the AHEAD score was counted as 1 point. The model was validated externally using an international cohort of similar patients in the GREAT registry (6315). RESULTS: Main outcome was one year all-cause mortality. The mean age of patients was 72±12 years, with 61.6% of patients aged >70 years; 43.4% were women. Atrial fibrillation was present in 30.7%, anaemia in 38.2%, creatinine>130 mmol/l (abnormal renal parameters) in 30.1%, and diabetes mellitus in 44.0%. The mean AHEAD score was 2.1. In patients with AHEAD scores of 0-5, the one-year mortality rates were 13.6%, 23.4%, 32.0%, 41.1%, 47.7%, and 58.2%, respectively (p<0.001), and the 90 month mortality rates were 35.1%, 57.3%, 73.5%, 84.8%, 88.0%, and 91.7%, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The AHEAD is a simple scoring system based on the analysis of co-morbidities for the estimation of the short and long term prognosis of patients hospitalized for AHF.

Positive influence of being overweight/obese on long term survival in patients hospitalised due to acute heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is clearly associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. However, in patients with acute heart failure (AHF), an increased BMI could represent a protective marker. Studies evaluating the "obesity paradox" on a large cohort with long-term follow-up are lacking. METHODS: Using the AHEAD database (a Czech multi-centre database of patients hospitalised due to AHF), 5057 patients were evaluated; patients with a BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were excluded. All-cause mortality was compared between groups with a BMI of 18.5-25 kg/m2 and with BMI >25 kg/m2. Data were adjusted by a propensity score for 11 parameters. RESULTS: In the balanced groups, the difference in 30-day mortality was not significant. The long-term mortality of patients with normal weight was higher than for those who were overweight/obese (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.26-1.48; p<0.001)). In the balanced dataset, the pattern was similar (1.22; 1.09-1.39; p<0.001). A similar result was found in the balanced dataset of a subgroup of patients with de novo AHF (1.30; 1.11-1.52; p = 0.001), but only a trend in a balanced dataset of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. CONCLUSION: These data suggest significantly lower long-term mortality in overweight/obese patients with AHF. The results suggest that at present there is no evidence for weight reduction in overweight/obese patients with heart failure, and emphasize the importance of prevention of cardiac cachexia.

ECG in patients with acute heart failure can predict in-hospital and long-term mortality.

Initial risk stratification in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) is poorly validated. Previous studies tended to evaluate the prognostic significance of only one or two selected ECG parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of multiple ECG parameters on mortality in AHF. The Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) registry collected data from 4,153 patients admitted for AHF to seven hospitals with Catheter Laboratory facilities. Clinical variables, heart rate, duration of QRS, QT and QTC intervals, type of rhythm and ST-T segment changes on admission were collected in a web-based database. 12.7 % patients died during hospitalisation, the remainder were discharged and followed for a median of 16.2 months. The most important parameters were a prolonged QRS and a junctional rhythm, which independently predict both in-hospital mortality [QRS > 100 ms, odds ratio (OR) 1.329, 95 % CI 1.052-1.680; junctional rhythm, OR 3.715, 95 % CI 1.748-7.896] and long-term mortality (QRS > 120 ms, OR 1.428, 95 % CI 1.160-1.757; junctional rhythm, OR 2.629, 95 % CI 1.538-4.496). Increased hospitalisation mortality is predicted by ST segment elevation (OR 1.771, 95 % CI 1.383-2.269) and prolonged QTC interval >475 ms (OR 1.483, 95 % CI 1.016-2.164). Presence of atrial fibrillation and bundle branch block is associated with increased unadjusted long-term mortality, but mostly reflects more advanced heart disease, and their predictive significance is attenuated in the multivariate analysis. ECG in patients admitted for acute heart failure carries significant short- and long-term prognostic information, and should be carefully evaluated.

Risk of in-hospital mortality identified according to the typology of patients with acute heart failure: classification tree analysis on data from the Acute Heart Failure Database-Main registry.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study are to identify the strongest clinical parameters in relation to in-hospital mortality, which are available in the earliest phase of the hospitalization of patients, and to create an easy tool for the early identification of patients at risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The classification and regression tree analysis was applied to data from the Acute Heart Failure Database-Main registry comprising patients admitted to specialized cardiology centers with all syndromes of acute heart failure. The classification model was built on derivation cohort (n = 2543) and evaluated on validation cohort (n = 1387). RESULTS: The classification tree stratifies patients according to the presence of cardiogenic shock (CS), the level of creatinine, and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) at admission into the 5 risk groups with in-hospital mortality ranging from 2.8% to 66.2%. Patients without CS and creatinine level of 155 µmol/L or less were classified into very-low-risk group; patients without CS, creatinine level greater than 155 µmol/L, and SBP greater than 103 mm Hg, into low-risk group, whereas patients without CS, creatinine level greater than 155 µmol/L, and SBP of 103 mm Hg or lower, into intermediate-risk group. The high-risk group patients had CS and creatinine of 140 µmol/L or less; patients with CS and creatinine level greater than 140 µmol/L belong to very-high-risk group. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.823 and 0.832, and the value of Brier's score was estimated on level 0.091 and 0.084, for the derivation and the validation cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The presented classification model effectively stratified patients with all syndromes of acute heart failure into in-hospital mortality risk groups and might be of advantage for clinical practice.

Long-term survival following acute heart failure: the Acute Heart Failure Database Main registry (AHEAD Main).

BACKGROUND: The in-hospital mortality of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) is reported to be 12.7% and mortality on day 30 after admission 17.2%. Less information is known about the long-term prognosis of those patients discharged after hospitalization. As such, the aim of this study was to investigate long-term survival in a cohort of patients who had been hospitalized for AHF and then discharged. METHODS: The AHEAD Main registry includes 4153 patients hospitalized for AHF in 7 different medical centers, each with its own cathlab, in the Czech Republic. Patient survival rates were evaluated in 3438 patients who had survived to day 30 after admission, and were used as a measurement of long-term survival. RESULTS: The most common etiologies were acute coronary syndrome (32.3%) and chronic ischemic heart disease (20.1%). The survival rate after day 30 following admission was 79.7% after 1 year and 64.5% after 3 years. No statistically significant difference in syndromes was found in survival after day 30. Independent predictors of a worse prognosis were defined as follows: age>70 years, comorbidities, severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, valvular disease or ACS as an etiology of AHF. A better prognosis was defined for de-novo AHF patients, and those who were taking ACE inhibitors at the time of discharge. In a sub-analysis, high levels of natriuretic peptides were the most powerful predictors of high-risk, long-term mortality. CONCLUSION: The AHEAD Main registry provides up-to-date information on the long-term prognosis of patients hospitalized with AHF. The 3-year survival of patients following day 30 of admission was 64.5%. Higher age, LV dysfunction, comorbidities and high levels of natriuretic peptides were the most powerful predictors of worse prognosis in long-term survival.