Access to Vinyl gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes via Photopromoted Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reaction.

A photopromoted Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction of gem-difluorocyclopropyl bromides (DFCBs) with styrenes to deliver vinyl gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (VDFCs) under mild conditions has been developed. The reaction demonstrates good functional group compatibility while providing high E/Z ratio of the products. Furthermore, the desired VDFCs can be easily transformed into fluorinated cyclic/acyclic architectures, which may broaden its applications in organic synthesis.

Endoscopic papillectomy for synchronous adenoma of the major and minor duodenal papilla.

OBJECTIVES: Synchronous adenomas of the major and minor duodenal papilla are seldom reported. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of synchronous major and minor papilla adenomas and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic papillectomy (EP) for the management of the disease. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent endoscopy for synchronous major and minor papilla adenomas from January 1, 2013 to August 31, 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients' characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory, imaging and endoscopic findings were collected. RESULTS: The nine patients with synchronous major and minor papilla adenomas had an average age of 50.78 ± 10.70 years. The diameter of major and minor papilla adenomas was 12.11 ± 3.41 mm and 6.11 ± 1.05 mm, respectively. Most major papilla adenomas had R0 horizontal margins (n = 8), while R0 vertical margins were achieved in all patients. While minor papilla adenomas were resected with both R0 horizontal and vertical margins in all patients. Post-EP bleeding was observed in one patient, which was classified as mild. Post-EP hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis was observed in two and four patients, respectively; the latter consisted of three with mild pancreatitis and one with severe pancreatitis. No perforation was observed. The mean follow-up duration was 9.22 ± 5.99 months. Histologically confirmed recurrence at the resection site was detected in one patient at 3 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Synchronous major and minor papilla adenomas may not be as rare as previously speculated. EP may be an effective and safe alternative modality for their management.

Association of Long-term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution With Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution induces neurotoxic reactions and may exert adverse effects on cognitive health. We aimed to investigate whether air pollutants accelerate cognitive decline and affect neurobiological signatures of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: We used a population-based cohort from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey with 31,573 participants and a 10-year follow-up (5878 cognitively unimpaired individuals in Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey followed for 5.95 ± 2.87 years), and biomarker-based data from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and Lifestyle study including 1131 participants who underwent cerebrospinal fluid measurements of AD-related amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau proteins. Cognitive impairment was determined by education-corrected performance on the China-Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. Annual exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ground-level ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were estimated at areas of residence. Exposures were aggregated as 2-year averages preceding enrollments using Cox proportional hazards or linear models. RESULTS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 (per 20 µg/m3) increased the risk of cognitive impairment (hazard ratio, 1.100; 95% CI: 1.026-1.180), and similar associations were observed from separate cross-sectional analyses. Exposures to O3 and NO2 yielded elevated risk but with nonsignificant estimates. Individuals exposed to high PM2.5 manifested increased amyloid burdens as reflected by cerebrospinal fluid-AD biomarkers. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure-associated decline in global cognition was partly explained by amyloid pathology as measured by cerebrospinal fluid-Aß42/Aß40, P-tau/Aß42, and T-tau/Aß42, with mediation proportions ranging from 16.95% to 21.64%. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 contributed to the development of cognitive decline, which may be partly explained by brain amyloid accumulation indicative of increased AD risk.

[The application of remifentanil-propofol and remifentanil-midazolam analgesia for choledochofiberscopic dilatation of bile duct].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of remifentanil-propofol and remifentanil-midazolam analgesia for choledochofiberscopic dilatation of bile duct. METHODS: 95 patients undergoing choledochofiberscopic dilatation of bile duct were reviewed, 43 of which were dealt with remifentanil-propofol (PR) and 52 with remifentanil-midazolam (MR). After medication, changes of HR, MAP, RR and SPO(2) were observed. The effects of sedation and analgesia, the instance of amnesia, and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: HR in group PR and MR were increase at 10 to 20 min and 20 min respectively after medication. MAP in group PR was increased at 20 min, which were decreased in group MR (P < 0.05). Compared with group PR, group MR achieved similar analgesia (P > 0.05), more moderate sedation with modified OAA/S score of 3 - 4 (67% vs 28%, P < 0.01), less memory, less injection pain, and higher satisfaction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both remifentanil-propofol and remifentanil-midazolam can provide safe and effective sedation and analgesia for choledochofiberscopic dilatation of bile duct. Remifentanil-midazolam provides more stable hemodynamics, more amnesia, moderate sedation duration and less side effects.