Sex differences on the relation among gross motor competence, cognition, and academic achievement in children.

An association between gross motor competence (GMC) and academic achievement (AA) has been described, but the potential mechanisms behind this association are still unknown. It is not known either whether these mechanisms are similar for boys and girls. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the association between GMC and AA is mediated by executive functions (EFs), and to investigate whether this mediation differs by sex. This cross-sectional study involved 451 children aged 8 to 10 (234 girls; mean age 9.95 ± 0.59). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2), NIH Toolbox, and grades in language and mathematics were used to test GMC, EFs, and AA, respectively. Multifactorial structural equation model (SEM) was used to evaluate a possible relation between variables, controlling for confounders. The differences by sex were examined using a multi-group SEM approach. The results showed that EFs acted as a full mediator of the relationship between GMC and AA in boys (ß = 0.14, p = 0.012) but not in girls (ß = 0.10, p = 0.326). These results show that the benefit of GMC on AA is mediated by EFs in boys but not in girls. Nevertheless, these conclusions should be carefully considered due to the cross-sectional nature of the study.

Anxiety, Depression, and Asthma Control: Changes After Standardized Treatment.

BACKGROUND: It has been documented that anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with asthma and are associated with greater frequency of exacerbations, increased use of health care resources, and poor asthma control. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of asthma diagnosis with symptoms of depression/anxiety and asthma control not only at baseline but also over a 6-month period of specialist supervision. METHODS: We enrolled 3182 patients with moderate to severe asthma. All were evaluated with spirometry, the Asthma Control Test, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline and at 6 months. Treatments were decided by specialists according to published guidelines. RESULTS: At baseline, 24.2% and 12% of the patients were diagnosed with anxiety and depression, respectively, according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. After 6 months, anxiety and depression improved, affecting 15.3% and 8.1% of patients, respectively (P < .001); mean FEV1 and asthma control also improved (FEV1 from 81.6% ± 20.9% to 86% ± 20.8%; Asthma Control Test score from 15.8 ± 4.7 to 19.4 ± 4.4; both P < .001). Patients with anxiety and depression used significantly more health care resources and had more exacerbations. A multivariate analysis showed that patients with anxiety, depression, and lower FEV1 (odds ratio, 0.20, 0.34, 0.62, respectively; P < .001) were independently associated with poor asthma control. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that anxiety had a nearly 4-fold greater influence over asthma control than depression (0.326/0.85 = 4.075). CONCLUSION: Under standardized asthma care and after a specific visit with the specialist, patients present significant improvement in these psychological disorders and exhibit better asthma control and functional parameters.

Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the buccal mucosa 19 years after radical nephrectomy.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has high metastatic potential, which requires early diagnosis to optimize the chance of cure. Metastasis of RCC to the head and neck region is less common and metastasis to the buccal mucosa is extremely rare. This phenomenon occurs mostly in patients with generalized dissemination, especially with lung metastases. In this article we report a case of buccal mucosa metastasis from RCC in a 65-year-old man who presented 19 years after undergoing a left radical nephrectomy for clear cell RCC. Surgical excision of the buccal lesion was performed without evidence of recurrence or new metastatic lesions after 6 years of followup. To our knowledge, this is the first case of metastasis to the buccal mucosa from a RCC reported in the literature.

Conservative treatment of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the kidney: a case report.

Primary renal malignant fibrous histiocytoma is an extremely rare disease. There are neither clinical nor radiological signs to distinguish it from the most common renal cell carcinoma. Its prognosis is poor because of its tendency to locally recur and metastasize. Therefore, early diagnosis and proper treatment are very important. We present the case of a 66-year-old woman diagnosed with primary renal malignant fibrous histiocytoma who underwent partial nephrectomy. After 41 months' follow-up, there was no evidence of any recurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of conservative surgery for this kind of tumor.

[Intrathoracic ectopic kidney in an adult: case report and bibliographic review]. / Riñón ectópico intratorácico en un adulto: aportación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: We report the case of a 61-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of intrathoracic renal ectopia during the workup study for a possible lung mass. METHODS: We performed a bibliographic review on the incidence, origin, clinical presentation and diagnosis of this type of renal ectopia. RESULTS: Chest x-ray showed a left posterior mediastinum mass. Bronchoscopy was performed showing signs of extrinsic compression with absence of neoplastic cells. CT scan revealed a left intrathoracic ectopic kidney with diaphragmatic hernia. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathoracic renal ectopia is a very unfrequent finding, often asymptomatic, frequently an incidental diagnosis that does not require treatment.

[Low flow priapism. Treatment by sapheno-cavernous shunt]. / Priapismo de bajo flujo. Tratamiento mediante shunt safeno-cavernoso.

OBJECTIVE: We report the clinical case of a 21-year-old male presenting with a 36 hour history of low flow priapism, its diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: We performed a bibliography review on the etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment options. RESULTS: The patient underwent unsuccessful punction-aspiration of intracavernous blood with phenylephrine injection and cavernous irrigation with saline solution. A covernous-spongiosum shunt was performed subsequently, firstly using the Winter technique and followed by the AlGorab technique with a final positive response. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of a sapheno-cavernous shunt is an effective treatment for the low flow priapism resistant to usual medical-surgical treatment.

[Metachronic testicular tumor secondary to invasive bladder carcinoma]. / Tumor testicular metacronico secundario a carcinoma vesical infiltrante.

OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of testicular metastasis secondary to an infiltrative transitional cell carcinoma years after radical surgery. CASE REPORT: 71-year-old male patient with history of infiltrative bladder tumor, status post radical cystoprostatectomy with urethrectomy. Seven years after surgery he presents with pain and swelling in the right testicle. Inguinal orchyectomy was carried out with the pathologic diagnosis of testicular metastasis of a high-grade transitional cell carcinoma. We perform a bibliographic review. RESULTS: The patient is disease-free twelve months after orchyectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from leukemia and lymphoma, testicular metastases are extremely rare. The existence of testicular metastases means a metastatic dissemination to other organs, therefore chemotherapy could improve prognosis.

[Dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft (Barbagli's technique): preliminary results of our case series]. / Uretroplastia dorsal con injerto libre de mucosa prepucial (técnica de Barbagli): resultados preliminares de nuestra serie.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the indication and results in the treatment of complex urethral stenosis by the Barbagli's technique. METHODS: We retrospectively review 8 patients undergoing dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft. We analyze their preoperative characteristics. Mean stenosis length was 6.25 cm and the site was bulbar urethra in seven cases and penile in one. Mean preoperative flow was 8.78 ml/sec. We describe the technique and present our results. RESULTS: There are 87.5% of goods results (cure of the stenosis) with 22 months of mean follow-up. Only one patient required a second operation (end to end anastomosis) with good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal onlay urethroplasty with foreskin mucosa free graft is an effective technique in long and complex urethral stenosis, and we consider it the technique of first choice in view of our results.

[Metachronous adrenal metastasis in two patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for primary renal cell carcinoma]. / Metástasis suprarrenal metacrónica en 2 pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía radical por carcinoma de células renales primario.

OBJECTIVES: We report two exceptional cases of metachronous adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinomas and perform a bibliographic review. After the evaluation of various features such as frequency, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and follow-up of these patients we conclude that these metastases are rare, and they usually appear late in the evolution of patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Once reviewed the treatment and checked the absence of guidelines for the therapeutic management of these patients we propose surgery for the adrenal metastasis as well as adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy.