Shifts in gut microbiome across five decades of repeated guppy translocations in Trinidadian streams.

An organism's gut microbiome can alter its fitness, yet we do not know how gut microbiomes change as their hosts evolve in the wild. We took advantage of a five-decade 'chronosequence' of translocated fish populations to examine associated changes in the gut microbiome. Populations of Trinidadian guppies have displayed parallel phenotypic convergence six times when moved from high predation (HP) to low predation (LP) environments. Across four drainages, we found microbiomes of fish translocated 5-6 years prior to sampling were already distinct from the microbiomes of their HP source populations. Changes in environmental conditions were most important in driving this shift, followed by phenotypic shifts in gut morphology. After 30-60 years in LP environments, microbiome composition was still distinct from native LP populations, but microbiome function was not. We found some evidence that nitrogen fixation enhanced gut nutrient absorption, but most functional shifts were not parallel across drainages. Stream-and drainage-specific signatures were present for both composition and function, despite our overall finding of consistent microbiome change across drainages. As we unravel the complexities of host-microbiome evolution in the wild, studies should consider environmental microbial colonization, host phenotypic plasticity in nature, and more realistic environmental conditions excluded from laboratory studies.

Paving the way for application of next generation risk assessment to safety decision-making for cosmetic ingredients.

Next generation risk assessment (NGRA) is an exposure-led, hypothesis-driven approach that has the potential to support animal-free safety decision-making. However, significant effort is needed to develop and test the in vitro and in silico (computational) approaches that underpin NGRA to enable confident application in a regulatory context. A workshop was held in Montreal in 2019 to discuss where effort needs to be focussed and to agree on the steps needed to ensure safety decisions made on cosmetic ingredients are robust and protective. Workshop participants explored whether NGRA for cosmetic ingredients can be protective of human health, and reviewed examples of NGRA for cosmetic ingredients. From the limited examples available, it is clear that NGRA is still in its infancy, and further case studies are needed to determine whether safety decisions are sufficiently protective and not overly conservative. Seven areas were identified to help progress application of NGRA, including further investments in case studies that elaborate on scenarios frequently encountered by industry and regulators, including those where a 'high risk' conclusion would be expected. These will provide confidence that the tools and approaches can reliably discern differing levels of risk. Furthermore, frameworks to guide performance and reporting should be developed.

Characterisation of aluminium release by the enFlow® fluid-warming system in crystalloids and blood products.

The use of uncoated aluminium-heated plates in an intravenous fluid-warming system has been shown to produce high levels of aluminium in Sterofundin 1/1E, a balanced crystalloid solution. However, the effect of this fluid-warming device on other balanced crystalloid solutions and blood products has not been studied. Using mass spectrometry we measured aluminium levels in Plasma-Lyte 148, compound sodium lactate solution, 4% human albumin solution, expired resuspended packed red cells and fresh frozen plasma that were pumped through an enFlow® fluid-warming system at 2 ml.min-1 . Samples were taken at baseline before heating and then at 10-min intervals up to 60 min with the system set to warm the fluids to 40 °C. High concentrations of aluminium were found for Plasma-Lyte 148 and compound sodium lactate solutions (mean (SD) 223 (0.6) µmol.l-1 and 163 (0.2) µmol.l-1 at 60 min, respectively); both concentrations were significantly greater than the United States Food and Drug Administration recommended maximum limit for aluminium in intravenous nutrition of 25 µg.l-1 (0.9 µmol.l-1 ). Lower aluminium levels were found in 4% human albumin solutions, expired resuspended red cells and fresh frozen plasma at 60 min (mean (SD) 5.7 (0.1) µmol.l-1 , 2.7 (0.0) µmol.l-1 and 2.3 (0.4) µmol.l-1 , respectively). The process allowing addition of aluminium to be added to Sterofundin 1/1E by the enFlow fluid warmer also occurs in Plasma-Lyte 148 and compound sodium lactate solutions and to a lesser degree in blood products. The exact mechanism facilitating this process and its clinical significance remain unclear.

Neurosurgical aspects of abusive head trauma management in children: a review for the training neurosurgeon.

The management of head trauma in children from suspected abuse is multidisciplinary. The primary role of neurosurgeons is to manage the acute clinical situation. They also have a secondary role in assisting others to determine the cause of the injury and prevent recurrences. This article aims to guide the trainee neurosurgeon on management of this patient group according to current literature.

Clear cell changes in salivary gland neoplasms: A 20-year retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Clear cells are observed histopathologically in both benign and malignant neoplasms but their presence in salivary gland tumors has not been extensively documented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With IRB approval, the archive of the University of Florida College of Dentistry oral pathology biopsy service was retrospectively searched from 1994-2014 for all benign and malignant salivary tumors. Epidemiological data, tumor location and duration, and type of tumor were recorded. A four reviewer panel examined the original slides. Reviewers scaled each case as 0 (no clear cells present), 1 (few to focal clear cells), 2 (less than 50% clear cells), and 3 (greater than 50% clear cells). RESULTS: A total of 535 cases were included of which 48% of tumors displayed 0 clear cells (257/535), 31.4% (168/535) scored 1, 13.6% (73/535) scored 2, and 7% (37/535) scored 3. Of the 251 (47%) malignant neoplasms, 64% (160/251) demonstrated 0-1 clear cell change, while 36% (91/251) showed a score of 2-3. For the total 284 (53%) benign tumors, 93% (265/535) scored 0-1 and 7% (19/535) scored a 2-3 range. No statistical difference was noted for gender, age, or duration of time present in regards to presence or absence of clear cells. Statistically significant differences in clear cell presence were found between location groups, between benign and malignant diagnosis, and between specific diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the frequent presence of increased numbers of clear cells in oral salivary malignancies and highlights salivary gland differential diagnoses when presented with clear cell changes.

Locally adapted traits maintained in the face of high gene flow.

Gene flow between phenotypically divergent populations can disrupt local adaptation or, alternatively, may stimulate adaptive evolution by increasing genetic variation. We capitalised on historical Trinidadian guppy transplant experiments to test the phenotypic effects of increased gene flow caused by replicated introductions of adaptively divergent guppies, which were translocated from high- to low-predation environments. We sampled two native populations prior to the onset of gene flow, six historic introduction sites, introduction sources and multiple downstream points in each basin. Extensive gene flow from introductions occurred in all streams, yet adaptive phenotypic divergence across a gradient in predation level was maintained. Descendants of guppies from a high-predation source site showed high phenotypic similarity with native low-predation guppies in as few as ~12 generations after gene flow, likely through a combination of adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity. Our results demonstrate that locally adapted phenotypes can be maintained despite extensive gene flow from divergent populations.

Organ donation video messaging: differential appeal, emotional valence, and behavioral intention.

Video narratives increasingly are used to draw the public's attention to the need for more registered organ donors. We assessed the differential impact of donation messaging videos on appeal, emotional valence, and organ donation intentions in 781 non-registered adults. Participants watched six videos (four personal narratives, one informational video without personal narrative, and one unrelated to donation) with or without sound (subtitled), randomly sequenced to minimize order effects. We assessed appeal, emotional valence, readiness to register as organ donors, and donation information-seeking behavior. Compared to other video types, one featuring a pediatric transplant recipient (with or without sound) showed more favorable appeal (p < 0.001), generated more positive emotional valence (p < 0.01), and had the most favorable impact on organ donor willingness (p < 0.001). Ninety-five (12%) participants clicked through to a donation website after viewing all six videos. Minority race (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.13, p = 0.006), positive change in organ donor readiness (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.48, p < 0.001), and total positive emotion (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.07, p < 0.001) were significant multivariable predictors of clicking through to the donation website. Brief, one-min videos can have a very dramatic and positive impact on willingness to consider donation and behavioral intentions to register as an organ donor.

Patient-reported outcomes in the practice-based opportunities for weight reduction (POWER) trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate effects of two behavioral weight-loss interventions (in-person, remote) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) compared to a control intervention. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-one obese US adults with at least one cardiovascular risk factor completed five measures of HRQOL and depression: MOS SF-12 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary; EuroQoL-5 dimensions single index and visual analog scale; PHQ-8 depression symptoms; and PSQI sleep quality scores at baseline and 6 and 24 months after randomization. Change in each outcome was analyzed using outcome-specific mixed-effects models controlling for participant demographic characteristics. RESULTS: PCS-12 scores over 24 months improved more among participants in the in-person active intervention arm than among control arm participants (P < 0.05, ES = 0.21); there were no other statistically significant treatment arm differences in HRQOL change. Greater weight loss was associated with improvements in most outcomes (P < 0.05 to < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Participants in the in-person active intervention improved more in physical function HRQOL than participants in the control arm did. Greater weight loss during the study was associated with greater improvement in all PRO except for sleep quality, suggesting that weight loss is a key factor in improving HRQOL.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Novel Online Program for Mental Health Carers.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a new online program (Minds Together ) for carers of a person with depressive or anxiety symptoms. Methods: Using a two-arm randomised controlled trial design, 108 carers of a person with depressive or anxiety symptomology aged 16 years or over (89% female; mean age 50 years) received immediate or delayed access to the Minds Together program. Feasibility was measured using program activation and survey completion rates. Acceptability was measured using a project-specific satisfaction scale, semi-structured interviews, and program completion metadata. The study used intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis for participant-reported outcomes (carer burden, coping self-efficacy) across groups. Results: Feasibility and acceptability thresholds were consistent with similar studies: 59% activated their program account, 47% met the program completion threshold, and almost all reported satisfaction with the program. The ITT indicated trends in increased coping self-efficacy and reduced carer burden for the Intervention group, compared to the Waitlist control. Conclusions: The Minds Together program is a feasible and acceptable program for carers supporting a person with depressive or anxiety symptomology. Results support exploration of the program's efficacy in a full-scale RCT.

Objetivo: Evaluar la factibilidad y aceptabilidad de un nuevo programa en línea (Minds Together) para cuidadores de una persona con síntomas depresivos o ansiosos. Métodos: utilizando un diseño de ensayo controlado aleatorio de dos brazos, 108 cuidadores de personas con sintomatología depresiva o ansiosa de 16 años o más (89% mujeres; edad media, 50 años) recibieron acceso inmediato o diferido al programa Minds Together. La viabilidad se midió utilizando la activación del programa y las tasas de finalización de la encuesta. La aceptabilidad se midió utilizando una escala de satisfacción específica del proyecto, entrevistas semiestructuradas y metadatos de finalización del programa. El estudio utilizó el análisis por intención de tratar (ITT) para los resultados informados por los participantes (carga del cuidador, autoeficacia de afrontamiento) en todos los grupos. Resultados: Los umbrales de viabilidad y aceptabilidad fueron consistentes con estudios similares: el 59% activó su cuenta del programa, el 47% alcanzó el umbral de finalización del programa y casi todos informaron satisfacción con el programa. El ITT indicó tendencias en el aumento de la autoeficacia de afrontamiento y la reducción de la carga del cuidador para el grupo de Intervención, en comparación con el control de la Lista de Espera. Conclusiones: El programa Minds Together es un programa factible y aceptable para los cuidadores que apoyan a una persona con sintomatología depresiva o ansiosa. Los resultados respaldan la exploración de la eficacia del programa en un RCT a gran escala.

Self-report and urine drug screen concordance among women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders participating in a clinical trial: Impact of drug type and participant characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Self-report measures are important in substance use assessment, yet they are susceptible to reporting errors. Urine drug screens (UDS) are often considered a more valid alternative. However, collecting in-person UDS may not always be feasible, contributing to the need to understand factors that influence the validity of self-reported substance use. METHODS: In this secondary analysis of data from 295 women with co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders (SUD) who participated in a clinical trial testing behavioral interventions, we examined concordance and discordance between self-reported drug use and associated UDS results. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the impact of treatment type and participant characteristics on the associations between self-reported drug use and UDS results. RESULTS: Findings revealed higher disagreement between self-report and UDS for opioids and sedatives (ranging from.77 to.90) and lower disagreement rates for cannabis and cocaine (ranging from.26 to.33). Treatment type was not a significant moderator of the associations between self-report and UDS across all drugs. Among those with a positive opioid UDS, those who reported employment in the past three years were more likely to self-report no opioid use compared to their counterparts without employment in the past three years. CONCLUSIONS: Findings add to the literature that supports the validity of self-reported cannabis and cocaine use. The greater discrepancies between self-report and UDS test results of opioids and sedatives suggest adjunctive UDS may be required, although a variety of factors other than inaccurate self-report may be associated with this discrepancy.

Obesity is associated with increased asthma severity and exacerbations, and increased serum immunoglobulin E in inner-city adults.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with increased asthma and atopy. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not obesity in inner-city adults is associated with increased asthma prevalence, severity and exacerbations and IgE responses. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 246 adults with asthma and other atopic disorders who were seen at an asthma clinic in New York City between 1997 and 2010. Height, weight, asthma diagnosis and symptoms, peak flow (PF), spirometry, serum IgE levels and white blood cell differentials were recorded. RESULTS: Asthmatic patients had higher body mass index than non-asthmatics (median, interquartile range: 30.5, 10.2 vs. 27.8, 8.8; Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.0006). Class I and II/III obesity were associated with increased asthma (I: OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.04-5.34, P = 0.04; II/III: OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.36-7.74, P = 0.008). Class I and II/III obesity were associated with worsened asthma severity (ordinal logistic regression; I: OR: 4.23, 95% CI: 1.61-11.06, P = 0.003; II/III: OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.08-7.09, P = 0.03). Class II/III obesity was associated with increased asthma exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (repeated measures logistic regression, OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.25; P = 0.01) and increased requirement of inhaled corticosteroid for long-term asthma management (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.29-1.62; P < 0.0001). In asthmatics, class II/III obesity was associated with decreased PF (general linear model, least squares mean ± SEM: 333.8 ± 37.4 vs. 396.2 ± 32.1 L/min; P = 0.007), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (75.2 ± 4.6 vs. 88.4 ± 5.6%; P = 0.03) and forced vital capacity (83.2 ± 4.7 vs. 109.2 ± 6.0%; P = 0.0002) and increased serum IgE (480.2 ± 88.3 vs. 269.0 ± 66.6 IU/mL; P = 0.04) and neutrophils (66.6 ± 3.7 vs. 60.1 ± 3.8%; P = 0.02). Class I obesity was also associated with increased serum IgE (458.7 ± 68.9, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Obesity in inner-city adults may be both a risk and exacerbating factor for atopic asthma.

Gingival Fibroma: An Emerging Distinct Gingival Lesion with Well-Defined Histopathology.

Gingival growths, barring a few are mostly reactive and seldom exhibit significant true neoplastic potential. The common etiology is local irritation from dental plaque/calculus, trauma as well as medication-related overgrowth. Such lesions are easily distinguishable and categorized into diagnoses such as pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, etc. We present a previously undescribed, but commonly encountered, reactive gingival growth with unique histologic features and suggest the diagnostic term "gingival fibroma." An IRB approved retrospective review of the University of Florida Oral Pathology Biopsy Service encompassing years 2010-2019, was performed to select cases. Demographics, clinical data, and microscopic diagnoses were recorded and analyzed. Four board-certified oral and maxillofacial pathologists agreed upon and established the diagnostic criteria. These are: a prominent fibromyxoid stroma, variable cellularity, a whorled or storiform pattern of arrangement of the cellular elements, lack of significant inflammation or vascularity, and complete absence of calcification, and/or odontogenic islands. A total of 60 cases met all criteria and were included in the study. Age range in years was 14-87 with the mean at 45.11 years. A striking female predilection (90%) was noted. Approximately 62% of cases were reported on the maxillary gingiva, followed by 38.3% in the mandibular gingiva. Majority, 66.7% were in the anterior incisor region followed by 11.7% in the canine/first premolar areas. All lesions were submitted as excisional biopsy, and 4 cases recurred within 2-3 years of excision. In all cases, lesional tissue appeared to extend to the surgical base of the specimen. We present 60 cases of a histologically unique entity occurring exclusively on the gingiva and introduce the diagnostic term "Gingival Fibroma" for these lesions. Further studies with adequate clinical follow-up may help understand the exact clinical behavior of these lesions.

Copper(II)-selective chelation improves function and antioxidant defences in cardiovascular tissues of rats as a model of diabetes: comparisons between triethylenetetramine and three less copper-selective transition-metal-targeted treatments.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Treatment with the Cu(II)-selective chelator triethylenetetramine (TETA) improves cardiovascular disease in human patients, and cardiac and vascular/renal disease in rats used as a model of diabetes. Here we tested two hypotheses: first, that TETA elicits greater improvement in organ function than less Cu-selective transition-metal-targeted treatments; second, that the therapeutic actions of TETA are consistent with mediation through suppression of oxidative stress. METHODS: Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i. v.) and treated from 8 weeks after disease induction for the following 8 weeks with effective dosages of oral TETA, or one of three less Cu-selective transition-metal-targeted treatments: D-penicillamine, deferiprone or Zn acetate. Treatment effects were measured in ex vivo cardiac and aortic tissues, plasma and urine. RESULTS: Diabetes damaged both cardiac and renal/vascular function by impairing the ability of cardiac output to respond physiologically to rising afterload, and by significantly elevating the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Diabetes also lowered total antioxidant potential and heparan sulphate levels in cardiac and arterial tissues, and serum ferroxidase activity, whereas it elevated urinary heparan sulphate excretion. TETA treatment rectified or partially rectified all these defects, whereas the other three experimental treatments were ineffectual. By contrast, none of the four drug treatments lowered diabetes-mediated elevations of plasma glucose or lipid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: TETA may limit the cardiac and renal/vascular damage inflicted by diabetes through its actions to reinforce antioxidant defence mechanisms, probably acting through selective chelation of 'loosely-bound'/chelatable Cu(II). It may also improve heparan sulphate homeostasis and bolster antioxidant defence by increasing vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase activity. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio might prove useful for monitoring TETA treatment.

Growth performance, meat quality, and gut microflora of broiler chickens fed with cranberry extract.

Cranberry fruit components have been reported to have antimicrobial activities against a variety of pathogenic bacteria and to be beneficial for human health. Studies on their effects are very limited in animals and especially in chickens. This study investigated the effect of feed supplementation with a commercial cranberry fruit extract (CFE) on the performance, breast meat quality, and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens. Twelve hundred male 1-d-old broiler chicks were allocated randomly to CFE treatments at 0, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg of feed from d 0 to 35. Cloacal and cecal samples were collected weekly to evaluate the influence of treatments on the intestinal population of generic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. At d 35, BW were 1.62, 1.60, 1.61, and 1.64 kg for the control birds and birds fed 40, 80, and 160 mg of CFE/kg of feed, respectively. Feed intake ranged from 2.7 to 2.8 kg and feed efficiency from 1.8 to 1.9 g of feed/g of BW. However, the treatment effects on bird performance were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mortality rate tended to be lower (P = 0.09) in birds fed 40 mg of CFE/kg of feed. Feed supplementation with CFE did not significantly alter any broiler meat properties evaluated when compared with the control diet (P > 0.05). At d 28, the populations of Enterococcus spp. in cecal and cloacal samples were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in birds receiving CFE at 160 mg/kg of feed than the other groups. No significant differences were noted between the control and the treatment groups for general health and intestinal integrity (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that more studies are needed to investigate potential beneficial effects of CFE or its derivatives in broiler production.

An Analysis of Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Fibrous Dysplasia of the Jaws: A Series of 40 Cases and Review of Literature.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare condition commonly involving the jaws. While FD has a typical clinical and histological presentation, considerable variation exists. Moreover, overlap of features with other disorders is possible. This study serves to characterize the features of a large case series of FD of the jaws. With IRB approval, the University of Florida Oral Pathology Biopsy Service archive was retrospectively searched from 1994 to 2015 for cases of FD. Epidemiological data, location, duration, clinical and radiographic appearance, clinical impression and exact microscopic diagnosis were recorded. The average age was 37.3 years (range 7-87 years) with majority of cases in females (67.5%). The most common ethnicity was Caucasian. Maxillary location was predominant (59%), followed by mandible (38%) and multiple locations (3%). Expansion was reported in 78% of cases. Radiographically, most cases exhibited ground glass opacity, however some presented with a mottled or mixed radiopaque/radiolucent appearance. Histologically, a wide variation in terms of stromal cellularity, presence of osteoblastic rimming, and presence of calcified material mimicking cemento-osseous dysplasia was observed. Clinicians and pathologists should be cognizant of the significant variability in clinical, histopathologic, and radiographic presentation of FD, which may pose a diagnostic challenge.

Odontogenic Myxoma: A 23-Year Retrospective Series of 38 Cases.

Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is an uncommon benign odontogenic tumor arising in the jaw. Though it has slight histologic overlap with other entities, definitive diagnosis is imperative considering the tumor's aggressive nature, high recurrence rate, and necessity of radical surgical intervention in large-sized lesions. With IRB approval, a retrospective search of the University of Florida College of Dentistry Oral Pathology Biopsy Service archives from 1994 to 2017 for diagnosis of OM of the jaw was performed. Biopsy reports and original slides for each case were assessed and reviewed along with any accompanying radiographs to confirm the diagnosis. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to exclude entities with histologic overlaps, such as intraosseous myxoid neurofibroma. A total of 38 cases were included. The patients' age ranged from 6 to 84 years, with a mean age of 37.47 years. Females comprised two-thirds of the cases (n = 25) versus males (n = 13). The mandible was the most affected at 60.5% (n = 23), followed by maxilla 39.4% (n = 15). Posterior jaw involvement was higher than anterior in both the mandible (n = 20 versus n = 3) and the maxilla (n = 11 versus n = 4). Most lesions presented clinically as expansile masses with variable radiographic appearance. The clinical impression from submitting providers included "gelatinous masses", abscesses, odontogenic lesions, fibro-osseous lesions, soft tissue or bone neoplasms, and reactive gingival lesions. A consensus of odontogenic myxoma as a diagnosis was rendered for 30 cases (79%), while in 8 cases (21%) that exhibited a more fibrous stroma was identified as fibromyxoma. OM may exhibit a varied demographic and clinical profile with a wide spectrum of histologic presentations. Pathologists should be sentient of this variability in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and correctly manage these patients.

Ancient DNA of Guinea Pigs (Cavia spp.) Indicates a Probable New Center of Domestication and Pathways of Global Distribution.

Guinea pigs (Cavia spp.) have a long association with humans. From as early as 10,000 years ago they were a wild food source. Later, domesticated Cavia porcellus were dispersed well beyond their native range through pre-Columbian exchange networks and, more recently, widely across the globe. Here we present 46 complete mitogenomes of archaeological guinea pigs from sites in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, the Caribbean, Belgium and the United States to elucidate their evolutionary history, origins and paths of dispersal. Our results indicate an independent centre of domestication of Cavia in the eastern Colombian Highlands. We identify a Peruvian origin for the initial introduction of domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) beyond South America into the Caribbean. We also demonstrate that Peru was the probable source of the earliest known guinea pigs transported, as part of the exotic pet trade, to both Europe and the southeastern United States. Finally, we identify a modern reintroduction of guinea pigs to Puerto Rico, where local inhabitants use them for food. This research demonstrates that the natural and cultural history of guinea pigs is more complex than previously known and has implications for other studies regarding regional to global-scale studies of mammal domestication, translocation, and distribution.

Author Correction: Ancient DNA of Guinea Pigs (Cavia spp.) Indicates a Probable New Center of Domestication and Pathways of Global Distribution.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, and the most important parasitic disease in Latin America. Protozoa of the genus Leishmania are global agents of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, fatal and disfiguring diseases. In the 1970s multilocus enzyme electrophoresis demonstrated that T. cruzi is a heterogeneous complex. Six zymodemes were described, corresponding with currently recognized lineages, TcI and TcIIa-e--now defined by multiple genetic markers. Molecular epidemiology has substantially resolved the phylogeography and ecological niches of the T. cruzi lineages. Genetic hybridization has fundamentally influenced T. cruzi evolution and epidemiology of Chagas disease. Genetic exchange of T. cruzi in vitro involves fusion of diploids and genome erosion, producing aneuploid hybrids. Transgenic fluorescent clones are new tools to elucidate molecular genetics and phenotypic variation. We speculate that pericardial sequestration plays a role in pathogenesis. Multilocus sequence typing, microsatellites and, ultimately, comparative genomics are improving understanding of T. cruzi population genetics. Similarly, in Leishmania, genetic groups have been defined, including epidemiologically important hybrids; genetic exchange can occur in the sand fly vector. We describe the profound impact of this parallel research on genetic diversity of T. cruzi and Leishmania, in the context of epidemiology, taxonomy and disease control.

Lichenoid Characteristics in Premalignant Verrucous Lesions and Verrucous Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity.

Verrucous hyperkeratosis (VH), verrucous carcinoma (VC) and the relentless, truly pre-malignant variant proliferative verrucous leukoplakia often exhibit lichenoid histologic features that may create a diagnostic dilemma for pathologists. This study aims to evaluate and categorize the frequency and the histopathologic patterns of lichenoid features seen in these lesions. Following IRB approval, cases of VH and VC from 1994 to 2014 were retrieved from the archives of UF Oral Pathology Biopsy Service. A panel of 4 board-certified oral and maxillofacial pathologists reviewed and scored the presence or absence of 5 lichenoid features: band-like infiltrate (BLI), saw tooth rete ridges (STRR), interface stomatitis (IS), civatte bodies (CB), and basement membrane degeneration (BMD). Cases not fulfilling the stringent selection criteria were excluded. A total of 70 cases of VH and 56 cases of VC were included. Approximately 25% of both VH and VC cases exhibited 3 or more lichenoid features. By Chi square testing, BLI (p = 0.000), IS (p = 0.005), and CB (p = 0.026) were significantly more common in VC than VH. Gingival lesions had significantly less frequent BLI (p = 0.004) and IS (p = 0.024) versus other sites. However, STRR was significantly more common in VH than VC (p = 0.000) in the gingiva. (p = 0.002). Statistical analysis revealed that the only significant valid association was the increased presence of band-like infiltrate in VC over VH (p = 0.001). Lichenoid features are common in both VH and VC and may represent a nonspecific inflammatory response to the dysplasia or malignancy rather than concomitant lichenoid disease. This could lead to significant under diagnoses of these premalignant or potentially malignant lesions by pathologists.