Dietary intake and adequacy of energy and nutrients in Mexican adolescents: Results from Ensanut 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy and nutrient intakes and adequacies in Mexican adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dietary intake was assessed in 1 961 adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (Ensanut 2012), by a food frequency questionnaire. Medians of intakes and adequacies were estimated for energy, macroand micronutrients and are presented by residence area, region and household wealth index (HWI). Consumption by food groups was estimated. RESULTS: Median daily energy intake was 2 000 Kcal in males and 1 800 Kcal in females. High prevalences of inadequacy were observed for fiber, PUFAs, iron, zinc and calcium. These inadequacies were higher among individuals of low HWI. Moreover, excessive intakes of total and saturated fat were higher among adolescents of higher HWI. CONCLUSIONS: The diet of Mexican adolescents is deficient in essential nutrients for good health and high in saturated fat. Actions are needed to promote a healthy diet.

Association between Predictors of Vitamin D Serum Levels and Risk of Retinoblastoma in Children: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: vitamin D (VD) may be a protective factor for retinoblastoma, though no temporal association has been reported during pregnancy or the child's first year of life. Serum VD concentrations are determined by both distal (DF) and proximal factors (PF). OBJECTIVE: To identify if DF and PF can predict VD insufficiency (VDI) and VD deficiency (VDD) in women of childbearing age; and to test whether maternal exposure to DF and PF during pregnancy and a child's exposure during the first 11.9 months postpartum are associated with sporadic retinoblastoma (SRb) in children. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from the Epidemiology of SRb in Mexico (EpiRbMx) study and the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-2019 (ENSANUT 2018-2019, for its acronym in Spanish). The association of DF and PF with VDD or VDI was estimated using ENSANUT 2018-2019, and the association of DF and PF with SRb using EpiRbMx. All were estimated using logistic regression, with comparable samples selected from ENSANUT 2018-2019 and EpiRbMx. RESULTS: Altitude, latitude and obesity predicted VDI and VDD in ENSANUT women. In EpiRbMx, residence in a rural location during pregnancy increased the risk of SRb. For children, rural residence and latitude increased the risk of SRb, while the number of days exposed to the spring-summer season during months 6 to 11.9 of life was protective. CONCLUSIONS: risk of VDI and VDD in women (ENSANUT 2018-2019) increased with altitude, urban dwelling, overweight and obesity. The child and mother's place of residence, including altitude, latitude and rural classification were important predictors of SRb in EpiRbMx.

Dietary intake and adequacy of energy and nutrients in Mexican adolescents: Results from Ensanut 2012 / Ingesta dietética y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en adolescentes mexicanos: resultados de la Ensanut 2012

Abstract Objective To estimate energy and nutrient intakes and adequacies in Mexican adolescents. Materials and methods Dietary intake was assessed in 1 961 adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (Ensanut 2012), by a food frequency questionnaire. Medians of intakes and adequacies were estimated for energy, macro- and micronutrients and are presented by residence area, region and household wealth index (HWI). Consumption by food groups was estimated. Results Median daily energy intake was 2 000 Kcal in males and 1 800 Kcal in females. High prevalences of inadequacy were observed for fiber, PUFAs, iron, zinc and calcium. These inadequacies were higher among individuals of low HWI. Moreover, excessive intakes of total and saturated fat were higher among adolescents of higher HWI. Conclusion The diet of Mexican adolescents is deficient in essential nutrients for good health and high in saturated fat. Actions are needed to promote a healthy diet.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la ingesta de energía, nutrientes e inadecuaciones en adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos La ingesta se evaluó en 1 961 adolescentes mexicanos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 (Ensanut 2012), mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia. Se calcularon las medianas de ingestas y adecuaciones para la energía, macro y micronutrientes, y el consumo por grupo de alimentos. Resultados La ingesta energética diaria fue de 2 000 kcal en varones y 1 800 kcal en las mujeres. Se observó una alta prevalencia de inadecuación de fibra, grasa poliinsaturada, hierro, zinc y calcio. Las inadecuaciones fueron mayores en el índice de bienestar bajo, mientras que el nivel alto se caracterizó por ingesta excesiva de grasas. Conclusión La dieta de los adolescentes mexicanos es deficiente en nutrientes esenciales para la buena salud y es excesiva en grasas saturadas. Es necesario promover una dieta saludable.

Factores de riesgo de lesión por accidentes de tráfico y el impacto de una intervención sobre la carretera / Risk factors of injury by traffic accidents and the impact of an intervention of the road

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito das intervençöes em uma rodovia, na ocorrência e gravidade de ferimentos por acidente. Métodos: Foi feita uma análise comparativa de dois estudos transversais em 1994 e 1996. Resultados: Em 1994, a taxa foi de 7,96 acidentes/100.000 veículos e em 1996, 8,49/100.000 veículos. O aumento näo foi significante (p>0,05). O índice de motoristas feridos em 1994 foi de 2,10/100.000 veículos e de 1,35/100.000 veículos em 1996, o que representa uma reduçäo (p<0,000). A notificaçäo espontânea do uso de cinto de segurança (63,46 por cento contra 76,6 por cento), o número de veículos de pequeno porte acidentados (7,9 por cento contra 37,7 por cento), o trânsito em horário noturno (23,7 por cento contra 31,8 por cento) e a direçäo no sentido México-Cuernavaca (45 por cento contra 66,7 por cento) foram maiores em 1996 (p<0,05). O risco de ferimento - usando um modelo de regressäo logística - entre motoristas expostos a intervençöes (1996) e motoristas näo expostos (1994) ajustados por: idade, velocidade, uso do cinto de segurança, ingestäo de álcool e causas externas mostrou um efeito protetor das intervençöes na rodovia. Conclusäo: Há uma evidente necessidade de abordagem multisetoriais no estudo e na avaliaçäo das intervençöes no campo dos acidentes de trânsito, sendo o presente estudo um exemplo claro das repercusöes sobre a saúde geradas pelas intervençöes desenvolvidas pelo setor de transportes na rodovia

Cinturón de seguridad y gravedad de lesiones en accidentes de tráfico en carretera / Safety belt use and severity of injuries in car accidents

Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre gravedad de lesiones provocadas por accidentes de tráfico en la autopista México-Cuernavaca y el uso de cinturón de seguridad. Material y métodos. La unidad de observación fue el conductor accidentado. Se estudiaron variables individuales, del vehículo y del ambiente físico, en el lugar de ocurrencia del accidente. El análisis se realizó utilizando chi cuadrada, razón de momios (RM), intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95 por ciento y regresión logística. Resultados. Se aplicaron 422 cuestionarios durante 324 accidentes. Hubo 177 personas lesionadas, incluidas 12 defunciones, con una tasa de 67.5 lesionados y 4.58 fallecidos por 10 000 kilómetros recorridos. Las variables asociadas a la falta de uso del cinturón de seguridad con una p< 0.05 fueron: ingesta alcohólica, velocidad mayor de 90 km/h, tamaño del vehículo, ocurrencia nocturna y tramo. Los factores de riesgo para lesiones graves fueron: falta de uso de cinturón de seguridad (RM 4.9, IC 95 por ciento 2.2-10.8 cruda y RM 2.94, IC 95 por ciento 1.13-7.66 ajustada); edad menor de 25 años (RM 3.6, IC 95 por ciento 1.0-12.7) y mayor de 54 (RM 6.0, IC 95 por ciento 1.4-25.0); ingesta alcohólica (RM 10.8, IC 95 por ciento 3.8-30.4), y ocurrencia nocturna (RM 2.8, IC 95 por ciento 1.4-5.8). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren realizar intervenciones dirigidas al uso del cinturón de seguridad y a los factores asociados a ello

To analyze the association between the severity of car accident injuries and the use of safety belts. Material and methods. The unit of observation and analysis was car drivers in the Mexico-Cuernavaca toll highway. Variables included were those of car drivers, the vehicles and the physical environment at the accident site. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of chi square, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and logistic regression. Data was collected in 422 questionnaires for 324 accident events. Results. There were 177 injured people, including 12 deaths, with rates of 67.5 injuries and 4.58 deaths per 10 000 kilometers driven. Variables associated with not using a safety belt (p<0.05) were: alcohol drinking, vehicle size, night-time and road section. Risk factors for severe injuries were: not using a safety belt (raw OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.2-10.8, adjusted OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.13-7.66); age < 25 years (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.0-12.7) and >54 (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.4-25.0); alcohol drinking (OR 10.8, 95% CI 3.8-30.4); and night time (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.8). Conclusions. These findings suggest the need to formulate interventions aimed at enforcing the use of safety belts and prevention of related factors.