SURGICAL OUTCOMES IN CONCURRENT SICKLE CELL AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical features and outcomes in eyes that underwent vitreoretinal surgery for complications of concurrent sickle cell retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive case series of all eyes that underwent vitreoretinal surgery for complications secondary to concurrent sickle cell retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy between January 01, 2014, and December 31, 2021. RESULTS: The study included 20 eyes of 14 patients. Indications for surgery included tractional retinal detachment in 12 eyes (60%), combined tractional retinal detachment/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 6 eyes (30%), and vitreous hemorrhage in 2 eyes (10%). Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in all eyes. One eye received a scleral buckle at the same time as pars plana vitrectomy. There was no change in mean best-corrected visual acuity at the last follow-up examination (1.5 [20/678]) when compared with mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (1.6 [20/762], P = 0.83). Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity correlated with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity at the last follow-up examination in eyes with retinal detachment (r = 0.49, P = 0.04). Single operation anatomic success was achieved in 11 of 17 eyes (65%) with retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: Functional and anatomic outcomes after surgery in eyes with concurrent sickle cell retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy are relatively poor.

NATIONWIDE DEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES IN UNITED STATES EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISITS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Within the evolving landscape of healthcare in the United States (US), delineating the demographic nuances and financial implications of emergent conditions, such as rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), is paramount. This study seeks to analyze the demographic and hospital billing amount/cost of service disparities in RRD visits to emergency departments (EDs) nationwide. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision , and Current Procedural Terminology codes in the 2016 to 2019 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases to identify RRD visits. The analysis included demographics, hospital billing amount, and cost of service of RRD ED management. RESULTS: A total of 12,492 RRD encounters were identified with men constituting 64% and a prominent age group being 50 to 64 years (49.3%). Most patients (90%) were managed in metropolitan teaching hospitals, predominantly in the southern U.S. region (56.1%). Private insurance covered 45% of patients. Same-day RRD repair odds increased in November and December. Whites had a higher likelihood for same-day treatment. Hospital billing amount rose from $23,600 in 2016 to $30,354 in 2019, with stable mean total cost of service. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ED visit incidence did not show seasonal variation ( P = 0.819). CONCLUSION: Most patients with RRD in U.S, EDs were middle-aged men, with Whites more likely to receive same-day repair. There was no sex bias observed in same-day repair decision-making. Although hospital billing amount increased over the study period, total cost of service remained stable. The incidence of RRD ED visits showed no seasonal variation.

ACUTE- AND DELAYED-ONSET ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER OPEN GLOBE INJURIES: Clinical Features and Visual Acuity Outcomes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to report the clinical features and best-corrected visual acuity outcomes in patients with acute- and delayed-onset endophthalmitis after open globe injuries. METHODS: The study included a retrospective, comparative, consecutive case series of patients with endophthalmitis after open globe injury between January 2016 and October 2020 at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. RESULTS: Acute-onset endophthalmitis accounted for 16 of 20 cases (80%), and all cases were diagnosed at the initial examination. Delayed-onset endophthalmitis cases, occurring more than 2 weeks after injury, accounted for 4 of 20 cases (20%) and were because of Zone 1 wound leaks and infections. Factors associated with endophthalmitis included presence of a retained intraocular foreign body (11/20 [55%]) and delay of presentation >24 hours (15/20 [75%]) ( P < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). The mean presenting best-corrected visual acuity was logMAR 1.64 (20/800), and the mean best-corrected visual acuity at the last follow-up was logMAR 1.22 (20/300). CONCLUSION: In patients with open globe injury-related endophthalmitis, visual acuity outcomes are generally poor. Despite intravitreal antibiotics at primary closure, delayed-onset endophthalmitis cases may develop in the setting of compromised Zone 1 wound integrity.

INTRAOCULAR INFLAMMATION INCIDENCE AFTER INTRAVITREAL BROLUCIZUMAB INJECTION FOR EXUDATIVE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical outcomes of intraocular inflammation (IOI) of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) injected with brolucizumab in our tertiary referral center. METHODS: A retrospective case series for which clinical records of all eyes that received intravitreal brolucizumab at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between December 1, 2019, and April 1, 2021, were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 345 eyes of 278 patients who received 801 brolucizumab injections. IOI was detected in 16 eyes of 13 patients (4.6%). In those patients, baseline Logarithm of Minimu Angle of Resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity was 0.32 0.2 (20/42), while it was 0.58 0.3 (20/76) at IOI presentation. The mean number of injections among eyes experiencing IOI was 2.4, and the interval between the last brolucizumab injection and IOI presentation was 20 days. There was no known case of retinal vasculitis. Management of IOI included topical steroids in seven eyes (54%), topical and systemic steroids in five eyes (38%), and observation in one eye (8%). Best-corrected visual acuity returned to baseline and inflammation resolved in all eyes by the last follow-up examination. CONCLUSION: Intraocular inflammation after brolucizumab injection for neovascular AMD was not uncommon. Inflammation resolved in all eyes by the last follow-up visit.

EVALUATION OF RETINAL DISPLACEMENT FOLLOWING PRIMARY SCLERAL BUCKLING FOR MACULA-INVOLVING RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and degree of retinal displacement following scleral buckling surgery for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: Retrospective interventional case series comprised of patients treated with primary scleral buckling procedure without gas tamponade for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and imaged postoperatively with fundus autofluorescence imaging between June 1, 2016 and July 25, 2021. Clinical notes, operative reports, fundus autofluorescence photographs, and optical coherence tomography images were reviewed. The presence and degree of retinal displacement were recorded. RESULTS: Twelve eyes of 11 patients were included. One (8%) eye with an epiretinal membrane demonstrated 0.1 mm of retinal displacement along the superior arcade and in the superotemporal periphery. The remainder of eyes (92%) did not show any identifiable signs of retinal displacement. CONCLUSION: Retinal displacement does not seem to be a frequent complication of primary scleral buckling surgery for macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Closure of Full-Thickness Macular Holes Associated with Macular Edema with Medical Therapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the closure of macular hole without surgery in 7 cases using medical therapies. METHODS: The retrospective review of 7 cases of full-thickness macular holes, which closed after medical therapy without surgery. RESULTS: Seven eyes of 7 patients developed full-thickness macular holes, which initially closed on medical therapy without surgery. Six patients were kept on maintenance therapy; 1 recurred and 5 did not develop recurrence. One patient was taken off of maintenance therapy and later developed recurrent macular hole requiring macular hole surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Medical therapy to decrease macular edema may facilitate macular hole closure and should be considered, especially for small macular holes with significant edema. Reopening of macular holes may occur after stopping topical maintenance therapy for macular edema, which occurred at 10 weeks and 9 months after maintenance therapy was discontinued or markedly tapered.

Acute Onset Endophthalmitis Following Bilateral Upper and Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty.

A 59-year-old woman presented with iritis and uveitis in the OD approximately 3 weeks after she underwent a bilateral upper and lower blepharoplasty by an outside oculoplastic specialist. Examination revealed a visual acuity of hand motion in the OD, scleral ulceration suspicious for prior globe perforation, dense vitritis, and loculations and membranes on echography. The patient was diagnosed with acute onset exogenous endophthalmitis. Vitreous aspiration and intravitreal injection of vancomycin and ceftazidime were performed. The patient underwent a pars plana vitrectomy, and vitreous culture demonstrated Streptococcus pseudoporcinus . Postoperative vision improved to 4/200 but was limited by a full-thickness macular hole. Despite silicone oil removal and macular hole repair, the macular hole remained open at month 7 and limited vision to 5/200. During eyelid surgery, surgeons should take precautions against intraoperative needle perforation including possible use of protective shield. Postoperative vision loss after eyelid surgery requires further evaluation.

WIDE-FIELD SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF DIABETIC TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENTS BEFORE AND AFTER SURGICAL REPAIR.

PURPOSE: Wide-field (WF) swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) was used to image diabetic tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) before and after pars plana vitrectomy. The clinical utility of SS-OCTA was assessed. METHODS: Patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged prospectively with SS-OCTA. Ultrawide-field imaging was obtained when possible. Postoperative WF SS-OCTA imaging was performed. RESULTS: From January 2018 through December 2019, 31 eyes of 21 patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged. Wide-field SS-OCTA en-face images captured all areas of TRD and fibrovascular proliferation within the posterior pole that were visualized on ultrawide-field imaging. Optical coherence tomography angiography B-scans revealed the vascularity of preretinal membranes and identified areas of vitreoretinal traction and posterior vitreous detachment. Ten eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Postoperative SS-OCTA imaging demonstrated removal of fibrovascular membranes, relief of traction, and resolution of TRDs. Retinal ischemia before and after surgical repair appeared similar. CONCLUSION: All clinically relevant features of diabetic TRDs were identified at baseline and assessed longitudinally after pars plana vitrectomy using WF SS-OCTA, which showed resolution of vitreoretinal traction and no apparent change in the status of retinal perfusion after surgery. If the media are clear and fixation is adequate, WF SS-OCTA is likely the only imaging modality needed for the diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of diabetic TRDs.

Vision Loss after Intravitreal Injection of Autologous "Stem Cells" for AMD.

Adipose tissue-derived "stem cells" have been increasingly used by "stem-cell clinics" in the United States and elsewhere to treat a variety of disorders. We evaluated three patients in whom severe bilateral visual loss developed after they received intravitreal injections of autologous adipose tissue-derived "stem cells" at one such clinic in the United States. In these three patients, the last documented visual acuity on the Snellen eye chart before the injection ranged from 20/30 to 20/200. The patients' severe visual loss after the injection was associated with ocular hypertension, hemorrhagic retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhage, combined traction and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, or lens dislocation. After 1 year, the patients' visual acuity ranged from 20/200 to no light perception.

Tamponade in surgery for retinal detachment associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Retinal detachment (RD) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) often requires surgery to restore normal anatomy and to stabilize or improve vision. PVR usually occurs in association with recurrent RD (that is, after initial retinal re-attachment surgery), but occasionally may be associated with primary RD. Either way, for both circumstances a tamponade agent (gas or silicone oil) is needed during surgery to reduce the rate of postoperative recurrent RD. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the relative safety and effectiveness of various tamponade agents used with surgery for RD complicated by PVR. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (the Cochrane Library 2019, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to January 2019), Embase (January 1980 to January 2019), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to January 2019), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 2 January 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on participants undergoing surgery for RD associated with PVR that compared various tamponade agents. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors screened the search results independently. We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We identified four RCTs (601 participants) that provided data for the primary and secondary outcomes. Three RCTs provided data on visual acuity, two reported on macular attachment, one on retinal reattachment and another two on adverse events such as RD, worsening visual acuity and intraocular pressure. Study Characteristics Participants' characteristics varied across studies and across intervention groups, with an age range between 21 to 89 years, and were predominantly men. The Silicone Study was conducted in the USA and consisted of two RCTs: (silicone oil versus sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponades; 151 participants) and (silicone oil versus perfluropropane (C3F8) gas tamponades; 271 participants). The third RCT compared heavy silicone oil (a mixture of perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) and silicone oil) with standard silicone oil (either 1000 centistokes or 5000 centistokes; 94 participants). The fourth RCT compared 1000 centistokes with 5000 centistokes silicone oil in 85 participants. We assessed most RCTs at low or unclear risk of bias for most 'Risk of bias' domains. Findings Although SF6 gas was reported to be associated with worse anatomic and visual outcomes than was silicone oil at one year (quantitative data not reported), at two years, silicone oil compared to SF6 gas showed no evidence of a difference in visual acuity (33% versus 51%; risk ratio (RR) 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 2.66; 1 RCT, 87 participants; low-certainty evidence). At one year, another RCT comparing silicone oil and C3F8 gas found no evidence of a difference in visual acuity between the two groups (41% versus 39%; RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.73 to 1.31; 1 RCT, 264 participants; low-certainty evidence). In a third RCT, participants treated with standard silicone oil compared to those receiving heavy silicone oil also showed no evidence of a difference in the change in visual acuity at one year, measured on logMAR scale ( mean difference -0.03 logMAR; 95% CI -0.35 to 0.29; 1 RCT; 93 participants; low-certainty evidence). The fourth RCT with 5000-centistoke and 1000-centistoke comparisons did not report data on visual acuity. For macular attachment, participants treated with silicone oil may probably experience more favorable outcomes than did participants who received SF6 at both one year (quantitative data not reported) and two years (58% versus 79%; RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.86; 1 RCT; 87 participants; low-certainty evidence). In another RCT, silicone oil compared to C3F8 at one year found no evidence of difference in macular attachment (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.15; 1 RCT, 264 participants; low-certainty evidence). One RCT that compared 5000 centistokes to 1000 centistoke reported that retinal reattachment was successful in 67 participants (78.8%) with first surgery and 79 participants (92.9%) with the second surgery, and no evidence of between-group difference (1 RCT; 85 participants; low-certainty evidence). The fourth RCT that compared standard silicone oil with heavy silicone oil did not report on macular attachment. Adverse events In one RCT (86 participants), those receiving standard 1000 centistoke silicone oil compared with those of the 5000 centistoke silicone oil showed no evidence of a difference in intraocular pressure elevation at 18 months (24% versus 22%; RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.41 to 1.94; low-certainty evidence), visually significant cataract (49% versus 64%; RR 1.30; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.89; low-certainty evidence), and incidence of retina detachment after the removal of silicone oil (RR 0.36 95% CI 0.08 to 1.67; low-certainty evidence). Another RCT that compared standard silicone oil with heavy silicone oil suggests no difference in retinal detachment at one year (25% versus 22%; RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.54 to 1.48; 1 RCT; 186 participants; low-certainty evidence). Retinal detachment was not reported in the RCTs that compared silicone oil versus SF6 and silicone oil versus to C3F8. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There do not appear to be any major differences in outcomes between C3F8 and silicone oil. Silicone oil may be better than SF6 for macular attachment and other short-term outcomes. The choice of a tamponade agent should be individualized for each patient. The use of either C3F8 or standard silicone oil appears reasonable for most patients with RD associated with PVR. Heavy silicone oil, which is not available for routine clinical use in the USA, may not demonstrate evidence of superiority over standard silicone oil.

PATIENTS PRESENTING EMERGENTLY WITH PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Follow-up and Factors Associated With Compliance.

PURPOSE: To determine the rate of follow-up after emergent encounters for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and to identify patient or visit characteristics associated with follow-up compliance. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to an ophthalmic emergency department with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy between May 2014 and December 2016 was conducted. Demographic data and encounter data were gathered for each emergency department visit. Compliance with follow-up was defined as a completed clinic visit as scheduled after the emergency encounter. RESULTS: A total of 590 emergency department encounters were included. The overall follow-up rate was 61.9%. Married patients and those with Public Health Trust insurance had increased odds of compliance (odds ratio [OR]: 1.507, P = 0.04; OR: 2.749, P < 0.0001). Patients with Medicaid had reduced odds (OR: 0.543, P = 0.004). Patients with longer emergency department encounters and longer intervals to follow-up had reduced odds (OR: 0.948, P = 0.001; OR of 0.941, P < 0.0001). The other characteristics were not significantly associated with follow-up compliance. CONCLUSION: Patients who present emergently with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy are at high risk of following up noncompliance. Characteristics with significant effects on the odds of follow-up compliance include specific insurance payer, marriage status, length of visit, and interval to follow-up.

ANALYSIS OF THE VITREORETINAL SURGICAL FELLOWSHIP APPLICANT POOL: Publication Misrepresentations and Predictors of Future Academic Output.

PURPOSE: To evaluate characteristics associated with misrepresentation of publication record, future career placement, and subsequent academic output among vitreoretinal surgical fellowship applicants. METHODS: A retrospective review of 337 vitreoretinal surgical applicants between 2015 and 2018 was conducted. Publications reported in the applications were verified using PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar. Applications were considered misrepresented if there was no record of the publication or if there was an inconsistency in authorship. Applicants were followed after graduation and their employment position and postgraduation publications were recorded. The main outcome measures were the number of unverifiable publications, postfellowship job placement, and postgraduate peer-reviewed publications. RESULTS: Of the 377 applicants, 309 (82.0%) listed peer-reviewed publications. Of those with a publication, 32 (10.4%) had misrepresentations. A reported desire to pursue an academic career was associated with a future career in academic medicine, whereas Alpha Omega Alpha status was correlated with a future career in private practice. Alpha Omega Alpha status, a reported desire to pursue an academic career, and the number of peer-reviewed publications before fellowship were positively correlated with higher numbers of peer-reviewed publications after fellowship. CONCLUSION: Unverifiable authorship among vitreoretinal surgical fellowship applicants is significant, affecting nearly one in 10 applicants with peer-reviewed publications. A reported desire to pursue academic medicine as listed on the fellowship application is a useful indicator for a future career in academics, and for increased number of peer-reviewed publications after fellowship.

Assessing "Cell Therapy" Clinics Offering Treatments of Ocular Conditions using Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Websites in the United States.

PURPOSE: "Cell therapy" is becoming increasingly available to the public via online direct-to-consumer advertisement within the United States (U.S.). The current study investigates the scope of "cell therapy" clinics across the U.S. that advertise and offer "cell therapy" for ocular conditions based on information provided on their websites. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: The study included companies that are U.S.-based, participate in direct-to-consumer online marketing, have websites that can be data-mined with content analysis, and advertise therapy for ocular conditions. METHODS: Using a systematic, extensive keyword-based Internet search, content analysis of company websites was utilized to identify, document, and analyze U.S. businesses marketing "cell therapy" for ocular conditions as of September 16, 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinic locations, source of stem cells used, route of administration, marketed ocular conditions, and cost of treatment. RESULTS: Forty companies with 76 clinics use "cell therapy" to treat ocular conditions. California (23), Florida (12), and Illinois (10) contain the most clinics. All 40 companies specified sources of cells, which included autologous adipose-derived stem cells (35; 67%), autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells (8; 15%), amniotic stem cells (2; 4%), peripheral blood-derived stem cells (2; 4%), umbilical cord blood stem cells (2; 4%), allogenic bone marrow-derived stem cells (1; 2%), placental stem cells (1; 2%), and xenocells (1; 2%). The most commonly marketed ocular conditions included macular degeneration (35), optic neuritis (18), retinitis pigmentosa (17), and diabetic retinopathy (16). The most common routes of administration were intravenous (22) and "unspecified" (12); however, other companies listed more ocular-specific routes such as intravitreal injections (2), retrobulbar injections (2), eye injections (2), retrofundal injection (1), sub-Tenon injection (1), intraocular injection with vitrectomy (1), and eye drops (1). The cost of advertised "cell therapy" ranged from $4000 to $10 500. CONCLUSIONS: "Cell therapy" for ocular conditions is readily available via direct-to-consumer marketing strategies across the United States. The "cells" are harvested from numerous sources and administered through different methods for multiple ocular conditions at these "cell therapy" clinics. Limited data for these treatments necessitates advocating caution to physicians and patients about treatments offered at commercial "cell therapy" clinics.

Treated retinal breaks: clinical course and outcomes.

PURPOSE: To report rates and timing of retreatments, new break formation, and vitreoretinal surgical intervention after initial treatment of retinal breaks, and to identify factors associated with increased rates of additional vitreoretinal interventions. METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive case series of all patients who were diagnosed with a retinal break and underwent laser retinopexy for prophylaxis of retinal detachment at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, from 2013 through 2016 were reviewed. The main outcome measure was if additional laser treatment or vitreoretinal surgical procedure was performed after the initial laser retinopexy. RESULTS: Additional laser retinopexy was performed in 75 (18.7%) of 401 study eyes over 113 sessions: 58 (51.3%) sessions to retreat the original tear and 55 (48.7%) to treat a new tear. Vitreoretinal surgery for retinal detachment after the initial laser retinopexy was performed in 23 (5.7%) eyes. Risk factors associated with vitreoretinal surgery after initial laser treatment included superotemporal location (OR = 3.62; p = 0.008), vitreous hemorrhage (OR = 2.62; p = 0.017), and multiple breaks (OR = 2.60; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Additional treatment is often performed after the initial treatment of a retinal break. Although progression to retinal detachment is not common, regular follow-up examinations are recommended.

RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY IN A PEDIATRIC POPULATION: Visual and Anatomic Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Pediatric retinal detachments (RDs) are unique in etiology, anatomy, and prognosis compared with the adult population. The mechanisms of pediatric RD include tractional (TRD), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, traumatic, and other types, such as exudative or hemorrhagic. This study examined visual and anatomical outcomes of pediatric RD undergoing surgical repair at a single university referral center. METHODS: A retrospective consecutive case series of patients clinically diagnosed and undergoing surgery for RD between birth and 15 years of age from 2002 to 2013 at a single academic institution. RESULTS: A total of 206 patients (231 eyes) were included in this study, of which 25 (12%) had bilateral RD. Of those patients, 67 (29%) had TRD (retinopathy of prematurity, persistent fetal vasculature, or familial exudative vitreoretinopathy), 51 (22%) had rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (myopia, X-linked retinoschisis, or Stickler syndrome), 60 (26%) had traumatic RD, and 53 (23%) were due to other types of RD, such as Coats disease or coloboma. Presenting best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/200 correlated with better final best-corrected visual acuity (P < 0.0001). Anatomical success was strongly correlated with visual acuity outcome (P < 0.00001) and was significantly more likely in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment versus TRD (78% vs. 39%, P < 0.05). The rates of obtaining a final best-corrected visual acuity > 20/200 were poorer in TRD (10%) compared with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (39%, P < 0.01) or traumatic RD (28%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Visual and anatomical outcomes varied among categories of RD. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were associated with the best outcomes (anatomical success and globe conservation), whereas TRDs generally had poorer visual and anatomical outcomes.

The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study historical review and relevance to today's management of diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an historical review of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) in the management of diabetic macular edema (DME), and to discuss its relevance to the management of DME. RECENT FINDINGS: The ETDRS reported that argon laser treatment is beneficial in the management of 'clinically significant' DME. The study provided guidelines for the treatment with focal and/or grid laser based on fluorescein angiographic patterns. In today's world, with the advent of optical coherence tomography, 'clinically significant' DME is now classified into center-involved DME (CI DME) and noncenter-involved DME (non-CI DME). Modified ETDRS focal/grid laser photocoagulation has been utilized in more recent clinical trials [diabetic retinopathy clinical research (DRCR) Protocols I and T] in combination with intravitreal injections. SUMMARY: The ETDRS provided outcomes data for DME, both untreated and following laser therapy. In the management of patients with DME today, the modified ETDRS focal/grid laser photocoagulation treatments remain relevant in combination with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy as ophthalmologists and their patients choose how best to treat DME. Ongoing studies in eyes with DME, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and good visual acuity will help further define the place of modified ETDRS focal/grid laser in the treatment of DME.

MACULAR HOLE AFTER PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical features, possible associations and treatment outcomes of patients with macular hole after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (single or multiple) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). METHODS: Retrospective consecutive case series from July 2009 to July 2014. RESULTS: In the 15 study patients, the average time from RD surgery to macular hole diagnosis was 119 days (range: 41-398 months). Possible associations include epiretinal membrane (73%, 11/15 patients), macula-off RD (60%, 9/15 patients), recurrent RD (47%, 7/15 patients), and high myopia (56%, 5/9 patients). Single surgery was successful in hole closure in 8/15 patients (Group A) while 7/15 patients underwent multiple surgeries (Group B). Macular hole closure was achieved in 7/8 (87.5%) patients in Group A compared to 4/7 (57.1%) patients in Group B. Improvement of at least two lines of Snellen's visual acuity was achieved in 4/8 (50.0%) and 4/7 (57.1%) patients in Group A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with macular hole formation after pars plana vitrectomy for RD, possible associations were epiretinal membrane, macula-off RD, recurrent RD, and high myopia. Even when macular hole closure was achieved, limited visual improvement occurred.

MICROBIOLOGIC SPECTRUM AND VISUAL OUTCOMES OF ACUTE-ONSET ENDOPHTHALMITIS UNDERGOING THERAPEUTIC PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical presentation, microbiologic spectrum, and visual outcomes associated with acute-onset infectious endophthalmitis undergoing therapeutic pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: Multicenter interventional retrospective noncomparative consecutive case series. Billing records were reviewed to identify all charts for patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy within 14 days of diagnosis of acute-onset infectious endophthalmitis over a 4-year period at 5 large tertiary referral retina practices. Statistical analysis was performed to assess for factors associated with visual outcomes. RESULTS: Seventy patients were identified. The most common clinical setting was postcataract surgery (n = 20). Only 3 patients (4.3%) presented with 20/400 or better visual acuity (VA). Although most of the patients initially underwent vitreous tap and intravitreal antibiotic injection (n = 47, 67.1%), all patients eventually underwent pars plana vitrectomy within 14 days of presentation with 68.5% (48/70) of patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy within 48 hours of presentation. Positive intraocular cultures were obtained in 56 patients (80%). The most common identified organism was Streptococcus sp (n = 19). Visual acuity at last follow-up was 20/400 or better in 19 patients (27.1%). Three patients underwent evisceration or enucleation (4.3%). Last recorded postoperative VA (mean LogMAR 1.99 ± 0.94, Snellen VA equivalent finger count) improved from presenting VA (mean LogMAR 2.37 ± 0.38, Snellen VA hand motions) (P ≤ 0.001). There was no statistically significant correlation between the underlying etiology or the timing of surgery with this VA outcome. CONCLUSION: Although less than one-third of patients achieved 20/400 or better VA, this VA often improved significantly from presenting VA.

PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR LATE VITREORETINAL SEQUELAE OF INFECTIOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS: Surgical Management and Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To report the visual acuity outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy for delayed vitreoretinal sequelae of infectious endophthalmitis. All eyes were initially treated with intravitreal antibiotics (Abx). METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective, consecutive case series. RESULTS: Forty-two eyes met the study criteria. The mean follow-up was 48 weeks (SD ± 61.8). Mean interval from Abx to pars plana vitrectomy was 13 weeks (SD ± 14.3, range 2-70). Indications for pars plana vitrectomy included vitreous opacities (VO) (n = 22), epiretinal membrane (n = 9), and retinal detachment (n = 11). LogMAR visual acuity improved from 1.87 (Snellen equivalent: 20/1,482) preoperatively to 1.35 (Snellen equivalent: 20/447) at final evaluation (P < 0.001). LogMAR visual acuity improved significantly for patients with vitreous opacities (P < 0.01) and retinal detachment (P = 0.02) but not for patients with epiretinal membranes (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Patients with infectious endophthalmitis can gain vision if they have a pars plana vitrectomy for delayed sequelae such as vitreous opacities or for retinal detachment.

Rates of Reoperation and Retinal Detachment after Macular Hole Surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate rates of reoperation and retinal detachment (RD) after macular hole surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients in the insurance claim-based MarketScan databases from 2007 through 2013 with a record of macular hole surgery. METHODS: Patients with macular hole surgery were identified. Cases of definite (the same eye was coded both times) and presumed (the eye laterality was not coded) macular hole reoperations within 2, 3, and 12 months were queried. In addition, cases of postoperative RD within 2, 3, and 12 months were captured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of macular hole reoperation and postoperative RD, including subgroup analysis based on presence or absence of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. RESULTS: Records of 23465 macular hole surgeries among 20 764 patients were analyzed. Among presumed reoperations, the rates of reoperation were 4.3% (4.1% after ILM peeling and 5.0% after no ILM peeling; P = 0.01) within 2 months of surgery, 5.5% (5.3% after ILM peeling and 6.2% after no ILM peeling; P = 0.03) within 3 months of surgery, and 9.5% (9.0% after ILM peeling and 11.0% after no ILM peeling; P = 0.01) within 12 months of surgery. The rates for definite reoperations were 1.3% (1.2% after ILM peeling and 1.8% after no ILM peeling; P = 0.04) at 2 months, 1.7% (1.6% after ILM peeling and 2.5% after no ILM peeling; P = 0.004) at 3 months, and 4.1% (3.3% after ILM peeling and 7.5% after no ILM peeling; P < 0.001) at 12 months. The cumulative rate of postoperative RD was 1.81±0.09% to 2.18±0.5% after 2 months, 2.27±0.10% to 3.18±0.67% after 3 months, and 3.92±0.16% to 5.70±1.1% after 12 months. Internal limiting membrane peeling was associated negatively with postoperative RD at 2 months (2.3% vs. 1.7%; P = 0.007), 3 months (2.8% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.004), and 12 months (4.7% vs. 3.3%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, reoperations for macular hole were performed at low rates. Internal limiting membrane peeling was associated with lower rates of reoperation and RD.