The Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O): measurement properties of the Norwegian version after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To translate and evaluate the validity of the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O) in a Norwegian context. METHODS: One hundred and twenty persons with TBI with verified intracranial lesions and persistent symptoms lasting more than 2 years, included in a randomized controlled trial, rated their participation using the PART-O at baseline. The PART-O with its three subscales (Productivity, Out and About, and Social Relations) was translated to Norwegian. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, Rasch analysis, and correlation analysis were applied. RESULTS: The Rasch analysis indicated a unidimensional construct of PART-O and its subscales (χ2 < 12.69, p > 0.28). The internal consistency was moderate (Cronbach's alpha 0.48-0.52) and there was a need to reduce scaling options for most of the items. The Out and About and Productivity subscales had considerable floor effects. PART-O showed moderate positive correlation to TBI-related quality of life and global functioning. CONCLUSIONS: PART-O and its subscales reflect unidimensional aspects of participation. In the present Norwegian TBI population the original scaling of PART-O was too detailed for all subscales. The floor effects and suboptimal targeting between items and subjects participation level of the Out and About subscale is a matter of concern.

Community-Based Interventions After Acquired Brain Injury-A Systematic Review of Intervention Types and Their Effectiveness.

OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive review of existing types and effectiveness of community-based interventions delivered to adults (mean age 18-65 years) with long-lasting (≥6 months) difficulties following acquired brain injury (ABI). DESIGN: Systematic review of controlled intervention studies published until February 2021. MAIN MEASURES: Systematic searches in databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects [Cochrane Library], and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [Cochrane Library]) and inclusion of English peer-reviewed full-text articles; randomized or controlled community-based intervention studies; sample size of 20 or more participants; and 3 or more intervention sessions. Two reviewers independently extracted data for the synthesis and assessed the methodological quality. Data extraction included study characteristics, demographics of participants, content and dose of intervention, outcome measures, and findings. RESULT: The search returned 7386 publications, of which 49 eligible studies were included, revealing a diverse range of community-based interventions and a myriad of outcome measures applied for assessing functional capacities, participation, and quality of life in the chronic phase of ABI. Intervention types encompassed 14 holistic, 23 physical, and 12 specific interventions. A large heterogeneity regarding intervention frequency and intensity was found. Meta-analyses performed on the holistic, physical, and specific interventions did not indicate any significant pooled effects but showed highly variable effects between individuals, both in persons with traumatic and nontraumatic brain injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Because of lack of pooled effects within types of community-based interventions, specific evidence-based recommendations within holistic, physical, and specific interventions designed to mitigate long-lasting ABI problems cannot be made. This review highlights the need for future studies to address methodological issues concerning larger sample size, lack of clear description interventions and comparator, missing reports of effects in change scores, need for consistent use of recommended outcome measures, and investigating the wide variety in intervention responsiveness among participants with ABI. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (CRD42019124949).

Patient-Reported Problem Areas in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to (1) assess self-reported main problem areas reported by patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their family members in the chronic phase, and (2) compare the self-prioritized problems with difficulties captured by questionnaires and neuropsychological screening through linking to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). SETTING: Outpatient clinic at the Oslo University Hospital, Norway. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 120 patients with TBI were recruited, of whom, 78 had a participating family member. Eligibility criteria were a clinical TBI diagnosis with verified intracranial injury, living at home, aged 18 to 72 years, 2 years or more postinjury, and experiencing perceived TBI-related difficulties, reduced physical and mental health, or difficulties with participation in everyday life. Patients with severe psychiatric or neurological disorders or inability to participate in goal-setting processes were excluded. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MAIN MEASURES: Target Outcomes, that is, 3 main TBI-related problem areas reported by patients and family members, collected in a semistructured interview; standardized questionnaires of TBI-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, functioning, and health-related quality of life; neuropsychological screening battery. RESULTS: Target Outcomes were related to cognitive, physical, emotional, and social difficulties. Target Outcomes were linked to 12 chapters and 112 distinct categories in the ICF, while standardized measures only covered 10 chapters and 28 categories. Some aspects of post-TBI adjustment were found to be insufficiently covered by the ICF classification, such as identity issues, lack of meaningful activities, and feeling lonely. CONCLUSION: The Target Outcomes approach is a useful assessment method in a population with chronic TBI. The standardized questionnaires capture the spectrum of problems, whereas the Target Outcomes approach captures the prioritized individual problems hindering everyday life after TBI. While the standardized measures are an irreplaceable part of the assessment, Target Outcomes ensures patient involvement and may help clinicians better tailor relevant rehabilitation efforts.

Rehabilitation and outcomes after complicated vs uncomplicated mild TBI: results from the CENTER-TBI study.

BACKGROUND: Despite existing guidelines for managing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), evidence-based treatments are still scarce and large-scale studies on the provision and impact of specific rehabilitation services are needed. This study aimed to describe the provision of rehabilitation to patients after complicated and uncomplicated mTBI and investigate factors associated with functional outcome, symptom burden, and TBI-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) up to six months after injury. METHODS: Patients (n = 1379) with mTBI from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI) study who reported whether they received rehabilitation services during the first six months post-injury and who participated in outcome assessments were included. Functional outcome was measured with the Glasgow Outcome Scale - Extended (GOSE), symptom burden with the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), and HRQOL with the Quality of Life after Brain Injury - Overall Scale (QOLIBRI-OS). We examined whether transition of care (TOC) pathways, receiving rehabilitation services, sociodemographic (incl. geographic), premorbid, and injury-related factors were associated with outcomes using regression models. For easy comparison, we estimated ordinal regression models for all outcomes where the scores were classified based on quantiles. RESULTS: Overall, 43% of patients with complicated and 20% with uncomplicated mTBI reported receiving rehabilitation services, primarily in physical and cognitive domains. Patients with complicated mTBI had lower functional level, higher symptom burden, and lower HRQOL compared to uncomplicated mTBI. Rehabilitation services at three or six months and a higher number of TOC were associated with unfavorable outcomes in all models, in addition to pre-morbid psychiatric problems. Being male and having more than 13 years of education was associated with more favorable outcomes. Sustaining major trauma was associated with unfavorable GOSE outcome, whereas living in Southern and Eastern European regions was associated with lower HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with complicated mTBI reported more unfavorable outcomes and received rehabilitation services more frequently. Receiving rehabilitation services and higher number of care transitions were indicators of injury severity and associated with unfavorable outcomes. The findings should be interpreted carefully and validated in future studies as we applied a novel analytic approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02210221.

Trajectories of self-reported competency up to 10 years following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.

Objectives: To describe trajectories of self-reported functional competency up to 10 years following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identify their predictors from baseline socio-demographic and injury severity characteristics.Design and methods: Data from 94 participants from a longitudinal cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe TBI were analyzed. Socio-demographic and injury severity data were recorded at baseline. Participants completed the Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine PCRS trajectories over time and assess baseline predictors.Results: There was no significant change in average PCRS scores across the follow-up time points in the full sample. Emotional and cognitive competencies had the lowest mean scores. Gender, employment, and the interaction term between gender and time were significant predictors of PCRS trajectories. Females and those who were unemployed at the time of injury showed lower trajectories of self-reported competency.Conclusion: Self-reported competency remained stable from one-year post-injury for men only. Lower mean scores in the domains of emotional and cognitive competencies suggest a need for continued rehabilitation focus in the chronic phase after TBI. Special attention to women and individuals who are unemployed at the time of injury may be warranted.

The trajectories of overall disability in the first 5 years after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To assess longitudinal trajectories of overall disability after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to examine whether those trajectories could be predicted by socio-demographic and injury characteristics. METHODS: Demographics and injury characteristics of 105 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI were extracted from medical records. At the 1-, 2-, and 5-year follow-ups, TBI-related disability was assessed by the GOSE. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to examine functional outcomes up to 5 years following injury and whether those outcomes could be predicted by: time, gender, age, relationship, education, employment pre-injury, occupation, GCS, cause of injury, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), CT findings and injury severity score, as well as the interactions between each of these predictors and time. RESULTS: Higher GOSE trajectories (lower disability) were predicted by younger age at injury and shorter PTA, as well as by the interaction terms of time*PTA and time*employment. Those who had been employed at injury decreased in disability over time, while those who had been unemployed increased in disability. CONCLUSION: The study results support the view that individual factors generally outweigh injury-related factors as predictors of disability after TBI, except for PTA.

Multi-level modelling of employment probability trajectories and employment stability at 1, 2 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To examine trajectories of employment probability and stability over the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using multi-level modelling and multinomial logistic regressions. RESEARCH DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: One hundred and five individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI who had been admitted to the Trauma Referral Centre for the Southeast region of Norway were followed up at 1, 2 and 5 years after the injury. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Employment status was dichotomized into employed and unemployed, while employment stability was categorized into stably employed, unstably employed and unemployed at 1, 2 and 5 years after injury. Being single, unemployment prior to injury, blue collar occupation, lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at hospital admission and greater length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) were significantly associated with being unemployed at 1, 2 and 5 years post-injury. Further, younger patients, those with a lower GCS, greater length of PTA and greater length of hospital stay were negatively associated with employment stability. CONCLUSIONS: It could be wise to target patient population with these demographic and injury characteristics for more extensive follow-ups and vocational rehabilitation to help improve employment outcomes following injury.

Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale (NPCS) in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury and Atraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

There is a lack of validated measures in Scandinavian languages to track healthcare service needs and delivery for patients with neurological disabilities. The aim of the present study was to validate the Norwegian version of the clinician and patient Needs and Provision Complexity Scale (NPCS) Needs and Gets. Data on the NPCS from 60 adult patients with traumatic brain injury or atraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and symptoms lasting >5 months were assessed for inter-rater/test-retest reliability and agreement, as well as concurrent validity with the Neurological Impairment Scale (NIS), the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). The clinician NPCS showed good-excellent inter-rater reliability, and the patient NPCS demonstrated good-excellent test-retest reliability. Absolute agreement was moderate-excellent across all clinician and patient items. Concurrent validity was significant, with large correlations between clinician NPCS-Needs and the NIS and FIM total scores, and small-medium correlations between the clinician and patient NPCS-Gets and the NIS and FIM total scores. There were no significant correlations between the NPCS and the CIQ. The study findings support the use of the Norwegian version of the NPCS to assess met and unmet healthcare and support needs for Norwegian-speaking adults with neurological disabilities.

Unmet rehabilitation needs in the first 6 months post-injury in a trauma centre population with moderate-to-severe traumatic injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the needs for subacute inpatient rehabilitation and community-based healthcare services, rehabilitation, and social support in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic injury in the first 6 months post-injury. Further, to explore associations between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and unmet needs. DESIGN: Multicentre prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Of 601 persons (75% males), mean (standard deviation) age 47 (21) years, admitted to trauma centres in 2020 with moderate-to-severe injury, 501 patients responded at the 6-month follow-up and thus were included in the analyses. METHODS: Sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics were recorded at inclusion. Estimation of needs was assessed with the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale Extended-Trauma and the Needs and Provision Complexity Scale on hospital discharge. Provision of services was recorded 6 months post-injury. Multivariable logistic regressions explored associations between baseline variables and unmet inpatient rehabilitation and community-based service needs. RESULTS: In total, 20% exhibited unmet needs for subacute inpatient rehabilitation, compared with 60% for community-based services. Predictors for unmet community-based service needs included residing in less central areas, profound injury severity, severe head injury, and rehabilitation referral before returning home. CONCLUSION: Inadequate provision of healthcare and rehabilitation services, particularly in the municipalities, resulted in substantial unmet needs in the first 6 months following injury.

Community Integration and Associated Factors 10 Years after Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

This study evaluated the impact of baseline injury characteristics and one-year functional level on the 10-year community integration outcomes for working-age patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients aged 16-55 and diagnosed with moderate-to-severe TBI within 24 h of injury were eligible for the study. Multivariable hierarchical linear regression was utilized to assess the impact of baseline characteristics and one-year functional measures on the mean Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) scores 10 years after injury. Of 133 original study participants, 97 survived 10 years, and 75 were available for this study. The mean total CIQ score changed positively from one to 10 years post-injury, from 18.7 (±5.5) to 19.8 (±4.8) (p = 0.04). The results suggested that age (ß = -0.260, p = 0.013), FIM-Cognitive subscale (ß = 0.608, p = 0.002), and the bodily pain subscale (BP) (ß = 0.277, p = 0.017) of the SF-36 were significantly associated with the mean CIQ scores. In conclusion, this study demonstrated improved community integration from one to 10 years in a sample of working-age patients with moderate-to-severe TBI. The findings also showed that age, cognitive function, and bodily pain were significant predictors of long-term community integration, suggesting post-acute rehabilitation should focus on factors related to long-term risk and protective factors to improve long-term outcomes.

Effect of an Individually Tailored and Home-Based Intervention in the Chronic Phase of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause long-lasting and heterogeneous difficulties that require an individually tailored approach to rehabilitation. However, high-quality studies of treatment options in the chronic phase of TBI are lacking. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a home-based, individualized, and goal-oriented rehabilitation intervention in the chronic phase of TBI. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study was an intention-to-treat parallel-group assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial with 1:1 randomization to an intervention or control group. Participants included adults in southeastern Norway who had sustained a TBI more than 2 years earlier, lived at home, and had ongoing TBI-related difficulties. A population-based sample of 555 individuals were invited, and 120 were included. Participants were assessed at baseline, 4 months, and 12 months after inclusion. Specialized rehabilitation therapists provided the intervention in patients' homes or via video conference and telephone. Data collection was conducted between June 5, 2018, and December 14, 2021. Interventions: The intervention group received an 8-session individually tailored and goal-oriented rehabilitation program over 4 months. The control group received usual care in their municipality. Main Outcomes and Measures: Preestablished primary outcomes were disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL; measured by the Quality of Life After Brain Injury [QOLIBRI] overall scale) and social participation (measured by the Participation Assessment With Recombined Tools-Objective [PART-O] social subscale). Preestablished secondary outcomes included generic HRQOL (measured by the EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level [EQ-5D-5L] questionnaire), difficulty with TBI-related problem management (target outcomes; mean severity calculated across 3 main self-identified problem areas that were individually measured using a 4-point Likert scale), TBI symptoms (measured by the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire [RPQ]), psychological distress (depression and anxiety; measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale [GAD-7], respectively), and functional competency (measured by the Patient Competency Rating Scale). Results: Among 120 participants in the chronic phase of TBI, the median (IQR) age was 47.5 (31.0-55.8) years, and the median (IQR) time since injury was 4 (3-6) years; 85 (70.8%) were male. A total of 60 participants were randomized to the intervention group, and 60 were randomized to the control group. Between baseline and 12 months, no significant between-group effects were found for the primary outcomes of disease-specific HRQOL (QOLIBRI overall scale score: 2.82; 97.5% CI, -3.23 to 8.88; P = .30) or social participation (PART-O social subscale score: 0.12; 97.5% CI, -0.14 to 0.38; P = .29). At 12 months, the intervention group (n = 57) had significantly higher generic HRQOL (EQ-5D-5L score: 0.05; 95% CI, 0.002-0.10; P = .04) and fewer symptoms of TBI (RPQ total score: -3.54; 95% CI, -6.94 to -0.14; P = .04) and anxiety (GAD-7 score: -1.39; 95% CI, -2.60 to -0.19; P = .02) compared with the control group (n = 55). At 4 months only, the intervention group (n = 59) had significantly less difficulty managing TBI-related problems (target outcomes mean severity score: -0.46, 95% CI, -0.76 to -0.15; P = .003) compared with the control group (n = 59). No adverse events were reported. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, no significant results were observed for the primary outcomes of disease-specific HRQOL or social participation. However, the intervention group reported improvements in secondary outcomes (generic HRQOL and symptoms of TBI and anxiety) that were maintained at 12-month follow-up. These findings suggest that rehabilitation interventions could help patients even in the chronic phase of TBI. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03545594.

Participation in the Chronic Phase after Traumatic Brain Injury: Variations and Key Predictors.

Participation is of major importance for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study evaluates participation over a period of one year among persons with TBI in the chronic phase and explores sociodemographic, psychological, and environmental predictors of levels and trajectories of participation. One hundred and twenty home-living survivors of TBI with persistent injury-related consequences at least two years post-injury who participated in a goal-oriented randomized trial were assessed at baseline and after four and twelve months. Linear mixed-effects model analysis was applied to evaluate height, trajectory slope, and predictors of the Participation Assessment with the Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O) total score and the subscales Productivity, Social Relations, and Being Out and About. Being married, having a higher education, and having good global functioning predicted more frequent participation. Education, executive- and global functions predicted Productivity, while age and being married predicted Social Relations. Participating in the study during the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on Productivity. Participation was relatively stable over 12 months, with a slight decline, but may be influenced by demographic factors and functional consequences. Rehabilitation services should particularly focus on people with TBI living alone with lower levels of global and executive function.

Goal Attainment in an Individually Tailored and Home-Based Intervention in the Chronic Phase after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous condition with long-term consequences for individuals and families. Goal-oriented rehabilitation is often applied, but there is scarce knowledge regarding types of goals and goal attainment. This study describes goal attainment in persons in the chronic phase of TBI who have received an individualized, SMART goal-oriented and home-based intervention, compares goal attainment in different functional domains, and examines indicators of goal attainment. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) was recorded in the intervention group (n = 59) at the final session. The goal attainment was high, with 93.3% increased goal attainment across all goals at the final session. The level of goal attainment was comparable across domains (cognitive, physical/somatic, emotional, social). Gender, anxiety symptoms, self-reported executive dysfunction, and therapy expectations were indicators of goal attainment. These results indicate a potential for the high level of goal attainment in the chronic phase of TBI. Tailoring of rehabilitation to address individual needs for home-dwelling persons with TBI in the chronic phase represents an important area of future research.

Rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury in the Child in Context Intervention (CICI) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) is associated with long-term cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional problems, which may affect the quality of life, school, and family functioning. Yet, there is a lack of evidence-based community-centered rehabilitation programs for chronic pABI and these children do not systematically receive comprehensive rehabilitation. The Child In Context Intervention (CICI) study is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) for children with chronic pABI, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized and goal-oriented intervention targeting everyday functioning of the child and family. METHODS: Children aged 6-16 years with MRI/CT-verified intracranial abnormalities will be included in the CICI study if they have persistent self- or parent-reported cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral challenges 1 year or more after insult and attend school regularly. A total of 70 families will be randomized 1:1 to an intervention or a control group. The intervention consists of seven family sessions, one parent seminar, and four school sessions delivered over approximately 6 months. The parent seminar will be held in person, and the other sessions will mainly be video based. The children's and families' self-reported major challenges in everyday life will be targeted using SMART goals. Evidence-based strategies, when available, will be applied to achieve the goals, combined with psychoeducation. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) will be used to evaluate goal attainment. Data is collected at baseline and after approximately 6 and 9 months. External assessors are blinded to group allocation. Primary outcomes are parent-reported brain injury symptoms in children and parenting self-efficacy at 9 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes include child-reported brain injury symptoms, quality of life, executive functioning in daily life, parent emotional symptoms, family functioning, and unmet family health care needs. A process evaluation will be conducted. DISCUSSION: The current study provides an innovative approach to rehabilitation for children in the chronic phase of ABI and their families. This complex intervention may contribute to the development of evidence-based, high-quality rehabilitation for a large patient group, which is underrepresented in clinical research. It may also improve collaboration between specialized rehabilitation facilities, schools, and local health care services. Inclusion for the trial started in April 2021. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04798859 . Registered on March 15, 2021.

Health-Related Quality of Life Trajectories across 10 Years after Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Norway.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a long-lasting impact on participation and health-related quality of life (HRQL). We aimed to describe the physical and mental health trajectories and to identify their predictors across the first 10 years after TBI. A prospective longitudinal cohort of 97 individuals with moderate to severe TBI (age 16-55 years) in Norway were followed up at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years post-injury. Their socio-demographic and injury characteristics were recorded at baseline; their responses to the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were collected at each follow-up. The Physical (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores were used as the outcome measures of physical and mental health. The predictors of the trajectories were described and examined using hierarchical linear modelling. The subscale scores showed a stable or increasing trend, but only the Role Physical and Role Emotional subscales showed clinically relevant positive changes from 1 to 10 years post-injury. Longer time, male gender, employment pre-injury, and shorter length of post-traumatic amnesia were significant predictors of better physical health trajectories; longer time, male gender, and employment pre-injury were significant predictors of better mental health trajectories. At-risk individuals may be targeted to receive rehabilitation interventions to improve their long-term quality of life outcomes.

Frequency of fatigue and its changes in the first 6 months after traumatic brain injury: results from the CENTER-TBI study.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported subjective symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aims were to assess frequency of fatigue over the first 6 months after TBI, and examine whether fatigue changes could be predicted by demographic characteristics, injury severity and comorbidities. METHODS: Patients with acute TBI admitted to 65 trauma centers were enrolled in the study Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI). Subjective fatigue was measured by single item on the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), administered at baseline, three and 6 months postinjury. Patients were categorized by clinical care pathway: admitted to an emergency room (ER), a ward (ADM) or an intensive care unit (ICU). Injury severity, preinjury somatic- and psychiatric conditions, depressive and sleep problems were registered at baseline. For prediction of fatigue changes, descriptive statistics and mixed effect logistic regression analysis are reported. RESULTS: Fatigue was experienced by 47% of patients at baseline, 48% at 3 months and 46% at 6 months. Patients admitted to ICU had a higher probability of experiencing fatigue than those in ER and ADM strata. Females and individuals with lower age, higher education, more severe intracranial injury, preinjury somatic and psychiatric conditions, sleep disturbance and feeling depressed postinjury had a higher probability of fatigue. CONCLUSION: A high and stable frequency of fatigue was found during the first 6 months after TBI. Specific socio-demographic factors, comorbidities and injury severity characteristics were predictors of fatigue in this study.

Unmet Rehabilitation Needs after Traumatic Brain Injury across Europe: Results from the CENTER-TBI Study.

This study aims to assess rehabilitation needs and provision of rehabilitation services for individuals with moderate-to-severe disability and investigate factors influencing the probability of receiving rehabilitation within six months after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, the analyses included 1206 individuals enrolled in the CENTER-TBI study with severe-to-moderate disability. Impairments in five outcome domains (daily life activities, physical, cognition, speech/language, and psychological) and the use of respective rehabilitation services (occupational therapy, physiotherapy, cognitive and speech therapies, and psychological counselling) were recorded. Sociodemographic and injury-related factors were used to investigate the probability of receiving rehabilitation. Physiotherapy was the most frequently provided rehabilitation service, followed by speech and occupational therapy. Psychological counselling was the least frequently accessed service. The probability of receiving a rehabilitative intervention increased for individuals with greater brain injury severity (odds ratio (OR) 1.75, CI 95%: 1.27-2.42), physical (OR 1.92, CI 95%: 1.21-3.05) and cognitive problems (OR 4.00, CI 95%: 2.34-6.83) but decreased for individuals reporting psychological problems (OR 0.57, CI 95%: 1.21-3.05). The study results emphasize the need for more extensive prescription of rehabilitation services for individuals with disability. Moreover, targeted rehabilitation programs, which aim to improve outcomes, should specifically involve psychological services to meet the needs of individuals recovering from TBI.

Traumatic brain injury-needs and treatment options in the chronic phase: Study protocol for a randomized controlled community-based intervention.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often associated with life-long medical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. Although long-lasting disabilities are expected, research on effective treatment options in the chronic phase of TBI is scarce. METHODS/DESIGN: This study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a goal-oriented and community-based intervention for increasing community integration, quality of life, and functional independence in the chronic phase of complicated mild to severe TBI. Participants will be recruited from Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Patients aged 18-72 years living at home with MRI/CT-verified intracranial abnormalities, a TBI diagnosis, a time since injury of ≥ 2 years, and who experience either current TBI-related problems or restrictions in community integration will be included. The 120 participants will be randomized 1:1 to either (a) an intervention group, which will receive an in-home intervention program over 4 months, or (b) a control group receiving standard care in the municipalities. The intervention will consist of six home visits and two telephone contacts with a rehabilitation professional. A SMART-goal approach will be adopted to target the individual's self-reported TBI difficulties in everyday life. Primary outcomes will be self-reported quality of life and participation. Secondary outcomes include symptom burden, emotional functioning, and clinician-assessed global outcome and need for rehabilitation services. Outcomes will be evaluated at baseline and 4-5 and 12 months after baseline. Caregiver burden and general health will be assessed in participating family members. Goal attainment and acceptability will be evaluated in the intervention group. A process evaluation will be carried out to evaluate protocol adherence, and a cost-effectiveness analysis will be applied if the intervention is found to be effective. DISCUSSION: The current study provides an innovative approach to rehabilitation in the chronic phase of TBI evaluated using an RCT design that may inform treatment planning, health policies, and coordination of patient care. Further, the study may demonstrate new modes of establishing collaboration and knowledge transition between specialized rehabilitation facilities and local rehabilitation services that may improve patient outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03545594. Registered on June 4th, 2018.

Long-term follow-up of use of therapy services for patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the probabilities and baseline predictors of the use of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy over a period of 10 years after traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective follow-up at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years after traumatic brain injury. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 97 patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury recruited from Oslo University Hospital, Norway, during acute hospital admission in 2005-2007. METHODS: Socio-demographics and injury characteristics were recorded at baseline. Use of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy were recorded at follow-ups. Hierarchical linear modelling was applied to examine service use probabilities across the 4 time-points. RESULTS: Service use decreased substantially over time, with physical therapy being the main service utilized at the 10-year follow-up (physical therapy 16%, occupational therapy 1%, speech therapy 3%). Use of services was related to severity of injury (CT head severity scores and post-traumatic amnesia), female sex, and pre-injury employment. In addition, in this sample, time since injury was associated with use of occupational therapy and speech therapy. CONCLUSION: This study presents a novel model for the long-term probability of use of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy following traumatic brain injury. The use of services was much lower than the expected problem profile of severe traumatic brain injuries, suggesting an insufficient long-term provision of traditional traumatic brain injury rehabilitation services.

Global Outcome Trajectories up to 10 Years After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Aims: Based on important predictors, global functional outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may vary significantly over time. This study sought to: (1) describe changes in the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) score in survivors of moderate to severe TBI, (2) examine longitudinal GOSE trajectories up to 10 years after injury, and (3) investigate predictors of these trajectories based on socio-demographic and injury characteristics. Methods: Socio-demographic and injury characteristics of 97 TBI survivors aged 16-55 years were recorded at baseline. GOSE was used as a measure of TBI-related global outcome and assessed at 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-year follow-ups. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine global outcomes over time and whether those outcomes could be predicted by: time, time*time, sex, age, partner relationship status, education, employment pre-injury, occupation, cause of injury, acute Glasgow Coma Scale score, length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), CT findings, and Injury Severity Score (ISS), as well as the interactions between each of the significant predictors and time*time. Results: Between 5- and 10-year follow-ups, 37% had deteriorated, 7% had improved, and 56% showed no change in global outcome. Better GOSE trajectories were predicted by male gender (p = 0.013), younger age (p = 0.012), employment at admission (p = 0.012), white collar occupation (p = 0.014), and shorter PTA length (p = 0.001). The time*time*occupation type interaction effect (p = 0.001) identified different trajectory slopes between survivors in white and blue collar occupations. The time*time*PTA interaction effect (p = 0.023) identified a more marked increase and subsequent decrease in functional level among survivors with longer PTA duration. Conclusion: A larger proportion of survivors experienced deterioration in GOSE scores over time, supporting the concept of TBI as a chronic health condition. Younger age, pre-injury employment, and shorter PTA duration are important prognostic factors for better long-term global outcomes, supporting the existing literature, whereas male gender and white collar occupation are vaguer as prognostic factors. This information suggests that more intensive and tailored rehabilitation programs may be required to counteract a negative global outcome development in survivors with predicted worse outcome and to meet their long-term changing needs.