Barriers and Facilitators to Integrating Depression Treatment Within a TB Program and Primary Care in Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) and depression is common and is associated with poor TB outcomes. The World Health Organization End TB Strategy explicitly calls for the integration of TB and mental health services. Interpersonal Counseling (IPC) is a brief evidence-based treatment for depression that can be delivered by non-mental health specialists with expert supervision. The goal of this study was to explore potential barriers and facilitators to training non-specialist providers to deliver IPC within the TB Control Program and primary care in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro state. Data collection consisted of six focus groups (n = 42) with health professionals (n = 29), program coordinators (n = 7), and persons with TB (n = 6). We used open coding to analyze the data, followed by deductive coding using the Chaudoir multi-level framework for implementation outcomes. The main structural barriers identified were poverty, limited access to treatment, political instability, violence, and social stigma. Organizational barriers included an overburdened and under-resourced health system with high staff turnover. Despite high levels of stress and burnout among health professionals, several provider-level facilitators emerged including a high receptivity to, and demand for, mental health training; strong community relationships through the community health workers; and overall acceptance of IPC delivered by any type of health provider. Patients were also receptive to IPC being delivered by any type of professional. No intervention-specific barriers or facilitators were identified. Despite many challenges, integrating depression treatment into primary care in Itaboraí using IPC was perceived as acceptable, feasible, and desirable.

Dimensional analysis of depressive, anxious and somatic symptoms presented by primary care patients and their relationship with ICD-11 PHC proposed diagnoses.

BACKGROUND: A study conducted as part of the development of the Eleventh International Classification of Mental Disorders for Primary Health Care (ICD-11 PHC) provided an opportunity to test the relationships among depressive, anxious and somatic symptoms in PHC. METHOD: Primary care physicians participating in the ICD-11 PHC field studies in five countries selected patients who presented with somatic symptoms not explained by known physical pathology by applying a 29-item screening on somatic complaints that were under study for bodily stress disorder. Patients were interviewed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised and assessed using two five-item scales that measure depressive and anxious symptoms. Structural models of anxious-depressive symptoms and somatic complaints were tested using a bi-factor approach. RESULTS: A total of 797 patients completed the study procedures. Two bi-factor models fit the data well: Model 1 had all symptoms loaded on a general factor, along with one of three specific depression, anxiety and somatic factors [x2 (627) = 741.016, p < 0.0011, RMSEA = 0.015, CFI = 0.911, TLI = 0.9]. Model 2 had a general factor and two specific anxious depression and somatic factors [x2 (627) = 663.065, p = 0.1543, RMSEA = 0.008, CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0.948]. CONCLUSIONS: These data along with those of previous studies suggest that depressive, anxious and somatic symptoms are largely different presentations of a common latent phenomenon. This study provides support for the ICD-11 PHC conceptualization of mood disturbance, especially anxious depression, as central among patients who present multiple somatic symptoms.

Primary care physicians' use of the proposed classification of common mental disorders for ICD-11.

Background: The World Health Organization is revising the classification of common mental disorders in primary care for ICD-11. Major changes from the ICD-10 primary care version have been proposed for: (i) mood and anxiety disorders; and (ii) presentations of multiple somatic symptoms (bodily stress syndrome). This three-part field study explored the implementation of the revised classification by primary care physicians (PCPs) in five countries. Methods: Participating PCPs in Brazil, China, Mexico, Pakistan and Spain were asked to use the revised classification, first in patients that they suspected might be psychologically distressed (Part 1), and second in patients with multiple somatic symptoms causing distress or disability not wholly attributable to a known physical pathology, or with high levels of health anxiety (Part 2). Patients referred to Part 1 or Part 2 underwent a structured diagnostic interview. Part 3 consisted of feedback from PCPs regarding the classification. Results: In Part 1, anxious depression was the most common disorder among referred patients. PCPs assigned the highest severity ratings to anxious depression, and the next highest to current depression; current anxiety was rated as least severe. Considerable overlap was found between bodily stress syndrome (BSS) and health anxiety (HA). The psychiatric interview recorded higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders diagnoses among patients with BSS than did PCPs. PCPs' satisfaction with the revised classification was high. Conclusions: Results generally supported the inclusion of the new categories of anxious depression, BSS and HA for ICD-11 PHC and suggested that PCPs could implement these categories satisfactorily.

Perceptions of health managers and professionals about mental health and primary care integration in Rio de Janeiro: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Community-based primary mental health care is recommended in low and middle-income countries. The Brazilian Health System has been restructuring primary care by expanding its Family Health Strategy. Due to mental health problems, psychosocial vulnerability and accessibility, Matrix Support teams are being set up to broaden the professional scope of primary care. This paper aims to analyse the perceptions of health professionals and managers about the integration of primary care and mental health. METHOD: In this mixed-method study 18 health managers and 24 professionals were interviewed from different primary and mental health care services in Rio de Janeiro. A semi-structured survey was conducted with 185 closed questions ranging from 1 to 5 and one open-ended question, to evaluate: access, gateway, trust, family focus, primary mental health interventions, mental health records, mental health problems, team collaboration, integration with community resources and primary mental health education. Two comparisons were made: health managers and professionals' (Mann-Whitney non-parametric test) and health managers' perceptions (Kruskall-Wallis non parametric-test) in 4 service designs (General Traditional Outpatients, Mental Health Specialised Outpatients, Psychosocial Community Centre and Family Health Strategy)(SPSS version 17.0). Qualitative data were subjected to Framework Analysis. RESULTS: Firstly, health managers and professionals' perceptions converged in all components, except the health record system. Secondly, managers' perceptions in traditional services contrasted with managers' perceptions in community-based services in components such as mental health interventions and team collaboration, and converged in gateway, trust, record system and primary mental health education. Qualitative data revealed an acceptance of mental health and primary care integration, but a lack of communication between institutions. The Mixed Method demonstrated that interviewees consider mental health and primary care integration as a requirement of the system, while their perceptions and the model of work produced by the institutional culture are inextricably linked. CONCLUSION: There is a gap between health managers' and professionals' understanding of community-based primary mental health care. The integration of different processes of work entails both rethinking workforce actions and institutional support to help make changes.

Improving patient-centered mental health promotion in primary care in vulnerable communities through mindfulness training in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Introduction: Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC) is responsible for all-sanitary actions for a community-based population, including health promotion and mental health care. Mindfulness Based Health Promotion (MBHP) is an intervention that can promote self-care and psychosocial support in PHC. Objective: To discuss the effects of mindfulness based psychosocial group interventions for health promotion in primary care units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: The intervention was based on the MBHP model adapted for SUS. Nine groups were held in Rio de Janeiro. A quali-quanti research was held with two parts: (a) quantitative study, pre and after the 8 weeks intervention, evaluating the effect on mindfulness and self-compassion and their association with levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of life. (b) Qualitative research using Focus Groups with the participants to investigate their experience at the end of the mindfulness groups. Results and discussion: Sixty-two participants finished the 9 groups where 86% were women, mostly between 30 and 59 years of age and low income, and around 80% under regular medical care in PHC in SUS. In the studied sample 80% had at least one chronic health condition under treatment, including 42% with anxiety and 35% with depression. The effects included significant improvement in Anxiety and Depression and in Quality of Life, mainly in the psychological but also in the physical and interrelation domains. The qualitative study showed that most patients joined the group on the recommendation of health professionals for managing physical and mental health symptoms. Patients reported being able to use the practices taught in the sessions to manage symptoms such as insomnia and emotionally distressing situations in their daily lives. Including family members in mindfulness practices was a strategy to negotiate not only a space at home to meditate, but also to obtain a different approach to health problems. Participants pointed to mindfulness as a complementary therapeutic option to medication and psychotherapy. Conclusion: Mindfulness-Based Intervention have shown to be a feasible, well-accepted and efficacious method of offering psychosocial support and promoting well-being for low-income patients in primary care in LAMIC.

Leveraging Social Networks to Integrate Depression Treatment into Primary Health and Tuberculosis Care in Brazil.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and depression are highly comorbid and linked to higher rates of death and disability. Several evidence-based treatments for depression have been successfully implemented in low- and middle-income countries, but more knowledge is needed on how to bring these innovations to scale within complex 'real world' public health systems. Objective: To explore whether the principles of social network analysis could be used to enhance receptivity to integrating depression treatment into primary care for individuals with and without TB in Brazil. Methods: We used existing scales to identify settings and providers with high receptivity and connectivity within the primary care network. We trained and supervised existing staff in three primary care sites to deliver a brief evidence-based intervention over one year, coupled with active dissemination activities. Afterwards, we reassessed receptivity among individuals involved, and not involved, in the pilot. Results: Highly significant changes were observed in mental health literacy, attitudes towards evidence-based practices, work self-efficacy, and implementation leadership supporting our hypothesis. Limited social connections between primary care clinics precluded the examination of the hypothesis that targeting settings with high connectivity could capitalize on the information flow between and transcend the decentralized structure of the network, but leveraging the centralized nature of the TB program to integrate mental health services emerged as a promising alternative. Conclusions: The findings of this study strongly suggest that social networks may be leveraged to change individual providers' attitudes, thereby contributing to the enhanced dissemination of evidence-based interventions.

The knowledge of primary health care professionals regarding mental health: diagnosis by mhGAP.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze knowledge about priority topics in mental health care of strategic actors who work in regions where the Health Care Planning (PAS) methodology is used. METHODS: This is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study carried out with professionals from six health regions, distributed in three Brazilian states (Goiás, Rondônia and Maranhão) and linked to the project "Saúde mental na APS" (Mental health in PHC) of the Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (Proadi-SUS - Institutional Development Support Program of the Brazilian Unified Health System). The sample was made up of professionals who participated in the intervention guide multiplier training stage for mental, neurological and alcohol and other drug use disorders in the primary health care network, from July to September 2022. Data collection was through a self-administered instrument, in electronic format, consisting of a block with socioeconomic items and a structured questionnaire to assess participants' knowledge about priority topics in mental health. Descriptive analyses and comparison of proportions were conducted to analyze the data. RESULTS: A total of 354 health professionals participated in the study. Regarding the percentage of correct answers in the questionnaire on priority topics in mental health, the highest medians were identified in the "Depression" module. On the other hand, the content referring to the modules "Essential care and practices" and "Other important complaints" presented the lowest values. Furthermore, some participant characteristics were found to be associated with the percentage of correct answers in the questionnaire modules. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reveal opportunities for improvement, mainly in knowledge related to communication skills and the approach to emotional and physical distress without diagnostic criteria for a specific disease, offering support for planning actions aimed at intensifying the consideration of these themes during the operational stages of PAS.

The covid-19 pandemic and hospital morbidity due to mental and behavioral disorders in Brazil: an interrupted time series analysis, from January 2008 to July 2021.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze records of hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders before and after the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, from January 2008 to July 2021. METHODS: this was a descriptive ecological interrupted time series study, using secondary data retrieved from the Brazilian National Health System Hospital Information System; a time series analysis of hospitalizations was conducted based on a population-weighted Poisson regression model; relative risk (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. RESULTS: we identified 6,329,088 hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders; hospitalization rates showed an 8% decrease (RR = 0.92; 95%CI 0.91;0.92) after the start of the pandemic, compared to the pre-pandemic period. CONCLUSION: the pandemic changed the trend of hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders in Brazil; the drop observed in the period is evidence that the pandemic affected the mental health care network.

[Mental health indicators in primary healthcare: assessment of the quality of access through case detection capacity]. / Indicadores de saúde mental na atenção primária à saúde: avaliando a qualidade do acesso através da capacidade de detecção de casos.

The objective was to demonstrate the rate of detection of mental disorders in primary healthcare units as a marker of access and indicator of care in mental health. A comparative case study was performed in the electronic patient files of adults seen in two neighboring primary care units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. Diagnoses of mental disorders were extracted, using the International Classification of Diseases, dividing them into three groups: common mental disorders (CMD: F32; F33 F40-45, except F42, and R45), severe mental disorders (SMD: F20-F29; F31-F39), and alcohol and drug use (AD: F10-F19 and Z72). The results were compared to the community prevalence of mental disorders reported in the literature. Statistical analysis was applied with the chi-square test, in addition to a qualitative analysis of each unit´s scenario. Unit A (2015-2016) showed a low detection rate for all disorders [SMD = 45 (0.8%); CMD = 148 (2.64%) and AD = 0]; unit B detected about 50% of the expected cases [SMD = 23 (0.98%); CMD = 140 (5.97%) and AD = 130 (5.54%)]. In 2016-2017 there was an increase in the overall detection of mental disorders at unit A [SMD = 89 (1.6%); CMD = 298 (5.24%) and AD = 7 (0.12%)], in unit B the detection rate remained similar [SMD = 25 (1.0%); CMD = 176 (7.14%) and AD = 121 (4.9%)]. Changes in the units were detected. Distinction in the detection rate was used as an indicator for analysis of mental health care, allowing the study of factors potentially associated with this variation, influencing access to care. Monitoring this indicator helps improve mental health care.

O objetivo foi demonstrar a frequência de detecção de transtornos mentais em unidades da atenção primária como marcador de acesso e indicador de cuidado em saúde mental. Realizou-se estudo de caso comparativo nos prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes adultos atendidos em duas unidades de atenção primária vizinhas na cidade do no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 2015-2016 e 2016-2017. Extraíram-se os diagnósticos feitos de transtornos mentais, utilizando-se da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), dividindo-os em três grupos: transtornos mentais comuns (TMC: F32; F33; F40-45 - exceto F42 - e R45), transtornos mentais graves (TMG: F20-F29; F31-F39) e uso de álcool e drogas (AD: F10-F19 e Z72). Compararam-se os resultados com a prevalência comunitária de transtornos mentais encontrada na literatura. Foi aplicada análise estatística, teste qui-quadrado, além de análise qualitativa do cenário de cada unidade. Unidade A (2015-2016) apresentou baixo índice de detecção de todos os transtornos [TMG = 45 (0,8%); TMC = 148 (2,64%) e AD = 0]; e, na unidade B, foram detectados cerca de 50% dos casos esperados [TMG = 23 (0,98%); TMC = 140 (5,97%); AD = 130 (5,54%)]. Entre 2016-2017, verificou-se um aumento da detecção geral de transtornos mentais na unidade A [TMG = 89 (1,6%); TMC = 298 (5,24%); AD = 7 (0,12%)]; na unidade B, a detecção manteve-se semelhante [TMG = 25 (1,0%); TMC = 176 (7,14%) e AD = 121 (4,9%)]. Mudanças nas unidades foram detectadas. A distinção no índice de detecção foi utilizada como indicador para análise do cuidado em saúde mental, permitindo um estudo dos fatores que podem estar associados a essa variação, influenciando o acesso aos cuidados. O monitoramento desse indicador auxilia na qualificação do cuidado em saúde mental.

El objetivo fue demostrar la frecuencia de detección de trastornos mentales en unidades de atención primaria como marcador de acceso e indicador de cuidado en salud mental. Estudio de caso comparativo con formularios electrónicos de los pacientes adultos atendidos en dos unidades de atención primaria cercanas a la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 2015-2016 y 2016-2017. Se extrajeron los diagnósticos realizados de trastornos mentales, utilizándose de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, dividiéndolos en tres grupos: trastornos mentales comunes (TMC: F32; F33 F40-45, excepto F42 y R 45), trastornos mentales graves (TMG: F20-F29; F31-F39) y consumo de alcohol y drogas (AD: F10-F19 y Z72). Se compararon los resultados con la prevalencia comunitaria de trastornos mentales encontrada en la literatura. Se aplicó análisis estadístico, test chi-cuadrado, además de un análisis cualitativo del escenario de cada unidad. Unidad A (2015-2016) presentó un bajo índice de detección de todos los trastornos [TMG = 45 (0,8%); TMC = 148 (2,64%) y AD = 0]; unidad B fueron detectados cerca de un 50% de los casos esperados [TMG = 23 (0,98%), TMC = 140 95,97%) y AD = 130 (5,54%)]. Entre 2016-2017 se verificó un aumento de la detección general de trastornos mentales en la unidad A [TMG = 89 (1,6%); TMC = 298 (5,24%) y AD = 7 (0,12%)], unidad B la detección se mantuvo semejante [TMG = 25 (1,0%); TMC = 176 (7,14%) y AD = 121 (4,9%)]. Se detectaron cambios en las unidades. La distinción en el índice de detección fue utilizada como indicador para el análisis del cuidado en salud mental, permitiendo un estudio de los factores que pueden estar asociados a esta variación, influenciando en el acceso a los cuidados. La supervisión de este indicador ayuda en la cualificación del cuidado en salud mental.

[The impact of territorial care in the treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and delusional disorders in a Rio de Janeiro community]. / El impacto del cuidado territorial en el tratamiento de personas diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia y trastornos delirantes en una comunidad en Río de Janeiro.

Care for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and delusional disorders involves many challenges, especially in territorial contexts of pronounced social vulnerability. In Rio de Janeiro, the two decades after the passing of Federal Law 10,216 on Psychiatric Reform in 2001 have been characterized by the transition from a hospital-centered model to one based on community services. Taking the case of a community in Rio de Janeiro, data was extracted from the medical records of 94 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizotypal disorders, and delusional disorders (ICD-10 codes F20 to F29) in five public health services. Covering the period from 2003 to 2016, indicators of the quality of treatment provided were analyzed. As a result of this transition, psychiatric hospitals have all but emptied and a low number of currently untreated patients can be observed. In addition, crisis care and long-term hospitalizations have been replaced by territorial care, and clinical comorbidities are monitored and treated at Family Health Units.

El cuidado de personas diagnosticadas con trastornos esquizofrénicos y delirantes representa un desafío, especialmente, en territorios de gran vulnerabilidad social. En Río de Janeiro, con la promulgación de la Ley Federal 10216 de 2001 sobre la Reforma Psiquiátrica, las últimas dos décadas se han caracterizado por la transición del modelo centrado en el hospital al modelo basado en los servicios comunitarios. Utilizando el caso de una comunidad de Río de Janeiro, se seleccionaron cinco servicios de salud pública y se extrajeron datos de los registros médicos de 94 pacientes con diagnósticos de esquizofrenia, trastornos esquizotípicos y trastornos delirantes (codificados en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades 10 edición entre los códigos F20 a F29) y se analizaron indicadores de calidad del tratamiento ofrecido en el período 2003-2016. Como resultado de la transición se observa que los hospitales psiquiátricos quedaron casi vacíos con un bajo número de pacientes actualmente desatendidos. Además, la atención a la crisis y las hospitalizaciones a largo plazo se reemplazaron por la atención territorial y las comorbilidades clínicas se monitorean y se tratan en unidades de salud familiar.

[Matrix Support in Mental Health: analysis of care provided to people in psychic distress in Primary Care]. / Matriciamento em Saúde Mental: análise do cuidado às pessoas em sofrimento psíquico na Atenção Básica.

The prevalence of emotional distress in the population attended by the teams of the Family Health Strategy is high, however the training of the Primary Care professionals in Mental Health care is inadequate. Matrix Support, provided through the Family Health Support Centers, is considered fundamental in the provision of such care. The scope of this study is to assess the training in mental health in primary care through matrix support actions in mental health. A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the secondary database of the 2012 National Program for the Enhancement of the Access to and the Quality of Primary Health Care. The associations between many matrix support activities in mental health and the development of comprehensive care strategies were analyzed. It revealed that 60% of the teams carry out Matrix Support actions in Mental Health, and qualified care strategies in mental health are performed at least twice as often when those activities are present. The most significant activities are discussion of cases, joint physician appointments, and the creation of therapeutic projects. The conclusion drawn is that this study provides quantitative evidence that the development of shared actions is decisive for the provision of mental health care in primary care.

A prevalência de sofrimento emocional na população atendida pelas equipes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) é alta, mas a capacitação dos profissionais da Atenção Básica (AB) para o cuidado em Saúde Mental (SM) é inadequada. O Apoio Matricial (AM), através dos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF), tem sido considerado como fundamental na qualificação deste cuidado. Tem-se como objetivo analisar a qualificação do cuidado em SM na AB através das ações de Apoio Matricial em Saúde Mental (AMSM). Trata-se de estudo quantitativo (corte transversal) em base de dados secundária do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), de 2012. Foram analisadas as associações entre a realização das diversas ações de matriciamento em SM e o desenvolvimento das estratégias de cuidado integral, avaliadas no instrumento. Verificou-se que 60% das equipes realizam ações de AMSM e que as estratégias de cuidado qualificadas em SM são realizadas pelo menos duas vezes mais quando estas ações estão presentes, destacando-se as ações de discussões de caso, consultas conjuntas e construção de projetos terapêuticos (PTS). Este estudo traz evidências quantitativas de que o desenvolvimento de ações compartilhadas é determinante para qualificação do cuidado em SM na AB.

Matrix support in Mental Health: narrative revision of the concepts horizontality and supervision and their practical implications. / Apoio Matricial em Saúde Mental: revisão narrativa do uso dos conceitos horizontalidade e supervisão e suas implicações nas práticas.

The Matrix Support (MS) is one of the cornerstones of the integration between Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals and Mental Health professionals (MH). A narrative review was conducted on the articles on MS in MH published in national databases from 1998 to 2017, considering a brief history of the PHC reorganization processes that led to the creation of the MS proposal. The aim was to understand the meanings attributed to the terms "horizontality" and "supervision" as well as the descriptions of the "matrix support" itself. We sought to identify factors contributing to the difficulties that have been described in the practices and literature, based on the assumption that these concepts are polysemous and it is possible to generate ambiguities that operate to the detriment of interprofessional practices. Based on the analysis of the selected articles, we were able to conclude that, in addition to polysemy, the obstacles' force lies in the hegemonic model of professional Health training, as it is traditional, hierarchical and uni-professional, and hinders the development of dialogic relations that favor the integration of the matrix support teams and PHC and consequent resolubility and quality of care.

O Apoio Matricial (AM) é considerado um dos pilares da integração entre os profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e os profissionais de Saúde Mental (SM). À luz de um breve histórico dos processos de reorganização da APS que levaram à criação da proposta de AM e de considerações sobre seus conceitos fundantes, realizou-se uma revisão narrativa dos artigos sobre AM em SM publicados nas bases de dados nacionais de 1998-2017. Procurou-se compreender os sentidos atribuídos aos termos "horizontalidade" e "supervisão", assim como as descrições de AM. Buscou-se identificar fatores contribuintes para as dificuldades que têm sido descritas nas práticas, partindo-se do pressuposto de que estes conceitos são polissêmicos e podem gerar ambiguidades que operam prejudicando as ações interprofissionais. Dos 106 artigos encontrados, 39 citaram o termo "horizontalidade' e 29 citaram "supervisão". Na análise destes textos concluiu-se que, para além da polissemia, os obstáculos têm sua força no modelo ainda hegemônico de formação profissional em Saúde, tradicional, hierárquico e uni-profissional dificultando o desenvolvimento de relações dialógicas que favoreçam a integração das equipes de apoio matricial e da APS e consequente resolubilidade e qualidade assistencial.

Relationship of alcohol consumption and mental disorders common with the quality of life of patients in primary health care. / Relação do uso de álcool e transtornos mentais comuns com a qualidade de vida de pacientes na atenção primária em saúde.

The objective was to measure the Quality of Life (QoL) of the patients treated in Primary Health Care in the city of Rio de Janeiro and its own association with CMD, alcohol consumption and socio-demographic aspects. This is a cross-sectional study involving 624 patients in 2012/2013, using: General Health Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Screening for Somatoform Symptoms, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test e World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (bref version). There were conducted a bivariate analysis and a multiple linear regressions for each domain of QOL. The QoL score for the domains, physical, psychological, social relationships and environment were: 61,2; 62,6; 66 and 50,9. In multivariate analysis, the QOL was negatively associated to the CMD, especially in the psychological domain (ß = -15,75; p-value = 0,00), and the dependence on physical (ß = -5,38; p-value = 0,05). There was a positive and significant association of the QoL with the risk consumption (ß = 5,77) and the harmful consumption (ß = 6,15) in the environment domain, and with the first in the psychological domain (ß = 7,08). CMD and alcohol dependence are associated with the loss of QOL, but other patterns of consumption, even being harmful are associated with higher QOL.

Objetivou-se mensurar a Qualidade de Vida (QV) de pacientes da Atenção Primária em Saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro e verificar sua associação com Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC), uso de álcool e aspectos sociodemográficos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 624 pacientes em 2012/2013 e aplicação dos instrumentos: "General Health Questionnaire", "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale", "Screening for Somatoform Symptoms", "Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test" e "World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (bref version)". Realizou-se análise bivariada (Teste-t) e regressões lineares múltiplas para cada domínio de QV. Os escores QV para os domínios físico, psicológico, relações sociais e meio-ambiente foram: 61,2; 62,6; 66 e 50,9. Na análise multivariada, a QV associou-se negativamente aos TMC, principalmente no domínio psicológico (ß = -15,75; p-valor = 0,00), e a dependência no domínio físico (ß = -5,38; p-valor = 0,05). Houve associação positiva e significativa da QV com consumo de risco (ß = 5,77) e nocivo (ß = 6,15) no domínio meio ambiente, e com o primeiro no domínio psicológico (ß = 7,08). TMC e a dependência de álcool estão associados à perda da QV, porém outros padrões de consumo, mesmo sendo nocivos, se associaram a maior QV.

Studying ICD-11 Primary Health Care bodily stress syndrome in Brazil: do many functional disorders represent just one syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: Disorders characterized by "distressing unexplained somatic symptoms" are challenging. In the ICD-11 Primary Health Care (PHC) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders (ICD-11 PHC), a new category, bodily stress syndrome (BSS), was included to diagnose patients presenting unexplained somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the association of BSS with anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms in a Brazilian primary health care (PHC) sample. METHODOLOGY: As part of the international ICD-11 PHC study, 338 patients were evaluated by their primary care physicians, followed by testing with Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). BSS was diagnosed in the presence of at least three somatic symptoms associated with incapacity. The association between anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms with being a BSS case was analyzed. RESULTS: The number of somatic symptoms was high in the overall sample of 338 patients (mean = 8.4), but even higher in the 131 BSS patients (10.2; p < 0.001). Most BSS patients (57.3%) had at least three symptoms from two, three, or four subgroups, and these were associated with anxiety and depression in 80.9% of these patients. The symptom subgroup most strongly associated with "being a BSS" case was the non-specific group (OR = 6.51; 95%CI 1.65-24.34), followed by musculoskeletal (OR = 2,31; 95%CI 1.19-4.72). CONCLUSION: Somatic symptoms were frequent in a sample of PHC patients in Brazil. In the present sample, one third were BSS cases and met the criteria for at least two symptom subgroups, supporting the hypothesis that different functional symptoms are related to each other.

Diagnostic consequences of a new category of anxious depression and a reduced duration requirement for anxiety symptoms in the ICD-11 PHC.

BACKGROUND: A new diagnosis of anxious depression (AD), characterized by both depressive and anxious symptoms at case level, has been proposed for the classification of mental disorders for primary care for ICD-11 (ICD-11 PHC). The ICD-11 PHC proposes a duration requirement for anxiety symptoms of 2 weeks, in line with the requirement for depressive symptoms. This study examined diagnostic assignment under ICD-11 PHC as compared to the previous classification, the ICD-10 PHC, and the relationship of anxiety duration to disability and suicidal ideation. METHODS: Primary care physicians in five countries referred patients based on either perceived psychological distress or distressing somatic symptoms to a research assistant who administered a computer-guided diagnostic interview. Complete data were obtained for 2279 participants. RESULTS: Under ICD-11 PHC 47.7% participants received a diagnosis of AD and had greater disability than other diagnostic groups. Under ICD-10 PHC, in addition to meeting requirements for depressive episode, most of these patients met requirements for either generalized anxiety disorder (41.5%) or mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (45.4%). One third of individuals diagnosed with AD had anxiety durations between 2 weeks and 3 months and presented as much disability and suicidal ideation as individuals with longer anxiety durations. LIMITATIONS: The study was not designed to establish prevalence of these conditions. CONCLUSION: The proposed ICD-11 PHC encourages early identification and management of significant anxiety symptoms in primary care, particularly when these co-occur with depression. This study provides support for the clinical relevance of these symptoms and the importance of early identification.

Capturing complexity: the case for a new classification system for mental disorders in primary care.

Primary care differs considerably from specialist mental health settings: problems are presented in undifferentiated forms, with consequent difficulties in distinguishing between distress and disorder, and a complex relationship between psychological, mental and social problems and their temporal variations. Existing psychiatric diagnostic systems, including ICD-10-PHC and DSM-IV-PC, are often difficult to apply in primary care. They do not adequately address co-morbidity, the substantial prevalence of sub-threshold disorders or problems with cross-cultural applications. Their focus on diagnosis may be too restrictive, with a need to consider severity and impairment separately. ICPC-2, a classification system created specifically for use in primary care, provides advantages in that it allows for simple linkage between reason for encounter, diagnosis and intervention. It is both necessary and feasible to develop a classification system for mental health in primary care that can meet four basic criteria: (1) characterized by simplicity; (2) addressing not only diagnosis but also severity, chronicity and disability; (3) feasible for routine data gathering in primary care as well as for training; and (4) enabling efficient communication between primary and specialty mental health care.

Nosological profile and prevalence of common mental disorders of patients seen at the Family Health Program (FHP) units in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to detect the prevalence of common mental disorders among patients seen by doctors at family health program units in Petrópolis-RJ, and to establish their nosological profile. METHOD: The population of the study included all 18 to 65-year-old patient who attended any family health program units included in the study during a 30-day period, between August and December 2002 (n = 714). The prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, 12 item version. In order to establish the nosological profile, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to all common mental disorders positive patients who accepted to return (n = 215). RESULTS: At the cut-off point of 2/3 the common mental disorders prevalence was 56% and for 4/5, it was 33%. The most frequent nosological categories found among common mental disorders positive patients were depression and anxiety categories along with posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders. There was a high frequency of comorbidity, especially between anxiety, depression, somatoform and dissociative disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The common mental disorders prevalence and the nosological profile found in FHP were similar to those of other primary care studies in Brazil, but some disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, somatoform pain disorder and dissociative disorders) that had not been previously studied in this context were also very frequent. The high common mental disorders prevalence found reinforces the urgent need for systematic inclusion of this level of care in mental health assistance planning.

A pandemia de covid-19 e a morbidade hospitalar por transtorno mental e comportamental no Brasil: uma análise de série temporal interrompida, janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2021 / La pandemia de covid-19 y la morbilidad hospitalaria por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento en Brasil: un análisis de series temporales interrompidas, de enero de 2008 a julio de 2021 / The covid-19 pandemic and hospital morbidity due to mental and behavioral disorders in Brazil: an interrupted time series analysis, from January 2008 to July 2021

Objective: to analyze records of hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders before and after the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, from January 2008 to July 2021. Methods: this was a descriptive ecological interrupted time series study, using secondary data retrieved from the Brazilian National Health System Hospital Information System; a time series analysis of hospitalizations was conducted based on a population-weighted Poisson regression model; relative risk (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Results: we identified 6,329,088 hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders; hospitalization rates showed an 8% decrease (RR = 0.92; 95%CI 0.91;0.92) after the start of the pandemic, compared to the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion: the pandemic changed the trend of hospitalizations due to mental and behavioral disorders in Brazil; the drop observed in the period is evidence that the pandemic affected the mental health care network.

Objetivo: analizar las hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento antes y después del inicio de la pandemia de covid-19 en Brasil, desde enero 2008 hasta julio 2021. Método: estudio ecológico descriptivo de series temporales interrumpidas, con datos registrados en el Sistema de Informações Hospitalares del Sistema Único de Saúde; se realizó un análisis de series temporales de hospitalizaciones basado en modelo de regresión de Poisson, ponderado por la población; calculado el riesgo relativo (RR), con intervalo de confianza del (IC95%). Resultados: se identificaron 6.329.088 hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento; las tasas de hospitalización mostraron disminución del 8% (RR = 0,92; IC95% 0,91;0,92) tras el inicio de la pandemia, en relación con el periodo prepandémico. Conclusión: la pandemia cambió la tendencia de hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y del comportamiento en Brasil; la caída observada en el período evidencia que la pandemia afectó la cadena asistencial estructurada para la salud mental.

Objetivo: analisar as internações por transtorno mental e comportamental, antes e após o início da pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil, de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2021. Métodos: estudo ecológico descritivo de série temporal interrompida, com dados registrados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS); realizada análise da série temporal das internações baseada em um modelo de regressão de Poisson, ponderado pela população; calculado o risco relativo (RR), com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foram identificadas 6.329.088 internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais; as taxas de internação apresentaram um decréscimo de 8% (RR = 0,92; IC95% 0,91;0,92) após o início da pandemia, em relação ao período pré-pandemia. Conclusão: a pandemia modificou a tendência das internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais no Brasil; a queda observada no período é evidência de que a pandemia afetou a cadeia de cuidado estruturada para saúde mental.

Social Support patterns in Primary Health Care: differences between having physical diseases or mental disorders. / Padrões de Apoio Social na Atenção Primária à Saúde: diferenças entre ter doenças físicas ou transtornos mentais.

The social support network is a health protective factor involving physical, mental and psychological aspects, providing a better quality of life, favoring better adaptation to adverse conditions, promoting resilience and mobilizing resources for a more effective coping with negative life events that can lead to illness. We aimed to analyze the association between physical diseases, common mental disorders and the social support network of patients serviced at primary care facilities in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo through a cross-sectional study with 1,466 patients in the 18-65 years age group. We used the Social Network Index (SNI) to assess the support network through the categories of isolation and integration. The doctor/nurse completed the questionnaire to evaluate the physical disease diagnosis, while the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to detect mental disorders. We found that the pattern of social support was different depending on the presence of physical diseases or mental disorders. Negative associations were found between diabetes and isolation; integration and anxiety; integration and depression. Positive associations were identified between isolation and anxiety and isolation and depression.

A rede de apoio é considerada um agente protetor da saúde em seus aspectos físico, mental e psicológico, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida, favorecendo adaptação à condições adversas, promovendo resiliência e a mobilização de recursos no enfrentamento de eventos de vida negativos que podem levar ao adoecimento. O nosso objetivo foi estudar a relação entre doenças físicas, transtorno mental comum e a rede de apoio social dos pacientes atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo em um estudo de corte transversal com 1466 pacientes entre 18 e 65 anos. Para aferir o tipo de rede de apoio foi utilizado o Índice de Rede Social por meio das categorias: isolamento e integração. Para aferir o diagnóstico de doença física foi utilizado o questionário pelo médico/enfermeiro e para detecção dos transtornos mentais foi utilizado o Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Verificou-se que o padrão da rede de apoio foi diferente entre as doenças físicas e os transtornos mentais. Foram detectadas associações negativas entre diabetes e isolamento; integração e ansiedade; integração e depressão e associações positivas do isolamento com ansiedade e isolamento e depressão.

The knowledge of primary health care professionals regarding mental health: diagnosis by mhGAP / Conhecimento de profissionais da atenção primária em saúde mental: diagnóstico pelo mhGAP

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze knowledge about priority topics in mental health care of strategic actors who work in regions where the Health Care Planning (PAS) methodology is used. METHODS This is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study carried out with professionals from six health regions, distributed in three Brazilian states (Goiás, Rondônia and Maranhão) and linked to the project "Saúde mental na APS" (Mental health in PHC) of the Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (Proadi-SUS - Institutional Development Support Program of the Brazilian Unified Health System). The sample was made up of professionals who participated in the intervention guide multiplier training stage for mental, neurological and alcohol and other drug use disorders in the primary health care network, from July to September 2022. Data collection was through a self-administered instrument, in electronic format, consisting of a block with socioeconomic items and a structured questionnaire to assess participants' knowledge about priority topics in mental health. Descriptive analyses and comparison of proportions were conducted to analyze the data. RESULTS A total of 354 health professionals participated in the study. Regarding the percentage of correct answers in the questionnaire on priority topics in mental health, the highest medians were identified in the "Depression" module. On the other hand, the content referring to the modules "Essential care and practices" and "Other important complaints" presented the lowest values. Furthermore, some participant characteristics were found to be associated with the percentage of correct answers in the questionnaire modules. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal opportunities for improvement, mainly in knowledge related to communication skills and the approach to emotional and physical distress without diagnostic criteria for a specific disease, offering support for planning actions aimed at intensifying the consideration of these themes during the operational stages of PAS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o conhecimento sobre temas prioritários do cuidado em saúde mental de atores estratégicos que atuam em regiões nas quais se utiliza a metodologia da Planificação da Atenção à Saúde (PAS). MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal e observacional realizado com profissionais de seis regiões de saúde, distribuídas em três estados brasileiros (Goiás, Rondônia e Maranhão) e vinculadas ao projeto "Saúde mental na APS" do Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (Proadi-SUS). A amostra foi composta por profissionais que participaram da etapa de formação de multiplicadores do manual de intervenções para transtornos mentais, neurológicos e por uso de álcool e outras drogas na rede de atenção básica à saúde, no período de julho a setembro de 2022. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de um instrumento autoaplicável, em formato eletrônico, composto por um bloco com itens socioeconômicos e um questionário estruturado para avaliação do conhecimento dos participantes acerca de temas prioritários em saúde mental. Para análise dos dados, foram empreendidas análises descritivas e comparação de proporções. RESULTADOS Participaram do estudo 354 profissionais de saúde. Em relação ao percentual de acerto no questionário sobre temas prioritários em saúde mental, as medianas mais altas foram identificadas no módulo de "Depressão". Em contrapartida, o conteúdo referente aos módulos "Cuidados e práticas essenciais" e "Outras queixas importantes" apresentaram os valores mais baixos. Além disso, identificou-se que algumas características dos participantes apresentaram associações com o percentual de acertos nos módulos do questionário. CONCLUSÕES Os achados revelam oportunidades de melhoria, principalmente no conhecimento relacionado às habilidades de comunicação e a abordagem ao sofrimento emocional e físico sem critérios diagnósticos para uma doença específica, oferecendo subsídios para o planejamento de ações que visem a intensificação do olhar destas temáticas durante as etapas operacionais da PAS.