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1.
Euro Surveill ; 29(18)2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38699901

RESUMO

In March 2024, the first ever human case of rabies, following a dog bite, was detected in Timor-Leste. This paper briefly discusses the circumstances of transmission, clinical presentation, palliative care of the case and public health measures taken. Timor-Leste was previously considered rabies-free. Any person who is bitten or scratched by an animal that could potentially transmit rabies virus (especially dogs, bats, monkeys or cats) in Timor-Leste should be assessed for consideration of provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.


Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas , Profilaxia Pós-Exposição , Vírus da Raiva , Raiva , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Mordeduras e Picadas/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Raiva/diagnóstico , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/transmissão , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Timor-Leste/epidemiologia , Adolescente
2.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 59(5): 735-742, 2023 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36975716

RESUMO

AIMS: Despite the declining incidence of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) in Australia, there is still a significant burden of disease amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the Northern Territory. Childhood APSGN has been highlighted as a predictor of chronic kidney disease in this population. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalised children with APSGN in the Northern Territory. METHODS: Single-centre, retrospective cohort study of children (<18 years) with APSGN admitted to a tertiary hospital in the Top End of the Northern Territory between January 2012 and December 2017. Cases were confirmed using the Centre for Disease Control case definition guidelines. Data were extracted from the case notes and electronic medical records. RESULTS: There were 96 cases of APSGN with median age of 7.1 years (interquartile range (IQR) 6.7-11.4). Majority were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (90.6%) and from rural and remote areas (82.3%). Preceding skin infections were identified in 65.5% and sore throat in 27.1%. Severe complications included hypertensive emergencies (37.4%), acute kidney injury (43.8%) and nephrotic-range proteinuria (57.7%). All children improved from their acute illness with supportive medical therapy; however, only 55 out of 96 (57.3%) children were followed up within 12 months of their acute illness. CONCLUSIONS: APSGN disproportionately affects Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and highlights the need for continued and improved public health response. There is room for significant improvement in the medium- and long-term follow-up of affected children.


Assuntos
Povos Aborígenes Australianos e Ilhéus do Estreito de Torres , Glomerulonefrite , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Criança , Humanos , Doença Aguda , Povos Aborígenes Australianos e Ilhéus do Estreito de Torres/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Glomerulonefrite/epidemiologia , Glomerulonefrite/etnologia , Glomerulonefrite/etiologia , Northern Territory/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/complicações , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/etnologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença
3.
Clin Infect Dis ; 74(4): 604-613, 2022 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34089594

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of bacteremia, yet the epidemiology and predictors of poor outcome remain inadequately defined in childhood. METHODS: ISAIAH (Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections and Hospitalizations in children) is a prospective, cross-sectional study of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) in children hospitalized in Australia and New Zealand over 24 months (2017-2018). RESULTS: Overall, 552 SABs were identified (incidence 4.4/100 000/year). Indigenous children, those from lower socioeconomic areas and neonates were overrepresented. Although 90-day mortality was infrequent, one-third experienced the composite of: length of stay >30 days (26%), intensive care unit admission (20%), relapse (4%), or death (3%). Predictors of mortality included prematurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR],16.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-296.9), multifocal infection (aOR, 22.6; CI, 1.4-498.5), necrotizing pneumonia (aOR, 38.9; CI, 1.7-1754.6), multiorgan dysfunction (aOR, 26.5; CI, 4.1-268.8), and empiric vancomycin (aOR, 15.7; CI, 1.6-434.4); while infectious diseases (ID) consultation (aOR, 0.07; CI .004-.9) was protective. Neither MRSA nor vancomycin trough targets impacted survival; however, empiric vancomycin was associated with nephrotoxicity (OR, 3.1; 95% CI 1.3-8.1). CONCLUSIONS: High SAB incidence was demonstrated and for the first time in a pediatric setting, necrotizing pneumonia and multifocal infection were predictors of mortality, while ID consultation was protective. The need to reevaluate pediatric vancomycin trough targets and limit unnecessary empiric vancomycin exposure to reduce poor outcomes and nephrotoxicity is highlighted. One in 3 children experienced considerable SAB morbidity; therefore, pediatric inclusion in future SAB comparator trials is paramount to improve outcomes.


Assuntos
Bacteriemia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus
4.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 77(10): 2679-2682, 2022 09 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35822635

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the cornerstone of secondary prophylaxis to prevent Streptococcus pyogenes infections, which precede acute rheumatic fever (ARF). The paucity of pharmacokinetic (PK) data from children and adolescents from populations at the highest risk of ARF and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) poses a challenge for determining the optimal dosing and frequency of injections and undermines efforts to develop improved regimens. METHODS: We conducted a 6 month longitudinal PK study of young people receiving BPG for secondary prophylaxis. Throat and skin swabs were collected for microbiological culture along with dried blood spot (DBS) samples for penicillin concentrations. DBSs were assayed using LC-MS/MS. Penicillin concentration datasets were analysed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling and simulations performed using published BMI-for-age and weight-for-age data. RESULTS: Nineteen participants provided 75 throat swabs, 3 skin swabs and 216 penicillin samples. Throat cultures grew group C and G Streptococcus. Despite no participant maintaining penicillin concentration >20 ng/mL between doses, there were no S. pyogenes throat infections and no ARF. The median (range) observed durations >20 ng/mL for the low- and high-BMI groups were 14.5 (11.0-24.25) and 15.0 (7.5-18.25) days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Few patients at highest risk of ARF/RHD receiving BPG for secondary prophylaxis maintain penicillin concentrations above the target of 20 ng/mL beyond 2 weeks during each monthly dosing interval. These PK data suggest that some high-risk individuals may get inadequate protection from every 4 week dosing. Future research should explore this gap in knowledge and PK differences between different populations to inform future dosing schedules.


Assuntos
Febre Reumática , Cardiopatia Reumática , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Cromatografia Líquida , Humanos , Northern Territory , Penicilina G Benzatina , Febre Reumática/tratamento farmacológico , Febre Reumática/prevenção & controle , Cardiopatia Reumática/prevenção & controle , Streptococcus pyogenes , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Adulto Jovem
5.
BMC Public Health ; 21(1): 2060, 2021 11 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34758806

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Scabies causes considerable morbidity in disadvantaged populations. The International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) published consensus criteria in 2020 to standardize scabies diagnosis. However, these criteria are complex, and a WHO informal consultation proposed simplified criteria for mapping, to identify regions of high prevalence as targets for mass drug administration. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of simplified criteria in determining scabies prevalence, compared to the 2020 IACS criteria. METHODS: We obtained data relating to demographics, relevant history and skin lesions from all-age prevalence surveys from Fiji (n = 3365) and Solomon Islands (n = 5239), as well as school-aged children in Timor-Leste (n = 1043). We calculated prevalence using the 2020 IACS criteria and simplified criteria and compared these disease estimates. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the pooled prevalence using the two methods (2020 IACS criteria: 16.6%; simplified criteria: 15.6%; difference = 0.9, [95% CI -0.1, 2.0]). In Timor-Leste, the prevalence using simplified criteria was lower (26.5% vs 33.8%). Simplified criteria had a sensitivity of 82.3% (95% CI 80.2, 84.2) and specificity of 97.6% (95% CI 97.2, 97.9) compared to the 2020 IACS criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The scabies prevalence estimation using simplified criteria was similar to using the 2020 IACS criteria in high prevalence, tropical countries. The prevalence estimation was lower in the school-based survey in Timor-Leste. Mapping using simplified criteria may be a feasible and effective public health tool to identify priority regions for scabies control. Further work assessing use of simplified criteria for mapping in a field setting should be conducted.


Assuntos
Escabiose , Criança , Consenso , Humanos , Melanesia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/epidemiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas
6.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 57(9): 1397-1401, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33847439

RESUMO

AIM: To describe the epidemiology of invasive Salmonella disease in children in the Northern Territory, Australia. METHODS: Design: A retrospective review of invasive salmonellosis cases identified by pathology records and the Northern Territory Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Case definitions: Those aged 18 years or under, with Salmonella cultured from a usually sterile site, collected in the Northern Territory between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2015. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was the annual incidence rate of invasive salmonellosis, comparing rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. RESULTS: There were 86 cases of invasive Salmonella infection in children over the 10-year period; an annual incidence of 14.1 per 100 000 population, in those aged less than 18 years. Gastrointestinal Salmonella notifications were similar between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children. In children aged less than 15 years, the rate of invasive salmonellosis was higher in Indigenous children compared to non-Indigenous children (23.4 per 100 000 compared with 11.6 per 100 000); rate ratio 2.0 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.3, P = 0.002). Indigenous children with invasive salmonellosis had a median hospital stay of 8 days, which was compared to 5 days for non-Indigenous children (P = 0.015). The highest incidence rate of invasive salmonellosis occurred in Indigenous patients less than 12 months of age (138 per 100 000). CONCLUSION: The Northern Territory of Australia has high rates of invasive salmonellosis in children. Indigenous and non-Indigenous children experience similar rates of Salmonella gastroenteritis but Indigenous children experience higher rates of invasive salmonellosis.


Assuntos
Infecções por Salmonella , Distribuição por Idade , Criança , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Northern Territory/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Salmonella/epidemiologia
7.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 57(9): 1391-1396, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33825269

RESUMO

AIM: To describe the clinical features, treatment and outcomes of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in children admitted to the national referral hospital in Dili, Timor-Leste. METHODS: This prospective study documented cases of ARF and RHD in children aged 14 years and under who were admitted between June 2017 and May 2019. ARF was diagnosed using an adapted version of the 2015 Jones criteria and presumed (rather than proven) exposure to group A Streptococcus. Clinical and echocardiographic findings, comorbidities and discharge outcomes are reported. RESULTS: A total of 63 patients were admitted with ARF or RHD; 54 were diagnosed with RHD for the first time. Median age was 11 years (range 3-14); 48% were female. Of those with echocardiograms, 56/58 had RHD, 55/56 (98%) had mitral regurgitation (37/55 (67%) severe), 11/56 (20%) had mitral stenosis and 43/56 (77%) had aortic regurgitation. Left ventricular dysfunction (55%), pulmonary hypertension (64%) and cardiac failure (78%) were common. Four (6%) patients died in hospital, and 30/59 (51%) of surviving patients were lost to follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Community echocardiography screening has reported a high prevalence of undetected mild to moderate cases of RHD in Timor-Leste, whereas this hospital study documents mostly severe disease among hospitalised patients with a high case fatality rate and loss to follow up. RHD is a significant health problem in Timor-Leste and improved recognition and diagnosis, as well as effective delivery of treatment and follow-up are imperative.


Assuntos
Febre Reumática , Cardiopatia Reumática , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Febre Reumática/complicações , Febre Reumática/epidemiologia , Cardiopatia Reumática/complicações , Cardiopatia Reumática/epidemiologia , Timor-Leste/epidemiologia
8.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 57(3): 409-418, 2021 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33094543

RESUMO

AIM: To identify barriers to influenza vaccination of children hospitalised for acute respiratory illness in Australia. METHODS: A total of 595 parents of children hospitalised with acute respiratory illness across five tertiary hospitals in 2019 participated in an online survey. Multivariate logistic regression identified factors most strongly associated with influenza vaccination barriers. RESULTS: Odds of influenza vaccination were lower with lack of health-care provider (HCP) recommendation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.18; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08-0.38); if parents had difficulties (aOR 0.19; 95% CI: 0.08-0.47) or were 'neutral' (aOR 0.23; 95% CI: 0.06-0.82) in remembering to make an appointment; and if parents had difficulties (aOR 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07-0.62) or were 'neutral' (aOR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07-0.79) regarding getting an appointment for vaccination. Odds were also lower if parents did not believe (aOR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.90) or were 'neutral' (aOR 0.15; 95% CI: 0.04-0.49) regarding whether the people most important to them would have their child/ren vaccinated against influenza. Children had lower odds of vaccination if parents did not support (aOR 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01-0.82) or were ambivalent (aOR 0.09; 95% CI: 0.01-0.56) in their support for influenza vaccination. Finally, lack of history of influenza vaccination of child (aOR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18-0.81) and respondent (aOR 0.25; 95% CI: 0.11-0.56) were associated with lack of receipt of influenza vaccine before admission for acute respiratory infection. CONCLUSIONS: Assisting parents in remembering and accessing influenza vaccination and encouraging health-care providers to recommend vaccination may increase uptake.


Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Austrália , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vacinação
9.
Med J Aust ; 213(3): 118-123, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32632952

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Using echocardiographic screening, to estimate the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in a remote Northern Territory town. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional echocardiographic screening study; results compared with data from the NT rheumatic heart disease register. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: People aged 5-20 years living in Maningrida, West Arnhem Land (population, 2610, including 2366 Indigenous Australians), March 2018 and November 2018. INTERVENTION: Echocardiographic screening for RHD by an expert cardiologist or cardiac sonographer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Definite or borderline RHD, based on World Heart Federation criteria; history of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), based on Australian guidelines for diagnosing ARF. RESULTS: The screening participation rate was 72%. The median age of the 613 participants was 11 years (interquartile range, 8-14 years); 298 (49%) were girls or women, and 592 (97%) were Aboriginal Australians. Definite RHD was detected in 32 screened participants (5.2%), including 20 not previously diagnosed with RHD; in five new cases, RHD was classified as severe, and three of the participants involved required cardiac surgery. Borderline RHD was diagnosed in 17 participants (2.8%). According to NT RHD register data at the end of the study period, 88 of 849 people in Maningrida and the surrounding homelands aged 5-20 years (10%) were receiving secondary prophylaxis following diagnoses of definite RHD or definite or probable ARF. CONCLUSION: Passive case finding for ARF and RHD is inadequate in some remote Australian communities with a very high burden of RHD, placing children and young people with undetected RHD at great risk of poor health outcomes. Active case finding by regular echocardiographic screening is required in such areas.


Assuntos
Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico , Cardiopatia Reumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatia Reumática/etnologia , Cardiopatia Reumática/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Northern Territory/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Febre Reumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Febre Reumática/epidemiologia , Febre Reumática/etnologia , Adulto Jovem
10.
Heart Lung Circ ; 29(6): 859-866, 2020 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31320258

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic screening in school-aged children can detect rheumatic heart disease (RHD) prior to the manifestation of symptoms of heart failure. The challenge is making this practical and affordable on a global scale. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic utility of an ultra-abbreviated echocardiographic screening protocol involving a single parasternal-long-axis-view-sweep of the heart (SPLASH) in two dimensional (2D) and colour Doppler imaging (index test). METHODS: This prospective study of diagnostic accuracy compared the diagnostic utility of the index screening test with a comprehensive reference test (standard echocardiographic screening protocols) as per World Heart Federation (WHF) echocardiographic criteria. School students in Timor-Leste aged 5-20 years were enrolled. Both index and reference test images were acquired by cardiologists on Vivid I or Q machines (GE Healthcare, Marlborough, MA, USA). RESULTS: A total of 1,365 participants were screened; median age was 11 years. The estimated prevalence of definite and borderline RHD was 35.2 per 1,000. Congenital heart disease was identified in 11 children (0.8%) with two needing cardiac surgery. Abnormal SPLASH views were found in 109/1365 (7.99%). No cases of RHD or significant congenital heart disease were missed. Sensitivity and specificity of the abbreviated protocol for detecting RHD were 1.0 and 0.95 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A simplified echocardiography screening protocol using SPLASH is highly sensitive and specific and could significantly improve the efficiency of RHD screening. It has the potential to expedite training of health workers whilst protecting the modesty of students.


Assuntos
Ecocardiografia/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Cardiopatia Reumática/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Austrália/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Cardiopatia Reumática/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
11.
Clin Infect Dis ; 68(6): 940-948, 2019 03 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30137244

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In 2017, Australia experienced record influenza notifications. Two surveillance programs combined to summarize the epidemiology of hospitalized influenza in children and report on vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the context of a limited nationally funded vaccination program. METHODS: Subjects were prospectively recruited (April-October 2017). Case patients were children aged ≤16 years admitted to 11 hospitals with an acute respiratory illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza. Controls were hospitalized with acute respiratory illness and tested negative for influenza. VE estimates were calculated using the test-negative design. RESULTS: A total of 1268 children were hospitalized with influenza: 31.5% were <2 years old, 8.3% were indigenous, and 45.1% had comorbid conditions predisposing to severe influenza. Influenza B was detected in 34.1% with influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 detected in 47.2% and 52.8% of subtyped influenza A specimens. The median length of stay was 3 days (interquartile range, 1-5), 14.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 15.9% received oseltamivir. Four in-hospital deaths occurred (0.3%): one was considered influenza associated. Only 17.1% of test-negative-controls were vaccinated. The VE of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine for preventing hospitalized influenza was estimated at 30.3% (95% confidence interval, 2.6%-50.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Significant influenza-associated morbidity was observed in 2017 in Australia. Most hospitalized children had no comorbid conditions. Vaccine coverage and antiviral use was inadequate. Influenza vaccine was protective in 2017, yet VE was lower than previous seasons. Multiple Australian states have introduced funded preschool vaccination programs in 2018. Additional efforts to promote vaccination and monitor effectiveness are required.


Assuntos
Hospitalização , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Cobertura Vacinal , Adolescente , Austrália/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Gerenciamento Clínico , Feminino , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Influenza Humana/história , Masculino , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Vigilância da População , Vacinação
12.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 55(8): 943-947, 2019 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30536470

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Paediatric Cryptococcus gattii disease is rare, with only two previous cases recorded in the Northern Territory (NT) over the last 54 years. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a recognised complication of C. gattii infection, even in the absence of an identified immunodeficiency syndrome; however, limited paediatric data exist. We present a series of three paediatric patients treated for C. gattii infection in the NT during 2016/2017. CASE DISCUSSIONS: All three cases were males aged 8-13 years at the time of presentation. Two were Aboriginal Australians from remote NT communities, and the third was a Timorese child from a remote district in Timor-Leste. All cases had evidence of brain cryptococcomas, and two had associated pulmonary lesions. Each child was treated with a 6-week induction phase of intravenous liposomal amphotericin and flucytosine and then continued on a 2-year course of eradication oral fluconazole. Persistent high intracranial pressure (ICP) complicated each case, requiring serial lumbar punctures and, in two cases, insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. All three cases were diagnosed with IRIS between 5 and 10 weeks after commencement of antifungal treatment and were managed with high-dose corticosteroids, which were weaned slowly (6-20 months post-commencement). CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric C. gattii disease is rare, although three recent cases in the NT highlight some of the challenges involved in managing the infection, including persistent raised ICP and complications such as IRIS. There is a need for further collaborative research into paediatric C. gattii disease.


Assuntos
Criptococose/fisiopatologia , Cryptococcus gattii/isolamento & purificação , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/complicações , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Northern Territory
13.
Med J Aust ; 208(7): 303-307, 2018 04 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29642817

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in school-aged children and young people in Timor-Leste. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional survey. Echocardiography was performed by Australian cardiologists to determine the presence of RHD. Demographic data were also collected. Patients in whom RHD was detected were entered into a register to allow monitoring of adherence to secondary prophylaxis; the first dose of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) was administered on the day of screening. SETTING: Schools in urban (Dili) and rural (Ermera) Timor-Leste. PARTICIPANTS: School students aged 5-20 years. OUTCOME MEASURES: Definite and borderline RHD, as defined by World Heart Federation echocardiographic criteria. RESULTS: 1365 participants were screened; their median age was 11 years (IQR, 9-14 years), and 53% were girls. The estimated prevalence of definite RHD was 18.3 cases per 1000 population (95% CI, 12.3-27.0 per 1000), and of definite or borderline RHD 35.2 per 1000 (95% CI, 26.5-46.4 per 1000). Definite (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.5; 95% CI, 1.3-9.4) and definite or borderline RHD (aOR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4-5.2) were more prevalent among girls than boys. Eleven children (0.8%) had congenital heart disease. Of the 25 children in whom definite RHD was identified, 21 (84%) received education and a first dose of BPG on the day of screening; all 25 have since received education about primary care for RHD and have commenced penicillin prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of RHD in Timor-Leste are among the highest in the world, and prevalence is higher among girls than boys. Community engagement is essential for ensuring follow-up and the effective delivery of secondary prophylaxis.


Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Cardiopatia Reumática/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatia Reumática/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Timor-Leste/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
14.
Med J Aust ; 206(2): 78-84, 2017 Feb 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28152345

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence and mortality of invasive infections in Indigenous children admitted to paediatric and general intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia. DESIGN: Retrospective multi-centre cohort study of Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Intensive Care Registry data. PARTICIPANTS: All children under 16 years of age admitted to an ICU in Australia, 1 January 2002 - 31 December 2013. Indigenous children were defined as those identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in a mandatory admissions dataset. MAIN OUTCOMES: Population-based ICU mortality and admission rates. RESULTS: Invasive infections accounted for 23.0% of non-elective ICU admissions of Indigenous children (726 of 3150), resulting in an admission rate of 47.6 per 100 000 children per year. Staphylococcus aureus was the leading pathogen identified in children with sepsis/septic shock (incidence, 4.42 per 100 000 Indigenous children per year; 0.57 per 100 000 non-Indigenous children per year; incidence rate ratio 7.7; 95% CI, 5.8-10.1; P < 0.001). While crude and risk-adjusted ICU mortality related to invasive infections was not significantly different for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children (odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.53-1.07; P = 0.12), the estimated population-based age-standardised mortality rate for invasive infections was significantly higher for Indigenous children (2.67 per 100 000 per year v 1.04 per 100 000 per year; crude incidence rate ratio, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.88-3.64; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ICU admission rate for severe infections was several times higher for Indigenous than for non-Indigenous children, particularly for S. aureus infections. While ICU case fatality rates were similar, the population-based mortality was more than twice as high for Indigenous children. Our study highlights an important area of inequality in health care for Indigenous children in a high income country that needs urgent attention.


Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Estado Terminal/epidemiologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Sepse/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Austrália/epidemiologia , Austrália/etnologia , Criança , Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Resultados de Cuidados Críticos , Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Feminino , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mortalidade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Nova Zelândia/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sepse/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sobrevida
15.
BMC Pediatr ; 16(1): 202, 2016 12 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27914475

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Febrile seizures are common in young children. Annual peaks in incidence mirror increased respiratory virus activity during winter. Limited virological data are available using modern diagnostic techniques for children with febrile seizures. We aimed to determine the frequency of detection of specific viral pathogens in children with febrile seizures, to describe risk factors including recent vaccination and clinical features associated with specific etiologies. METHODS: An observational study was performed. Children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting to the Emergency Department of a tertiary children's hospital in Western Australia with febrile seizures were enrolled between March 2012 and October 2013. Demographic, clinical data and vaccination history were collected, and virological testing was performed on per-nasal and per-rectal samples. RESULTS: One hundred fifty one patients (72 female; median age 1.7y; range 6 m-4y9m) were enrolled. Virological testing was completed for 143/151 (95%). At least one virus was detected in 102/143 patients (71%). The most commonly identified were rhinoviruses (31/143, 22%), adenovirus (30/151, 21%), enteroviruses, (28/143, 20%), influenza (19/143, 13%) and HHV6 (17/143, 12%). More than one virus was found in 48/143 (34%). No significant clinical differences were observed when children with a pathogen identified were compared with those with no pathogen detected. Febrile seizures occurred within 14 days of vaccine administration in 16/151 (11%). CONCLUSION: At least one virus was detected in over two thirds of cases tested (commonly picornaviruses, adenovirus and influenza). Viral co-infections were frequently identified. Febrile seizures occurred infrequently following immunization.


Assuntos
Convulsões Febris/etiologia , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Viroses/complicações , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Viroses/diagnóstico
16.
Pediatr Radiol ; 45(11): 1716-21, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26081671

RESUMO

Human infection with Australian bat lyssavirus is extremely rare. Here we present the craniospinal findings in a fatal case of Australian bat lyssavirus infection in an 8-year-old child. MRI plays a very important role, not only in the diagnostic work-up of Australian bat lyssavirus infection but also in the prognostic assessment.


Assuntos
Encefalomielite/patologia , Encefalomielite/virologia , Lyssavirus , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnóstico , Austrália , Criança , Progressão da Doença , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação de Sintomas
17.
Commun Dis Intell Q Rep ; 39(3): E323-8, 2015 Sep 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26620345

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cases of congenital syphilis in the Northern Territory between 2009 and 2014 were correctly notified based on probable or confirmed case criteria stipulated by the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). METHODS: Pregnant women with positive syphilis serology defined as reactive treponemal test and rapid plasma reagin titre ≥1:8 were identified from the Northern Territory Syphilis Register Information System. Risk classification was performed based on local guidelines, and CDNA criteria for probable/confirmed cases of congenital syphilis were applied to determine whether cases were appropriately notified. RESULTS: Thirty-four cases of positive maternal syphilis serology in pregnancy were identified from 31 women; all were Indigenous. Twenty-one cases fulfilled criteria for probable congenital syphilis; 1 case was formally notified to the Centre for Disease Control. Twenty cases (95%) fulfilling CDNA criteria for probable congenital syphilis were not notified over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Application of standard case definitions significantly increases the rate of congenital syphilis cases in the Northern Territory. Improved education regarding CDNA criteria for notification of congenital syphilis is necessary for clinicians and public health staff. Emerging evidence has supported the recent simplification of CDNA criteria for notification of congenital syphilis, effective 1 July 2015.


Assuntos
Gerenciamento Clínico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Sífilis Congênita/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Notificação de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Northern Territory/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sífilis Congênita/diagnóstico , Sífilis Congênita/terapia , Adulto Jovem
19.
Med J Aust ; 201(11): 647-9, 2014 Dec 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25495308

RESUMO

Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) infection in humans is rare but fatal, with no proven effective therapy. ABLV infection can be prevented by administration of a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen of human rabies immunoglobulin and rabies vaccine. All Australian bats (flying foxes and microbats) should be considered to be carrying ABLV unless proven otherwise. Any bat-related injury (bite, scratch or mucosal exposure to bat saliva or neural tissue) should be notified immediately to the relevant public health unit - no matter how small the injury or how long ago it occurred. Human-to-human transmission of ABLV has not been reported but is theoretically possible. Standard infection control precautions should be employed when managing patients with suspected or confirmed ABLV infection.


Assuntos
Quirópteros/virologia , Lyssavirus , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Animais , Austrália , Mordeduras e Picadas/virologia , Vetores de Doenças , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/etiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/terapia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão
20.
Med J Aust ; 200(6): 328-32, 2014 Apr 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24702090

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology, clinical features, health care resource use, treatment and outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases diagnosed in Western Australia, compared with matched controls with drug-susceptible TB. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: Retrospective case-control study of all MDR-TB cases notified in WA between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2012, compared with matched controls. Cases were identified and managed through the Western Australia Tuberculosis Control Program, including specialist TB services, the Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory and affiliated secondary and tertiary outpatient and inpatient medical services in WA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, treatment, outcomes and health care resource use. RESULTS: Sixteen MDR-TB cases were notified during the study period (1.2% of all TB notifications). The median age of patients with MDR-TB was 26 years, and 15 were born outside Australia. Patients with MDR-TB were more likely to have received previous treatment (25% v 2%; P = 0.006) and had longer delays to effective therapy (median, 48 v 21 days; P = 0.002) than controls. MDR-TB patients more frequently required hospitalisation (100% v 35%; P < 0.001) and were treated for longer (mean, 597 v 229 days). Adverse effects were more commonly reported in MDR-TB patients than controls (81% v 33%; P < 0.001). Treatment success was not significantly different between patients with MDR-TB and controls (75% v 84%; P = 0.72). No treatment failures or deaths were identified in either group. CONCLUSION: MDR-TB remains uncommon in WA but its challenges are increasingly recognised. Despite delays in commencing effective therapy, MDR-TB is usually associated with treatment success. Adverse effects of medications are common, and treatment courses are long and complex. Specialist TB services should continue to be involved in management and prevention of all cases of MDR-TB.


Assuntos
Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Compostos Aza/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Quimioterapia Combinada , Etambutol/farmacologia , Etambutol/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Isoniazida/farmacologia , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Moxifloxacina , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazinamida/farmacologia , Pirazinamida/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/etiologia , Austrália Ocidental/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
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