3D facial and dento-alveolar imaging.

This article reviews three-dimensional (1D) surface scanning contrasted with 3D imaging. Precise techniques are now available for capture of the face and craniofacial structures as well as improved introoral scanning for the production of virtual 3D casts of the dentition. Facial and intraoral scanners have established an accuracy that makes them viable for use in the clinical and research arenas. Three-dimensional imaging is a field of rapid change and currently-available scanners will doubtlessly be surpassed in the near future. Although there is much overlap between the capabilities of different proprietary systems, there are subtle, yet significant, differences between manufacturers. The differences have the potential to make a purchased scanner not fulfil expectations as much for reasons of software compatibility and integration, as for clinical usability and accuracy.

The Partial Pressure of Inspired Carbon Dioxide Exposure Levels in the Extravehicular Mobility Unit.

BACKGROUND: NASA has been making efforts to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) washout capability of spacesuits using a standard CO2 sampling protocol. This study established the methodology for determining the partial pressure of inspired CO2 (PIco2) in a pressurized spacesuit. We applied the methodology to characterize PIco2 for the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU).METHODS: We suggested an automated and mathematical algorithm to find the end-tidal CO2 and the end of inspiration. We provided objective and standardized guidelines to identify acceptable breath traces, which are essential to accurate and reproducible calculation of the in-suit inhaled and exhaled partial pressure of CO2 (Pco2). The mouth guard-based method for measurement of inhaled and exhaled dry-gas Pco2 was described. We calculated all individual concentrations of PIco2 inhaled by 19 healthy subjects classified into 3 fitness groups. The transcutaneous Pco2 was monitored as a secondary measure to validate washout performance.RESULTS: Mean and standard deviation values for the data collection performance and the CO2 metrics were presented (e.g., minimum time weighted average Pco2 at suited workloads of resting, 1000, 2000, and 3000 (BTU h1) were 4.75 1.03, 8.09 1.39, 11.39 1.26, and 14.36 1.29 (mmHg s1). All CO2 metrics had a statistically significant association and all positive slopes with increasing metabolic rate. No significant differences in CO2 metrics were found between the three fitness groups.DISCUSSION: A standardized and automated methodology to calculate PIco2 exposure level is presented and applied to characterize CO2 washout in the EMU. The EMU has been operated successfully in over 400 extravehicular activities (EVAs) and is considered to provide acceptable CO2 washout performance. Results provide a basis for establishing verifiable Pco2 requirements for current and future EVA spacesuits.Kim KJ, Bekdash OS, Norcross JR, Conkin J, Garbino A, Fricker J, Young M, Abercromby AFJ. The partial pressure of inspired carbon dioxide exposure levels in the extravehicular mobility unit. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(12):923931.