Computer simulation of heat and mass transfer in tissue during high-intensity long-range laser irradiation.

Three-dimensional transient finite difference numerical model of the biological tissue irradiated by powerful laser beam is developed. It is used to simulate the thermal behavior of tissue assuming that radiation wavelength is chosen to give rise for volumetric heat sources. A three-dimensional seven-flow model is used to calculate radiation propagation. Evaporation and burn-out of tissue resulting in a through hole along the axis of the beam are taken into account. Besides the water boiling and corresponding changes of thermal and optical tissue properties the model takes into account one of the heat steam transfer mechanisms. Estimates are carried out for the effects of diffusion transfer and vaporization of water from the tissue surface. Kinetics of protein denaturation process are calculated by Arrenius equation. The problem is solved numerically using discrete grid technique and adaptive time-step control algorithm.

No evidence for the involvement of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and/or the monocarboxylic acid transporter in the intestinal transport of fluvastatin in the rat.

Fluvastatin, an amphiphilic anion, shows a nonlinear increase in effective intestinal permeability (P(eff)) with increasing lumenal concentrations in rats. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether or not this observation could be attributed to an efflux-mediated transport by the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). In parallel, we investigated the possible involvement of the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) in the rapid intestinal absorption of fluvastatin. Single-pass perfusions were performed in the ileum and colon of the rat, with and without the presence of well-established inhibitors/substrates for the MRP (probenecid) and the MCT (nicotinic acid). The results suggest that neither the MRP nor the MCT are involved to any significant extent in the absorption process of fluvastatin in the rat intestine. Thus, the previously reported concentration-dependent P(eff) of fluvastatin in these intestinal regions of the rat is probably not attributable to saturation of any efflux mediated by MRP.