Diagnostic capabilities, clinical features, and longitudinal UBA1 clonal dynamics of a nationwide VEXAS cohort.

VEXAS is a prototypic hemato-inflammatory disease combining rheumatologic and hematologic disorders in a molecularly defined nosological entity. In this nationwide study, we aimed at screenshotting the current diagnostic capabilities and clinical-genomic features of VEXAS, and tracked UBA1 longitudinal clonal dynamics upon different therapeutics, including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. We leveraged a collaboration between the Italian Society of Experimental Hematology and of Rheumatology and disseminated a national survey to collect clinical and molecular patient information. Overall, 13/29 centers performed UBA1 genomic testing locally, including Sanger sequencing (46%), next-generation sequencing (23%), droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (8%), or combination (23%). A total of 41 male patients were identified, majority (51%) with threonine substitutions at Met41 hotspot, followed by valine and leucine (27% and 8%). Median age at VEXAS diagnosis was 67 years. All patients displayed anemia (median hemoglobin 9.1 g/dL), with macrocytosis. Bone marrow vacuoles were observed in most cases (89%). The most common rheumatologic association was polychondritis (49%). A concomitant myelodysplastic neoplasm/syndrome (MDS) was diagnosed in 71% of patients (n = 28), chiefly exhibiting lower Revised International Prognostic Scoring System risk profiles. Karyotype was normal in all patients, except three MDS cases showing -Y, t(12;16)(q13;q24), and +8. The most frequently mutated gene was DNMT3A (n = 10), followed by TET2 (n = 3). At last follow-up, five patients died and two patients progressed to acute leukemia. Longitudinal UBA1 clonal dynamics demonstrated mutational clearance following transplant. We collected a nationwide interdisciplinary VEXAS patient cohort, characterized by heterogeneous rheumatologic manifestations and treatments used. MDS was diagnosed in 71% of cases. Patients exhibited various longitudinal UBA1 clonal dynamics.

Early progression as a predictor of survival in marginal zone lymphomas: an analysis from the FIL-NF10 study.

Marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) are indolent nonfollicular B-cell lymphomas (INFLs) and have heterogeneous clinical behavior. Recently, time to progression of disease at 24 months (POD24) was identified to stratify overall survival (OS) in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma and in INFL. Here, we examined the ability of POD24 to predict subsequent OS in a large, international cohort of MZL as part of the NF10 prospective international registry headed by Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL). POD24 was only calculated for MZL patients requiring immediate therapy and was defined as experiencing lymphoma progression within 24 months from diagnosis. Among the 1325 patients enrolled in the NF10 study, we identified 321 patients with MZL for whom immediate therapy was planned right after lymphoma diagnosis. Overall, POD24 was confirmed in 59 patients (18%). Three-year OS for patients with POD24 was 53% with a hazard ratio of 19.5 (95% confidence interval, 8.4-45) compared with patients without POD24 (3-year OS, 95%). Association of POD24 with OS was confirmed for the subgroup of splenic and extranodal MZLs. Assessment of POD24 stratifies subsequent outcome in MZL and identifies a high-risk population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02904577.

Targeted next-generation sequencing reveals molecular heterogeneity in non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia clonal B-cell lymphocytosis.

Non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (non-CLL) clonal B-cell lymphocytosis (CBL) encompasses a heterogeneous group of hematologic disorders that are still poorly understood. To shed light on their biological aspects, we retrospectively analyzed a highly selected series of 28 patients, who had a clonal B-cell population in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow, without evidence of lymphoma. Extended targeted next-generation sequencing revealed wide molecular heterogeneity with MYD88 (14%), PDE4DIP (14%), BIRC3 (11%), CCND3 (11%), NOTCH1 (11%), and TNFAIP3 (11%) as the most mutated genes. Mutations of MYD88 were "nonclassic" in most cases. Although some genetic lesions were overlapping with indolent lymphomas, mainly splenic B-cell lymphomas of marginal zone origin and splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma, the genetic profile of our non-CLL CBL series seemed to suggest that various pathways could be involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders, not mirroring any specific lymphoma entity. These data better enlighten the molecular characteristics of non-CLL CBL; however, more efforts are needed in order to improve the diagnostic process, prognostication, and clinical management.

Direct-Acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas.

BACKGROUND: International guidelines suggest hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) after first-line immunochemotherapy (I-CT) in patients with HCV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), although limited experiences substantiate this recommendation. Moreover, only a few data concerning concurrent administration of DAAs with I-CT have been reported. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: We analyzed hematological and virological outcome and survival of 47 consecutive patients with HCV-positive DLBCL treated at 23 Italian and French centers with DAAs either concurrently (concurrent cohort [ConC]: n = 9) or subsequently (sequential cohort [SeqC]: n = 38) to first-line I-CT (mainly rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone [R-CHOP]-like). RESULTS: Median age was 61 years, 89% of patients had stage III/IV, and 25% presented evidence of cirrhosis. Genotype was 1 in 56% and 2 in 34% of cases. Overall, 46 of 47 patients obtained complete response to I-CT. All patients received appropriate DAAs according to genotype, mainly sofosbuvir-based regimens (n = 45). Overall, 45 patients (96%) achieved sustained virological response, 8 of 9 in ConC and 37 of 38 in SeqC. DAAs were well tolerated, with only 11 patients experiencing grade 1-2 adverse events. Twenty-three patients experienced hepatic toxicity (grade 3-4 in seven) following I-CT in SeqC, compared to only one patient in ConC. At a median follow-up of 2.8 years, two patients died (2-year overall survival, 97.4%) and three progressed (2-year progression-free survival, 93.1%). CONCLUSION: Excellent outcome of this cohort of HCV-positive DLBCL suggests benefit of HCV eradication by DAAs either after or during I-CT. Moreover, concurrent DAAs and R-CHOP administration appeared feasible, effective, and ideally preferable to deferred administration of DAAs for the prevention of hepatic toxicity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) represent a great therapeutic challenge, especially in terms of hepatic toxicity during immune-chemotherapy (I-CT) and long-term hepatic complications. The advent of highly effective and toxicity-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) created an exciting opportunity to easily eradicate HCV shortly after or in concomitance with first-line immunochemotherapy (usually R-CHOP). This retrospective international study reports the real-life use of the combination of these two therapeutic modalities either in the concurrent or sequential approach (DAAs after I-CT) in 47 patients. The favorable reported results on long-term outcome seem to support the eradication of HCV with DAAs in all patients with HCV-positive DLBCL. Moreover, the results from the concurrent approach were effective and safe and displayed an advantage in preventing hepatic toxicity during I-CT.

Lymphomas associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A prospective multicenter cohort study from the Rete Ematologica Lombarda (REL) clinical network.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). In indolent subtypes, regression of NHL was reported after HCV eradication with antiviral therapy (AT). In 2008 in Lombardy, a region of Northern Italy, the "Rete Ematologica Lombarda" (REL, Hematology Network of Lombardy-Lymphoma Workgroup) started a prospective multicenter observational cohort study on NHL associated with HCV infection, named "Registro Lombardo dei Linfomi HCV-positivi" ("Lombardy Registry of HCV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas"). Two hundred fifty patients with a first diagnosis of NHL associated with HCV infection were enrolled; also in our cohort, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) are the two most frequent HCV-associated lymphomas. Two thirds of patients had HCV-positivity detection before NHL; overall, NHL was diagnosed after a median time of 11 years since HCV survey. Our data on eradication of HCV infection were collected prior the recent introduction of the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy. Sixteen patients with indolent NHL treated with interferon-based AT as first line anti-lymphoma therapy, because of the absence of criteria for an immediate conventional treatment for lymphoma, had an overall response rate of 90%. After a median follow-up of 7 years, the overall survival (OS) was significantly longer in indolent NHL treated with AT as first line (P = 0.048); this confirms a favorable outcome in this subset. Liver toxicity was an important adverse event after a conventional treatment in 20% of all patients, in particular among DLBCL, in which it is more frequent the coexistence of a more advanced liver disease. Overall, HCV infection should be consider as an important co-pathology in the treatment of lymphomas and an interdisciplinary approach should be always considered, in particular to evaluate the presence of fibrosis or necroinflammatory liver disease.

Interferon-free antiviral treatment in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with hepatitis C virus infection.

Regression of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated lymphoma with interferon (IFN)-based antiviral treatment supports an etiological link between lymphoma and HCV infection. In addition, a favorable impact of antiviral treatment on overall survival of patients with HCV-related lymphoma has been reported. Data on IFN-free regimens combining direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in HCV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are scanty. We analyzed the virological and lymphoproliferative disease response (LDR) of 46 patients with indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic HCV infection treated with DAAs. The histological distribution was 37 marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs), 2 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, 2 follicular lymphomas, 4 CLL/small lymphocytic lymphomas (CLL/SLLs), and 1 low-grade NHL not otherwise specified. Thirty-nine patients received a sofosbuvir-based regimen and 7 patients received other DAAs. The median duration of DAA therapy was 12 weeks (range, 6-24 weeks). A sustained virological response at week 12 after finishing DAAs was obtained in 45 patients (98%); the overall LDR rate was 67%, including 12 patients (26%) who achieved a complete response. The LDR rate was 73% among patients with MZL, whereas no response was observed in CLL/SLL patients. Seven patients cleared cryoglobulins out of 15 who were initially positive. After a median follow-up of 8 months, 1-year progression-free and overall survival rates were 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51-88] and 98% [95% CI, 86-100], respectively. DAA therapy induces a high LDR rate in HCV-associated indolent lymphomas. These data provide a strong rationale for prospective trials with DAAs in this setting.

Independent prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating macrophages in early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Although patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma have a high rate of cure, a portion of these are resistant to or relapse after standard treatment. Current prognostic criteria based on clinical and laboratory parameters at diagnosis do not allow to accurately identify the subset of patients with less favourable clinical outcome. An increased number of tumour-infiltrating macrophages was found to be associated with shortened survival in patients with classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of the proportion of CD68-positive infiltrating macrophages in patients with early-stage classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. By using immunohistochemistry technique, we evaluated for CD68 expression diagnostic biopsies of 106 patients affected by supradiaphragmatic early-stage classic Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at our institution since 2000 to 2010. All patients were treated with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in the majority. The 2-year overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) in the entire cohort were 97% and 83% respectively. The 2-year PFS was statistically different between patients with favourable and those with unfavourable prognosis according to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk criteria (96% vs 79%, p = 0.039) and between patients having less than 25% of CD68-positive infiltrating macrophages and those with more than 25% (85% vs 67%, p = 0.012). All patients with favourable EORTC criteria had CD68 expression lower than 25%. Within those with unfavourable EORTC criteria, patients with a CD68+ count greater than 25% had a worse 2-year PFS than patients having values lower than 25% (64% vs 82%, p = 0.03). Moreover, in multivariate analysis, after adjusting for CD68+ macrophages count and EORTC score, only CD68+ macrophages count higher than 25% retained a prognostic effect on PFS (hazard ratio = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.1-7.6, p = 0.038). Our data show that a proportion of tumour-infiltrating macrophages greater than 25% is associated with unfavourable clinical outcome in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Molecular prognostication for transplant decision making of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: A retrospective single-center study.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative option for patients with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). For many years, the selection of patients to allogeneic HSCT has been largely based on use of the International Prognostic Scoring System-Revised (IPSS-R). However, the recent broader application of next generation sequencing in clinical practice provided an abundance of molecular data and led to the introduction of molecular prognostic scores as IPSS-Molecular (IPSS-M). In this paper, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 57 consecutive MDS patients treated with allogeneic HSCT in our center. Re-stratification from IPSS-R to IPSS-M occurred in almost half of patients. The application of IPSS-M to our cohort demonstrated a stronger prognostic separation compared to IPSS-R and improved the C-index. Very high-risk IPSS-M patients showed worse outcomes following HSCT compared to high-risk patients. This study provides data supporting the need of integrating molecular information in the transplant decision making of patients with MDS. This allows an earlier and better identification of patients to whom the transplant should be advised.

Adapting the Fitness Criteria for Non-Intensive Treatments in Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia to the Use of Venetoclax-Hypomethylating Agents Combination-Practical Considerations from the Real-Life Experience of the Hematologists of the Rete Ematologica Lombarda.

A retrospective survey was conducted in hematologic centres of the Rete Ematologica Lombarda (REL) on 529 older AML patients seen between 2020-2022. Compared to 2008-2016, the use of intensive chemotherapy (ICT) decreased from 40% to 18.1% and of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) from 19.5% to 13%, whereas the combination of Venetoclax/HMA, initially not available, increased from 0% to 36.7%. Objective treatment-specific fitness criteria proposed by SIE/SIES/GITMO in 2013 allow an appropriate choice between ICT and HMAs by balancing their efficacy and toxicity. Venetoclax/HMA, registered for patients unfit to ICT, has a unique toxicity profile because of prolonged granulocytopenia and increased infectious risk. Aiming at defining specific fitness criteria for the safe use of Venetoclax/HMA, a preliminary investigation was conducted among expert REL hematologists, asking for modifications of SIE/SIES/GITMO criteria they used to select candidates for Venetoclax/HMA. While opinions among experts varied, a general consensus emerged on restricting SIE/SIES/GITMO criteria for ICT-unfit patients to an age limit of 80-85, cardiac function > 40%, and absence of recurrent lung infections, bronchiectasis, or exacerbating COPD. Also, the presence of an adequate caregiver was considered mandatory. Such expert opinions may be clinically useful and may be considered when treatment-specific fitness criteria are updated to include Venetoclax/HMA.

Concurrent Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection: a Case Report Successfully Treated with Azacitidine-Venetoclax Combination.

SARS-COV2 pandemic has caused profound challenges in health care systems worldwide. Patients affected by hematological neoplasms appear to be particularly at risk of developing COVID-19 complications, with unfavorable outcomes. Here, we present the case of a 57-years-old woman diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and concurrent acute myeloid leukemia (AML). At the time of diagnosis, it was decided to postpone leukemia therapy to enable adequate COVID-19 pneumonia treatment. When her conditions related to pneumonia improved, the combination of Azacitidine-Venetoclax was used as first-line treatment instead of conventional intensive chemotherapy. At the end of the first two cycles, the patient showed complete remission, and a post-remission consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been planned. This case suggests that Azacytidine-Venetoclax induction may represent a valid and safe alternative to intensive chemotherapy in the challenging setting of patients with a concomitant diagnosis of AML and severe COVID-19 infection.

Hepatitis B virus-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in non-endemic areas in Western Europe: Clinical characteristics and prognosis.

The association between B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is well demonstrated by epidemiological studies. Most studies concerning this association have been conducted in endemic areas. Thus, little is known concerning the clinical characteristics of HBV-related lymphomas in non-endemic areas. Here, we report the characteristics and outcomes of 39 patients with active HBV infection and B-cell NHL collected retrospectively in France and Italy. We also compared their characteristics with those of HCV-positive patients with NHL. The gender ratio (M/F) was 3.3 and the median age at NHL diagnosis, 59 years. The pathological distribution was 24 (62%) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) and 15 (38%) other lymphomas subtypes: marginal zone lymphoma (n = 6), follicular lymphoma (n = 3), mantle cell lymphoma (n = 2), Burkitt's lymphoma (n = 1), and not otherwise specified low-grade B-NHL (n = 3). Treatment included antiviral therapy for 35 patients (90%). Twenty-two (92%) DLBCL patients received an R-CHOP or R-CHOP-like regimen, leading to complete remission for 18 (75%).At one year, 21 DLBCL patients (88%) were alive, and 13 other B-cell lymphoma patients (87%) were alive. This European study underscores the predominance of DLBCL among patients with active HBV infection and their similar outcomes to non-HBV infected patients with DLBCL when treated with R-CHOP and antivirals.

Endothelial injury and thrombotic microangiopathy in COVID-19: Treatment with the lectin-pathway inhibitor narsoplimab.

In COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and thrombotic events are frequent, life-threatening complications. Autopsies commonly show arterial thrombosis and severe endothelial damage. Endothelial damage, which can play an early and central pathogenic role in ARDS and thrombosis, activates the lectin pathway of complement. Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2), the lectin pathway's effector enzyme, binds the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in complement activation and lung injury. Narsoplimab, a fully human immunoglobulin gamma 4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody against MASP-2, inhibits lectin pathway activation and has anticoagulant effects. In this study, the first time a lectin-pathway inhibitor was used to treat COVID-19, six COVID-19 patients with ARDS requiring continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or intubation received narsoplimab under compassionate use. At baseline and during treatment, circulating endothelial cell (CEC) counts and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assessed. Narsoplimab treatment was associated with rapid and sustained reduction of CEC and concurrent reduction of serum IL-6, IL-8, CRP and LDH. Narsoplimab was well tolerated; no adverse drug reactions were reported. Two control groups were used for retrospective comparison, both showing significantly higher mortality than the narsoplimab-treated group. All narsoplimab-treated patients recovered and survived. Narsoplimab may be an effective treatment for COVID-19 by reducing COVID-19-related endothelial cell damage and the resultant inflammation and thrombotic risk.

Direct-acting antivirals in relapsed or refractory hepatitis C virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Recent studies have demonstrated feasibility and substantial benefit of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) administration during or after first-line immune-chemotherapy (I-CT) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). However, data on DAAs used during or after salvage treatments are still lacking. In this study we assessed clinical and virological outcome in 11 patients with relapsed (n = 7) or refractory (n = 4) HCV-positive DLBCL. DAAs were given either concurrently (n = 3) or subsequent (n = 8) to salvage I-CT. Most patients (10 of 11) received sofosbuvir-based regimens. All patients completed their planned courses of DAAs and achieved sustained virological response. DAAs were well tolerated, with no grade ≥2 adverse events. At a median follow-up of 3.6 years four patients died (4-year OS: 76%). In conclusion, we provide evidence that DAAs in HCV-positive relapsed/refractory DLBCL are extremely safe and effective, suggesting that they should be used if HCV eradication was not instituted before.