Colorimetric Detection of ATP by a Chlorophosphonazo III -based Mg2+ Complex in Aqueous Solution via Indicator Displacement Approach.

A simple and effective colorimetric detection of adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) in 100% aqueous media was developed based on an indicator displacement approach (IDA). A commercially available dye, Chlorophosphonazo III (CPA), was utilized as the indicator and the ATP detection was achieved using the complex of CPA with Mg2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio (CPA2-Mg2+) through the regeneration of CPA by the binding of ATP to Mg2+. Upon addition of a series of anions to the CPA2-Mg2+ complex, only the appearance of the solution of the complex with ATP exhibited a color change from blue to purple which can be detected by the naked eye. Moreover, the ATP recognition was not hampered by the presence of other anions. Hence, CPA2-Mg2+ is efficient in ATP highly selective and sensitive colorimetric detection in 100% aqueous media.

Colorimetric Probe for Mn2+ Using a Mixture of an Anionic Dye and a Cationic Polyelectrolyte in an Aqueous Solution.

A novel colorimetric probe for Mn2+ was easily prepared by mixing negatively charged alizarin complexone (ALC) with positively charged poly[bis(2-chloroethyl)ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] (PQ-2) in aqueous solutions at pH 6.0. Upon adding Mn2+ to ALC alone, the solution underwent no distinct color change, while the mixture displayed selective detection of Mn2+ over different physiological and environmentally significant metal ions by an efficient naked-eye color change from red to purple. The detection of Mn2+ by the mixture was achieved from the electrostatic interactions between ALC and PQ-2. The quantitative determination of Mn2+ was obtained by spectrophotometric measurement and naked-eye observation. This sensing strategy can be an attractive approach for the development of new colorimetric probes due to the advantages such as no organic synthesis, facile fabrication, and simple visual detection.

Colorimetric detection of homocysteine by a pyridylazo dye-based Cu2+ complex via indicator displacement mechanism.

A BrPAPS based Cu2+ complex has been developed as a colorimetric probe for the selective recognition of homocysteine (Hcy) over cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in an aqueous solution via the indicator displacement assay. BrPAPS formed a complex with Cu2+ in a 1:1 ratio (BrPAPS-Cu2+) accompanied by the color change from yellow to red. Detecting Hcy is based on high affinity of Hcy for Cu2+. The addition of Hcy to BrPAPS-Cu2+ caused the complex formation of Hcy with Cu2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometry, resulting a hypsochromic shift with change back of color from red to yellow by the release of BrPAPS from BrPAPS-Cu2+. The absorption response is linear with the Hcy concentration in the range of 0-20 µM with a detection limit of 1.46 µM. Moreover, the detection of Hcy was not significantly affected by other amino acids from the competition experiments. Thus, BrPAPS-Cu2+ can be used as a simple probe for Hcy in aqueous solution.

Haloarcula mannanilytica sp. nov., a galactomannan-degrading haloarchaeon isolated from commercial salt.

A mannan-degrading halophilic archaeal strain, MD130-1T, was isolated from a commercial salt sample. Cells were motile, rod-shaped, and stained Gram-negative. Colonies were pink pigmented. Strain MD130-1T was able to grow at 1.5-4.6 M NaCl (optimum, 3.6 M) at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 25-50 °C (optimum, 40 °C). The DNA G+C content was 62.1 mol% (genome). The orthologous 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarity (99.4 %) to those of Haloarcula japonica JCM 7785T and Haloarcula hispanica JCM 8911T. The values of genome relatedness between strain MD130-1T and Haloarcula species were 84.33-85.96 % in ANIb and 30.4-32.9 % using GGDC formula 2. The polar lipids of strain MD130-1T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and triglycosyl diether-2. Based on the results of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, the strain represents a new species of the genus Haloarcula, for which the name Haloarcula mannanilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MD130-1T (=JCM 33835T=KCTC 4287T) isolated from commercial salt made in Ishikawa prefecture, Japan.

Colorimetric Chemosensor for Hg2+ Based on Nuclear Fast Red and a Cationic Polyelectrolyte in Aqueous Solution.

We have developed a colorimetric chemosensor based on an anionic organic dye, commercially available nuclear fast red (NFR) and a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) for detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution at physiological conditions. Upon addition of Hg2+, a bathchromic shift in the absorption was observed concomitantly with color change from pink to reddish violet which was easily detectable by the naked eye, while such a change was not observed for NFR alone, indicating that PDADMAC played an important role in detecting Hg2+. This investigation can propose the simple and valuable construction method for a novel chemosensor by mixture of a water-soluble organic dye and an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte.

Colorimetric detection of oxalate in aqueous solution by a pyrogallol red-based Cu2+ complex.

The pyrogallol red (PR)-based Cu2+ complex was proven to be an effective and selective colorimetric chemosensing ensemble for recognition of oxalate over other anions in a perfect aqueous solution. The addition of oxalate to the PR-Cu2+ complex resulted in a colour change from purple to orange colour due to the regeneration of PR by the chelation of oxalate with Cu2+ , while other anions did not induce any significant colour change. Moreover, it was revealed that no obvious interference was observed during the titrations with oxalate into each other anion. Therefore, the PR-Cu2+ complex can be used as a simple and practical colorimetric chemosensor for detecting oxalate.

Salinarchaeum chitinilyticum sp. nov., a chitin-degrading haloarchaeon isolated from commercial salt.

Two chitin-degrading halophilic archaeal strains, MC-74T and MC-23, were isolated from commercial salt samples. Cells were motile, rod-shaped and stained Gram-negative. Colonies were vermillion-pigmented. Strains MC-74T and MC-23 were able to grow with 1.5-5.1 M NaCl (optimum, 2.6-3.1 M) at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 20-50 °C (optimum, 40 °C). The orthologous 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains was 99.8 %, and the closest phylogenetic relative was Salinarchaeum laminariae JCM 17267T with 99.3-99.5 % similarity. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 93 and 94 % (reciprocally), and those between the two strains and Salinarchaeumlaminariae JCM 17267T were 35-36 % and 38-39 % (reciprocally). The polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate. Glycolipids were not detected. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, the strains represent a novel species of the genus Salinarchaeum, for which the name Salinarchaeum chitinilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MC-74T (=JCM 19597T=KCTC 4262T), isolated from solar salt produced in France. Strain MC-23, isolated from a commercial solar salt sample produced in China, is an additional strain of the species.

Colorimetric Determination of Pb2+ in Perfect Aqueous Solution Using Carminic Acid as a Selective Chemosensor.

The commercially available natural organic dye, carminic acid (CA), an anthraquinone derivative bearing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as recognition sites was found to be a colorimetric probe for Pb2+ in perfect aqueous solution under neutral conditions with specific selectivity and high sensitivity. Upon addition of Pb2+, the absorption maximum of CA showed a large red shift, and the resulted color change from red to purple could be easily identified even by the naked eye. The chemical stoichiometric ratio between CA and Pb2+ was determined to be 1:2 through Job plot, Pb2+ titration, and kinetic experiments. Moreover, other environmental relevant metal ions induced no or minimal spectral and color changes. The reversibility of Pb2+ to CA with EDTA even through several cycles was established for practical applications. The results indicated that CA can be a good candidate for simple, convenient and reversible colorimetric detection of Pb2+ in aqueous solution even though it was hard to be applied to determine Pb2+ on the water testing by US EPA.

Haloparvum alkalitolerans sp. nov., alkali-tolerant haloarchaeon isolated from commercial salt.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-pleomorphic, aerobic, halophilic archaeon, strain MK62-1T, was isolated from commercial salt made from seawater in the Philippines. Strain MK62-1T was able to grow at 2.1-4.7 M NaCl (with optimum at 2.1-2.6 M NaCl), pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and 20-55 °C (optimum, 45-50 °C). Based on the orthologous 16S rRNA gene sequence, the closest relative was Haloparvum sedimenti JCM 30891T with 99.2 % similarity. The RNA polymerase subunit B' gene sequence also showed the highest similarity (97.4 %) to that of Haloparvum sedimenti DYS4T. The DNA G+C content of MK62-1T was 70.1 mol%, while that of Haloparvum sedimenti JCM 30891T was 69.5 mol% by the HPLC method. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between MK62-1T and Haloparvum sedimenti JCM 30891T were 60.6 and 60.8 % (reciprocally). The major polar lipids of the isolate were C20C20 archaeol derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolate represents species within the genus Haloparvum, for which the name Haloparvum alkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK62-1T (=JCM 30442T =KCTC 4214T).

Halorubrum gandharaense sp. nov., an alkaliphilic haloarchaeon from commercial rock salt.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, pleomorphic rod-shaped, orange-red-pigmented, facultatively aerobic and haloalkaliphilic archaeon, strain MK13-1T, was isolated from commercial rock salt imported from Pakistan. The NaCl, pH and temperature ranges for growth of strain MK13-1T were 3.0-5.2 M NaCl, pH 8.0-11.0 and 15-50 °C, respectively. Optimal growth occurred at 3.2-3.4 M NaCl, pH 9.0-9.5 and 45 °C. Addition of Mg2+ was not required for growth. The major polar lipids of the isolate were C20C20 and C20C25 archaeol derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. Glycolipids were not detected. The DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MK13-1T was most closely related to those of the species of the genus Halorubrum, Halorubrum luteum CECT 7303T (95.9% similarity), Halorubrum alkaliphilum JCM 12358T (95.3%), Halorubrum kocurii JCM 14978T (95.3%) and Halorubrum lipolyticum JCM 13559T (95.3%). The rpoB' gene sequence of strain MK13-1T had < 90% sequence similarity to those of other members of the genus Halorubrum. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characterization, strain MK13-1T may represent a novel species of the genus Halorubrum, for which the name Halorubrum gandharaense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MK13-1T ( = JCM 17823T = CECT 7963T).

Trends in Hip Fracture Incidence in Japan: Estimates Based on Nationwide Hip Fracture Surveys From 1992 to 2017.

As of 2015, the aging population in Japan was the largest in the world. Although the National Database of Health Insurance Claims (NDB) was developed in 2012, long-term trends regarding hip fracture incidence in Japan remain unclear. In order to clarify the trend in hip fracture incidence from 1992 to 2017, we estimated the number of new hip fractures in 2017, the seventh in a series of nationwide hip fracture surveys performed every 5 years since 1987. We also investigated regional differences in hip fracture incidence. We collected data through a nationwide mail-in survey of orthopedic institutions in Japan and calculated hip fracture incidence by sex and age, as well as standardized incidence ratio (SIR) across 12 districts. The total number (95% confidence interval) of hip fractures in 2017 was estimated at 193,400 (187,300-199,500), occurring in 44,100 (42,700-45,500) males and 149,300 (144,500-154,100) females. Of all the hip fracture surveys from 1992 to 2017, the 5-year hip fracture increase rates from 2012 to 2017 was the lowest among female patients. In males, the 5-year rates from 2012 to 2017 were lower than those from 2007 to 2012. The age-adjusted incidence rates for patients in both sexes did not show significant change in the 25-year period. The estimated incidence rates in 2017 for patients aged 70 to 79 years in both sexes were lowest from 1992 to 2017, and declined significantly over the 25-year period. SIRs differed between northeast and southwest regions. Our findings were similar to those from a previous study in Japan using the NDB from 2012 to 2015. Progress in the development of osteoporosis medication may contribute to the continuous decline in the 70-year to 79-year age group. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Hip fracture incidence in Japan: estimates of new patients in 2007 and 20-year trends.

SUMMARY: We estimated the number of hip fracture patients in 2007 in Japan and investigated the trends in incidence during a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007. Despite the increasing number of new patients, the incidence of hip fracture in some age groups showed the possibility of decline. PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to estimate the number of hip fracture patients in 2007, to investigate the trends in incidence during a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007, and to show the regional differences in Japan. METHODS: Data were collected through a nationwide survey based on hospitals by the mailing method. Hip fracture incidences by sex and age and standardized incidence ratios by region were calculated. RESULTS: The estimated numbers of new hip fracture patients in 2007 were 148,100 in total (95% CI, 144,000-152,200), 31,300 (30,500-32,100) for men, and 116,800 (113,900-119,700) for women. The incidence rate in men aged 60-69 years and that in women aged 60-79 years were the lowest in the 15-year period from 1992 to 2007. The incidence was higher in western areas of Japan than in eastern areas in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increasing number of new patients, the incidence of hip fracture in some age groups for both men and women showed the possibility of decline. The exact reasons for this are unknown, but drug therapy for osteoporosis and fall prevention programs might have influenced the results. Some nutrient intakes might explain the regional differences not only in Japan but also in some other countries.