Adolescent Hypertension Is Associated With Stroke in Young Adulthood: A Nationwide Cohort of 1.9 Million Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adult hypertension is a well-established risk factor for stroke in young adults (aged <55 years), and the effects are even more deleterious than at an older age. However, data are limited regarding the association between adolescent hypertension and the risk of stroke in young adulthood. METHODS: A nationwide, retrospective cohort study of adolescents (aged 16-19 years) who were medically evaluated before compulsory military service in Israel during 1985 to 2013. For each candidate for service, hypertension was designated after constructed screening, and the diagnosis was confirmed through a comprehensive workup process. The primary outcome was ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke incidence as registered at the national stroke registry. Cox proportional-hazards models were used. We conducted sensitivity analyses by excluding people with a diabetes diagnosis at adolescence or a new diabetes diagnosis during the follow-up period, analysis of adolescents with overweight, and adolescents with baseline unimpaired health status. RESULTS: The final sample included 1 900 384 adolescents (58% men; median age, 17.3 years). In total, 1474 (0.08%) incidences of stroke (1236 [84%] ischemic) were recorded, at a median age of 43 (interquartile range, 38-47) years. Of these, 18 (0.35%) occurred among the 5221 people with a history of adolescent hypertension. The latter population had a hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.5-3.9) for incident stroke after adjustment for body mass index and baseline sociodemographic factors. Further adjustment for diabetes status yielded a hazard ratio of 2.1 (1.3-3.5). We found similar results when the outcome was ischemic stroke with a hazard ratio of 2.0 (1.2-3.5). Sensitivity analyses for overall stroke, and ischemic stroke only, yielded consistent findings. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent hypertension is associated with an increased risk of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke, in young adulthood.

Practicing Emergency Medicine in the Metaverse: A Novel Mixed Reality Casualty Care Training Platform.

BACKGROUND: Current casualty care training modalities present several challenges, including limited simulation facilities, instructor dependence, lack of standardization, documentation of trainees' performance and training personalization. The study presents the design, development and preliminary evaluation of a novel hybrid training platform to address these challenges. METHODS: A mixed reality platform was chosen and developed to address field operators' requirements. The platform is easy to operate and can be set up by laypeople within 20-min in multiple environments. Individual-level training documentation is generated autonomously following each session, evaluating 30 aspects of performance. From this, a unique aggregated dataset emerges as a substrate for executives' dashboards and intelligent planning of future sessions. RESULTS: An evaluation process took part using simulator-based training in different stages along the project using a questionnaire (Likert-scale based). Fifty military physicians took part in an identical head injury scenario requiring airway management by endotracheal intubation and were immediately surveyed. CONCLUSION: TrauMR is an agile hybrid training that harbors the potential to address many of the emerging challenges of training for prehospital care in combat and civilian environments.

Personality disorders and cause-specific mortality: a nationwide study of 2 million adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Personality disorders are prevalent in 6-10% of the population, but their risk for cause-specific mortality is unclear. The aim of the study was to assess the association between personality disorders diagnosed in late adolescence and all-cause as well as cause-specific (cardiovascular-related, external-related) mortality. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal study on a historical prospective cohort based on nationwide screening prior to recruitment to the Israeli army. The study participants were 16-19-year-old persons who attended the army screening (medical and cognitive, including screening for psychiatric disorders) between 1967 and 2006. Participants were followed from 1967 till 2011. RESULTS: The study included 2 051 606 subjects, of whom 1 229 252 (59.9%) were men and 822 354 (40.1%) were women, mean age 17.36 years. There were 55 508 (4.5%) men and 8237 (1.0%) women diagnosed with personality disorders. The adjusted hazard ratio (HRs) for coronary, stroke, cardiovascular, external-related causes and all-cause mortality among men with personality disorders were 1.34 (1.03-1.74), 1.82 (1.20-2.76), 1.45 (1.23-1.71), 1.41 (1.30-1.53) and 1.44 (1.36-1.51), respectively. The absolute rate difference for all-cause mortality was 56.07 and 13.19 per 105 person-years among men and women, respectively. Among women with personality disorders, the adjusted HRs for external-related causes and all-cause mortality were 2.74 (1.87-4.00) and 2.01 (1.56-2.58). Associations were already evident within 10 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Personality disorder in late adolescence is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, external- and all-cause mortality. Increased cardiovascular mortality is evident before the age of 40 years and may point to the importance of lifestyle education already in youth.

Lessons from outbreaks of COVID-19 at Israeli military bases.

BACKGROUND: To mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), national guidelines, in accordance with international health authorities, mandated 14 days of quarantine for every close contact of a confirmed COVID-19 patient. Although health benefits are obvious, consequences are profound, especially for organizations required to maintain operational preparedness. OBJECTIVES: To present the Israel Defense Force (IDF) experience with outbreaks regarding quarantined individuals. To weigh the consequences of quarantined individuals needed for workforce and operation. METHODS: All positive COVID-19 cases in the IDF, as measured by a positive rRT-PCR test result, between 29 February and 18 May 2020 were evaluated. Numbers of positive individuals, quarantined individuals, and confirmatory exams conducted were collected. We compared the events in four units with the largest outbreaks and assessed the impact of confirmed cases, tests conducted, and workforce loss due to quarantine. RESULTS: Of the 187 soldiers who tested positive for COVID-19, source of infection was traced to 140 soldiers (75%). Almost no medical treatment was delivered, and hospitalization was rare. We found a median of 15.2% (interquartile range 5.3-34) for decline in unit workforce due to quarantine measures. Maximum reduction reached 47% of the workforce in one unit. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a relatively small number of confirmed cases, units underwent a substantial change in mode of operation due to the toll of quarantined individuals. In certain populations and organizations, perhaps a more liberal application of isolation and contact tracing is suitable due to the heavy economic burden and consequences in term of operational readiness.

Body Mass Index in 1.9 Million Adolescents and Stroke in Young Adulthood.

Background and Purpose: There is a continuous rise in the prevalence of adolescent obesity and incidence of stroke among young adults in many Western countries, but the association between them is unclear. Methods: A nationwide population-based study of 1 900 384 Israeli adolescents (58% men; mean age, 17.3 years) who were evaluated before mandatory military service during 1985 and 2013. Body mass index was classified according to the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles. Primary outcome was a first stroke event as recorded by the Israeli National Stroke Registry between 2014 and 2018. Cox proportional hazard models were applied. Results: There were 1088 first stroke events (921 ischemic and 167 hemorrhagic; mean diagnosis age, 41.0 years). Adolescent body mass index was significantly associated with a graded increase in the risk for any stroke, ischemic stroke, but less so with hemorrhagic stroke. The hazard ratios for the first ischemic stroke event were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2­1.6), 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6­2.4), and 3.4 (95% CI, 2.7­4.3) for the 50th to 84th percentile, overweight and obese groups, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age, and sociodemographic confounders with the 5th to 49th body mass index percentile group as the reference. The respective hazard ratios after further adjustment for diabetes status were 1.3 (1.1­1.5), 1.6 (1.3­2.0), and 2.4 (1.9­3.1). Results persisted when the cohort was divided by diabetes status and when ischemic stroke before age 30 was the outcome. Conclusions: High adolescent body mass index was associated with ischemic stroke in young adults with or without diabetes. The rising prevalence of adolescent obesity may increase the future burden of stroke in young adults.

The opposing trends of body mass index and blood pressure during 1977-2020; nationwide registry of 2.8 million male and female adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Elevated blood pressure among adolescents has been shown to be associated with future adverse cardiovascular outcomes and early onset diabetes. Most data regarding systolic and diastolic blood pressure trends are based on surveys of selected populations within 10-20-year periods. The goal of this study was to characterize the secular trend of blood pressure given the rising prevalence of adolescent obesity. METHODS: This nationwide population-based study included 2,785,515 Israeli adolescents (41.6% females, mean age 17.4 years) who were medically evaluated and whose weight, height and blood pressure were measured, prior to mandatory military service between 1977 and 2020. The study period was divided into 5-year intervals. Linear regression models were used to describe the P for trend along the time intervals. Analysis of covariance was used to calculate means of blood pressure adjusted for body mass index. RESULTS: During the study period, the mean body mass index increased by 2.1 and 1.6 kg/m2 in males and females, respectively (P for trend < 0.001 in both sexes). The mean diastolic blood pressure decreased by 3.6 mmHg in males and by 2.9 mmHg in females (P < 0.001 in both sexes). The mean systolic blood pressure increased by 1.6 mmHg in males and decreased by 1.9 mmHg in females. These trends were also consistent when blood pressure values were adjusted to body mass index. CONCLUSION: Despite the increase in body mass index over the last four decades, diastolic blood pressure decreased in both sexes while systolic blood pressure increased slightly in males and decreased in females.

Data Empowerment of Decision-Makers in an Era of a Pandemic: Intersection of "Classic" and Artificial Intelligence in the Service of Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 outbreak required prompt action by health authorities around the world in response to a novel threat. With enormous amounts of information originating in sources with uncertain degree of validation and accuracy, it is essential to provide executive-level decision-makers with the most actionable, pertinent, and updated data analysis to enable them to adapt their strategy swiftly and competently. OBJECTIVE: We report here the origination of a COVID-19 dedicated response in the Israel Defense Forces with the assembly of an operational Data Center for the Campaign against Coronavirus. METHODS: Spearheaded by directors with clinical, operational, and data analytics orientation, a multidisciplinary team utilized existing and newly developed platforms to collect and analyze large amounts of information on an individual level in the context of SARS-CoV-2 contraction and infection. RESULTS: Nearly 300,000 responses to daily questionnaires were recorded and were merged with other data sets to form a unified data lake. By using basic as well as advanced analytic tools ranging from simple aggregation and display of trends to data science application, we provided commanders and clinicians with access to trusted, accurate, and personalized information and tools that were designed to foster operational changes and mitigate the propagation of the pandemic. The developed tools aided in the in the identification of high-risk individuals for severe disease and resulted in a 30% decline in their attendance to their units. Moreover, the queue for laboratory examination for COVID-19 was optimized using a predictive model and resulted in a high true-positive rate of 20%, which is more than twice as high as the baseline rate (2.28%, 95% CI 1.63%-3.19%). CONCLUSIONS: In times of ambiguity and uncertainty, along with an unprecedented flux of information, health organizations may find multidisciplinary teams working to provide intelligence from diverse and rich data a key factor in providing executives relevant and actionable support for decision-making.

[PHYSIOLOGICAL GENDER DIFFERENCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON COVID-19 CAUSED MORBIDITY].

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality, and caused comprehensive social and financial damages. Anatomical, physiological and occupational differences observed between men and women might influence the reaction to treatment and medications. This article reviews sex differences and their potential effect on COVID-19 infection, pathogenesis and prognosis in women compared to men.

Severe obesity and cardio-metabolic comorbidities: a nationwide study of 2.8 million adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Severe obesity is rising among adolescents, but data on the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities among this group are limited. We assessed the secular trend of severe obesity and its association with major cardio-metabolic morbidities. METHODS: A total of 2,785,227 Israeli adolescents (aged 17.2 ± 0.5 years) who underwent a pre-recruitment medical examination including routine measurements of weight, height and blood pressure between 1967 and 2015 were included. In all, 230,639 adolescents with abnormally excessive BMI were classified into overweight, classes I, II, and III (severe) obesity. Logistic regression was applied to determine the association between BMI groups and prehypertension, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). RESULTS: There was 45-fold increase in the prevalence of class III obesity during study period. Severe obesity was recorded in 2060 males and 1149 females, in whom nearly 35 and 43% had prehypertension or high blood pressure, respectively. Compared with adolescents with overweight, the odds ratios (ORs) for high blood pressure in classes II and III obesity groups, respectively, were 2.13 (95% CI, 2.04-2.23) and 2.86 (2.60-3.15) in males, and 2.59 (2.43-2.76) and 3.44 (3.04-3.90) in females, whereas the ORs for T2DM were 19.1 (12.3-29.6) and 38.0 (22.6-64.0) in males, and 15.1 (11.4-20.0) and 24.8 (17.2-35.7) in females. Results persisted in extensive sensitivity analyses including a longitudinal follow-up (median: males, 3.4 years; females, 4.9 years). CONCLUSIONS: Severe obesity showed a marked secular increase and was associated with significantly higher risk for abnormal blood pressure and T2DM than lower degrees of obesity, in both males and females.

Sex-specific associations between adolescent categories of BMI with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in midlife.

CONTEXT: Most studies linking long-term consequences of adolescent underweight and obesity are limited to men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sex-specific association of adolescent BMI with cardiovascular- and non-cardiovascular-related mortality in young adulthood and midlife. SETTING: A nationwide cohort. PARTICIPANTS: 927,868 women, 1,366,271 men. INTERVENTIONS: Medical examination data at age 17, including BMI, were linked to the national death registry. MAIN OUTCOMES: Death attributed to cardiovascular (CVD) and non-CVD causes. RESULTS: During 17,346,230 women-years and 28,367,431 men-years of follow-up, there were 451 and 3208 CVD deaths, respectively, and 6235 and 22,223 non-CVD deaths, respectively. Compared to low-normal BMI (18.5-22.0 kg/m2), underweight women had a lower adjusted risk for CVD mortality (Cox hazard ratio (HR) = 0.68; 95% CI 0.46-0.98) in contrast to underweight men (HR = 0.99; 0.88-1.13). The latter were at higher risk for non-CVD mortality (HR = 1.04; 1.00-1.09), unlike underweight women (HR = 1.01; 0.93-1.10). Findings, which persisted when the study sample was limited to those with unimpaired health, were accentuated for the obese with ≥ 30 years follow-up. Both sexes exhibited similarly higher risk estimates already in the high-normal BMI range (22.0 ≤ BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) with overall no interaction between sex and BMI (p = 0.62). Adjusted spline models suggested lower BMI values for minimal mortality risk among women (16.8 and 18.2 kg/m2) than men (18.8 and 20.0 kg/m2), for CVD and non-CVD death, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Underweight adolescent females have favorable cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood. Otherwise the risk patterns were similar between the sexes. The optimal BMI value for women and men with respect to future CVD outcomes is within or below the currently accepted low-normal BMI range.

High red blood cell distribution width and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical carotid atherosclerosis is associated with future risk of stroke. Data regarding the correlation between carotid atherosclerosis and biomarkers, which might predict the risk for the disease has been inconsistent and conflicting. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is also related to adverse clinical outcomes. Studies examining the relationship between RDW and preclinical and clinical carotid atherosclerosis were non-conclusive. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between RDW and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in a large heterogeneous cohort. METHODS: Patients underwent Doppler ultrasound of the common carotid artery and Carotid Intima Media Thickness (CIMT). Advanced CIMT software analyzed over 100 samples in each exam. Blood samples for RDW were obtained on the same day. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the correlation between RDW and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients were included, with a mean age of 6.6 ± 11. A cut-off value of 14.1% was used to differentiate between high and low RDW groups. The higher RDW group (RDW above 14.1%) was significantly older and with more cardiovascular risk factors. In a multivariate analysis, in all the patients including those treated by lipid modifying therapies, high RDW was significantly associated with advanced CIMT (OR = 2.35, CI 95% 1.28-4.30, p = 0.006). This association remained significant in subgroups of non-diabetic patients as well as patients not treated by lipid modifying drugs. RDW was also associated with significant carotid artery stenosis (OR = 1.77, CI 95% 1.12-2.82, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: High RDW correlates with increased risk for preclinical and clinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Can cardiovascular reserve index (CVRI) on arrival to the trauma unit detects massive hemorrhage and predicts developing hemorrhage? observational prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The detection of haemorrhage in trauma casualties may be delayed owing to compensatory mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate whether the cardiovascular reserve index (CVRI) on arrival detects massive haemorrhage and predicts haemorrhage development in trauma casualties. METHODS: This was an observational prospective cohort study of adult casualties (≥18 years) who were brought to a single level-1 trauma centre, enroled upon arrival and followed until discharge. Vital signs were monitored on arrival, from which the CVRI and shock index were retrospectively calculated (blinded to the caregivers). The outcome measure was the eventual haemorrhage classification group: massive haemorrhage on arrival (MHOA) (defined by massive transfusion on arrival of ≥6 [O+] packed cells units), developing haemorrhage (DH) (defined by a decrease in haemoglobin >1 g/dl in consecutive tests), and no significant haemorrhage noted throughout the hospital stay. The means of each variable on arrival by haemorrhage group were evaluated using the analysis of variance. The authors evaluated the detection of MHOA in the entire population and the prediction of DH in the remainders (given that MHOA had already been detected and treated) by C-statistic predefined strong prediction by area under the curve (AUC) greater than or equal to 0.8, P less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS: The study included 71 patients (after exclusion): males, 82%; average age 37.7 years. The leading cause of injuries was road accident (61%). Thirty-nine (54%) patients required hospital admission; distribution by haemorrhage classification: 5 (7%) MHOA, 5 (7%) DH, and 61 (86%) no significant haemorrhage. Detection of MHOA found a strong predictive model by CVRI and most variables (AUC 0.85-1.0). The prediction of DH on arrival showed that only lactate (AUC=0.88) and CVRI (0.82) showed strong predictive model. CONCLUSIONS: CVRI showed a strong predictive model for detection of MHOA (AUC>0.8) as were most other variables. CVRI also showed a strong predictive model for detection of DH (AUC=0.82), only serum lactate predicted DH (AUC=0.88), while all other variables were not found predictive. CVRI has advantages over lactate in that it is feasible in pre-hospital and mass casualty settings. Moreover, its repeatability enables detection of deteriorating trend. The authors conclude that CVRI may be a useful additional tool in the evaluation of haemorrhage.

Cognitive function in adolescence and the risk of early-onset stroke.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is increasingly prevalent at younger ages but the risk factors are uncertain. We examined the association between adolescent cognitive function and early-onset stroke. METHODS: This was a nationwide population-based cohort study of 1 741 345 Israeli adolescents (42% women) who underwent comprehensive cognitive function tests at age 16-20 years, before mandatory military service, during 1987-2012. Cognitive function (range: 1-9) was categorised as low (1-3, corresponding to IQ score below 89), medium (4-7, IQ score range: 89-118), or high (8-9, IQ score above 118). Participant data were linked to the Israeli National Stroke Registry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risks for the first occurrence of ischaemic stroke during 2014-2018. RESULTS: During 8 689 329 person-years of follow-up, up to a maximum age of 50 years, 908 first stroke events occurred (767 ischaemic and 141 haemorrhagic). Compared with a reference group of people with high cognitive function, body mass index-adjusted and sociodemographic-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for early-onset stroke were 1.78 (1.33-2.38) in medium and 2.68 (1.96-3.67) in low cognitive function groups. There was evidence of a dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.0001) such that one-unit of lower cognitive function z-score was associated with a 33% increased risk of stroke (1.33; 1.23-1.42). These associations were similar for ischaemic stroke but lower for haemorrhagic stroke; persisted in sensitivity analyses that accounted for diabetes status and hypertension; and were evident before age 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: Alongside adolescent obesity and hypertension, lower cognitive function may be a risk factor for early-onset stroke.

Use of Wearable Devices for Peak Oxygen Consumption Measurement in Clinical Cardiology: Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Oxygen consumption is an important index to evaluate in cardiac patients, particularly those with heart failure, and is measured in the setting of advanced cardiopulmonary exercise testing. However, technological advances now allow for the estimation of this parameter in many consumer and medical-grade wearable devices, making it available for the medical provider at the initial evaluation of patients. We report a case of an apparently healthy male aged 40 years who presented for evaluation due to an Apple Watch (Apple Inc) notification of low cardiac fitness. This alert triggered a thorough workup, revealing a diagnosis of familial nonischemic cardiomyopathy with severely reduced left ventricular systolic function. While the use of wearable devices for the measurement of oxygen consumption and related parameters is promising, further studies are needed for validation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report is to investigate the potential utility of wearable devices as a screening and risk stratification tool for cardiac fitness for the general population and those with increased cardiovascular risk, particularly through the measurement of peak oxygen consumption (VO2). We discuss the possible advantages of measuring oxygen consumption using wearables and propose its integration into routine patient evaluation and follow-up processes. With the current evidence and limitations, we encourage researchers and clinicians to explore bringing wearable devices into clinical practice. METHODS: The case was identified at Sheba Medical Center, and the patient's cardiac fitness was monitored through an Apple Watch Series 6. The patient underwent a comprehensive cardiac workup following his presentation. Subsequently, we searched the literature for articles relating to the clinical utility of peak VO2 monitoring and available wearable devices. RESULTS: The Apple Watch data provided by the patient demonstrated reduced peak VO2, a surrogate index for cardiac fitness, which improved after treatment initiation. A cardiological workup confirmed familial nonischemic cardiomyopathy with severely reduced left ventricular systolic function. A review of the literature revealed the potential clinical benefit of peak VO2 monitoring in both cardiac and noncardiac scenarios. Additionally, several devices on the market were identified that could allow for accurate oxygen consumption measurement; however, future studies and approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are still necessary. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the potential utility of peak VO2 measurements by wearable devices for early identification and screening of cardiac fitness for the general population and those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The integration of wearable devices into routine patient evaluation may allow for earlier presentation in the diagnostic workflow. Cardiac fitness can be serially measured using the wearable device, allowing for close monitoring of functional capacity parameters. Devices need to be used with caution, and further studies are warranted.

Keep the Right in Mind-A Focused Approach to Right Ventricle-Predominant Cardiogenic Shock.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a highly lethal condition despite many efforts and new interventions. Patients presenting with a rapid onset of hemodynamic instability and subsequent collapse require prompt and appropriate multimodality treatment. Multiple etiologies can lead to heart failure and subsequent shock. As the case prevalence of heart failure increases worldwide, it is of great importance to explore all manners and protocols of presentation and treatment present. With research primarily focusing on CS due to cardiac left-sided pathology, few assessments of right-sided pathology and the subsequent clinical state and treatment have been conducted. This review aims to present an in-depth assessment of the currently available literature, assessing the pathophysiology, presentation and management of CS patients due to right heart failure.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptance Disparity Among Israeli Defense Forces Personnel.

INTRODUCTION: Promoting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine acceptance and uptake became necessary to achieve a high vaccination rate and subsequently herd immunity. Although the Israeli population has been largely acceptant of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, vaccine hesitancy has remained a major concern, especially in younger adults. We hypothesized that young adults who refused SARS-CoV-2 vaccination differed from those who have been adherent and could be characterized. Studying this specific population and recognizing individuals within this group who might be more probable to refuse vaccination can enable to target measures to further promote vaccination acceptance. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional comparison in a study population comprised of 17,435 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) personnel who were SARS-CoV-2 vaccine eligible. This group included 14,834 vaccinated and 2,601 nonvaccinated individuals. Patient characteristics including occupational parameters, demographic features, psychotechnical grading (an intelligence assessment score), education level, and medical background were collected. RESULTS: The median age was 20.57 years and almost 80% were males. At the time of data collection, most individuals (85.1%, n = 14,834) have been vaccinated. Officers and noncommissioned officers were more likely to be vaccinated compared with regular soldiers (96%, and 90.2% vs. 83.3% respectively, P < .001), as well as combat battalions stationed personnel compared to their peers in rear and administrative units (89.4% vs. 78.4%, P < .001). Socioeconomic clusters were also associated with vaccination adherence, with 92.9% vs. 79.5% vaccination rates in the highest and lowest clusters, respectively (P < .001). Younger age, no previous immigration status, higher education level, and higher psychotechnical grades were also found associated with an increased likelihood of being vaccinated (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of enlisted IDF personnel, disparity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine adherence was found to be related to multiple socioeconomic, educational, and military service-related variables. Although some differences were substantial, others were small and of questionable public health significance. Acknowledging these differences may enable community leaders, health care providers, and administrators to target specific populations in order to further promote SARS-CoV-2 vaccination acceptance.

In vivo study of the efficacy of bupivacaine-eluting novel soy protein wound dressings in a rat burn model.

Dealing with wound related pain is an integral part of treatment. Systemic administration of analgesic and anesthetic agents is a common solution for providing pain relief to patients but comes at a risk of severe side effects as well as addiction. To overcome these issues, research efforts were madeto provide a platform for local controlled release of pain killers. We have developed a bilayer soy protein-based wound dressing for the controlled local release of bupivacaine to the wound site. The combination of a dense and a porous layer provides a platform for cell growth and proliferation as well as physical protection to the wound site. The current study focuses on the in vitro bupivacaine release profile from the dressing and the corresponding in vivo results of pain levels in a second-degree burn model on rats. The Rat Grimace Scale method and the Von Frey filaments method were used to quantify both, spontaneous pain and mechanically induced pain. A high burst release of 61.8 ± 1.9% of the loaded drug was obtained during the initial hour, followed by a slower release rate during the following day. The animal trials show that the RGS scores of the bupivacaine-treated group were significantly lower than these of the untreated group, proving a decrease of 51-68% in pain levels during days 1-3 after burn. Hence, successful pain reduction of spontaneous pain as well as mechanically induced pain, for at least three days after burn was achieved. It is concluded that our novel bupivacaine eluting soy protein wound dressings are a promising new concept in the field of local controlled drug release for pain management.

Chronic myocardial and coronary arterial effects of intracoronary supersaturated oxygen therapy in swine with normal and ischemic-reperfused myocardium.

The study assessed chronic myocardial, coronary and systemic effects of intracoronary supersaturated oxygen (SSO2) therapy. Left anterior descending coronary arteries of 40 swine were stented and randomized to 90-min selective intracoronary infusion of SSO2 (pO2 760-1000 mmHg) or normoxemic saline. In 20 out of 40 animals, SSO2 delivery followed a 60-min balloon occlusion to induce myocardial infarction (MI). In both normal and MI models, intracoronary treatment with hyperoxemic SSO2 therapy showed no evidence of coronary thrombosis. There were no biologically relevant differences between treatments at either time point in regard to coronary intervention site healing and neointimal growth. No signs of any myocardial or systemic toxicity were observed after 7 or 30 days. A trend was observed toward reduced incidence of microscopic MI scars and reduced infarct size in histopathology, as well as toward better recovery of echocardiographically evaluated global and regional contractility at 30 days. No treatment related infarcts or thromboemboli were observed in the downstream organs.

Bupivacaine-eluting soy protein structures for controlled release and localized pain relief: An in vitro and in vivo study.

Burn pain is known to be excruciating, and while burn care has greatly advanced, treatment for burn-related pain is lacking. Current pain relief methods include systemic administration of analgesics, which does not provide high drug concentration at the wound site. In the present study, soy protein was used as the base material for bupivacaine-loaded hybrid wound dressings. The effect of the formulation on the drug release profile was studied using high performance liquid chromatography, and the cytotoxicity was tested on human fibroblasts. A second-degree burn model in rats was used to quantify the efficacy of the wound dressings in vivo, using the Rat Grimace Scale. All tested films exhibited high biocompatibility, and the drug release profiles showed rapid release during the initial 5 hr and a continuous slower release for another 24 hr. Significant pain relief was achieved in the animal trials, proving a decrease of 51-68% in pain levels during days 1-3 post-burn. Hence, the results indicate a safe and controlled bupivacaine release for a period of more than 24 hr, effectively treating pain caused by second-degree burns. The understanding of the formulation-properties effects, together with our in vivo study, enables to advance this field toward tailorable systems with high therapeutic potential.

Burns in the Military Setting-Analyzing 12,799 Routine and Combat Cases.

Burns are a major trauma source in civilian and military settings, with a huge impact on patient's well-being, health system, and operation status of the force in the military setting. The purpose of our study was to summarize characteristics of all burn cases seen by the Israel Defense Forces primary care physicians during the years 2008 to 2016. This can help understand what causes most burns, in what units, at which stages and settings and consequently will allow commanders to make decisions regarding safety rules, protective equipment and uniforms, medical education for soldiers, etc. Data were collected from the military database system. All burn-related visits were analyzed using a designated big data computerized algorithm that used keywords and phrases to retrieve data from the database. 12,799 burn injuries were found presented in 65,536 burn-related visits which were analyzed according to the demographics, burn mechanism, and military unit. It was observed that most of the burns (70.7%) occurred during routine noncombat setting and there was a gradual decrease in burn injuries during the investigated period, from 17.6% of the cases in 2008 to 2.3% in 2016. Most of the burns occurred in the Air Force (19.4%), and the leading etiology was chemical (35%). The average TBSA was 7.5%. Since most of the burns occurred in a routine setting and were occupational-related, investment in education and improving fire protection has proven itself, leading to the decrease in burn prevalence, we recommend that more emphasis should be given on proper handling of chemicals.