The changing epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia: nationwide register-based study in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine childhood immunization programmes (PCV-CIP) on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in individuals with underlying diseases. METHODS: A nationwide cohort study using Swedish health registers to assess the incidence of hospitalization with all-cause (AC-CAP) and pneumococcal or lobar (PL-CAP) CAP between 2005 and 2015, in relation to PCV-CIP introduction in 2007-09. RESULTS: In total, 303 691 episodes of AC-CAP occurred, of which 14 225 were PL-CAP. Comparing before (2005-06) with after (2014-15) PCV-CIP, relative incidence reductions were 36% (95% Confidence Interval 32-40), 20% (14-25) and 16% (11-22) of AC-CAP for age groups < 2, 2-4 and 5-17 years, respectively, with similar reductions in young children with and without comorbidities. The reductions were more pronounced for PL-CAP. In the age groups 40-64, 65-74, 75-84 and ≥85 years there were relative increases of 11% (8-14), 18% (15-22), 15% (12-17) and 30% (27-34) of AC-CAP, respectively, but these increases were attenuated after adjustment for admittance practices using four control conditions. In adults with comorbidities, there was an increase in incidence of AC-CAP, and PL-CAP, in contrast to adults without reported underlying diseases where the incidence was stable or diminished for some age groups. Over the study period, there was an increased proportion of pneumonia patients with underlying diseases in all ages. CONCLUSION: This emphasizes that direct preventive interventions should be targeted towards individuals with underlying diseases. Future studies should investigate reasons for the observed increased risk in adults with comorbidities, for example due to pneumococcal nonvaccine serotypes, or other pathogens, preferentially affecting subjects with underlying diseases.

High added value of a population-based participatory surveillance system for community acute gastrointestinal, respiratory and influenza-like illnesses in Sweden, 2013-2014 using the web.

In 2013-2014, the Public Health Agency of Sweden developed a web-based participatory surveillance system, Hӓlsorapport, based on a random sample of individuals reporting symptoms weekly online, to estimate the community incidence of self-reported acute gastrointestinal (AGI), acute respiratory (ARI) and influenza-like (ILI) illnesses and their severity. We evaluated Hӓlsorapport's acceptability, completeness, representativeness and its data correlation with other surveillance data. We calculated response proportions and Spearman correlation coefficients (r) between (i) incidence of illnesses in Hӓlsorapport and (ii) proportions of specific search terms to medical-advice website and reasons for calling a medical advice hotline. Of 34 748 invitees, 3245 (9·3%) joined the cohort. Participants answered 81% (139 013) of the weekly questionnaires and 90% (16 351) of follow-up questionnaires. AGI incidence correlated with searches on winter-vomiting disease [r = 0·81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·69-0·89], and ARI incidence correlated with searches on cough (r = 0·77, 95% CI 0·62-0·86). ILI incidence correlated with the web query-based estimated incidence of ILI patients consulting physicians (r = 0·63, 95% CI 0·42-0·77). The high response to different questionnaires and the correlation with other syndromic surveillance systems suggest that Hӓlsorapport offers a reasonable representation of AGI, ARI and ILI patterns in the community and can complement traditional and syndromic surveillance systems to estimate their burden in the community.

Gastrostomy as a Preemptive Measure after Pancreatoduodenectomy against Delayed Gastric Emptying: A Small Case Series and a Review of the Literature.

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is a common (20-30%) postoperative complication following pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) (Parmar et al., 2013). Various causes and preemptive measures have been suggested to decrease the occurrence of DGE. We added a simple step in the procedure of 26 consecutive pancreatic head resections, which seems to alleviate DGE and has never been highlighted before.

Narrow-spectrum ß-lactam monotherapy in hospital treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a register-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical effect of empirical treatment with narrow-spectrum ß-lactam monotherapy (NSBM) versus broad-spectrum ß-lactam monotherapy (BSBM) in non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: Hospitalized patients ≥18 years with CAP who received initial NSBM or BSBM, with a severity score according to CRB-65≤2 (C=confusion, R=respiratory rate >30/min, B=systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≤60 mmHg, 65= ≥65 years), in the Swedish Pneumonia Register from 2008 to 2011 were included. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were 90-day mortality, treatment at intensive care unit (ICU), and length of stay (LOS). Propensity score matching was performed to account for differences in baseline characteristics. RESULTS: There were 5961 patients with CRB-65≤1 and 1344 patients with CRB-65=2. In the propensity score matched cohorts the 30-day mortality was 40/1827 (2.2%) with NSBM and 56/1827 (3.1%) with BSBM in CRB-65≤1, and 57/524 (10.9%) and 51/524 (9.7%), respectively, in CRB-65=2. No significant differences in 30-day mortality were observed between NSBM and BSBM in patients with CRB-65≤1 or CRB-65=2, OR 1.41 (95% CI 0.94-2.14) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.59-1.32), respectively. There was no significant difference in 90-day mortality. Patients who received BSBM were more often treated at ICU and had longer LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical NSBM appears to be effective in the majority of hospitalized immunocompetent adults with non-severe CAP and should be further evaluated in randomized trials.

Trocar site hernia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a 10-year single center experience.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard of treatment for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Compared to open cholecystectomy, LC is associated with significantly lower postoperative complications. Trocar site hernia (TSH) is an uncommon, but potentially dangerous, complication of LC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of TSH following LC. METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent elective LC between January 2004 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The open technique with a vertical incision infraumbilically was used to establish pneumoperitoneum. Two or three other skin incisions were made and trocars were inserted. In all cases, only the fascia at the site of infra-umbilical incision was closed. Following hospital discharge, all patients were regularly re-examined 1, 4 and 52 weeks postoperatively and were contacted by phone during November-December 2015. Based on the findings from clinical and telephone follow-ups, the incidence of TSH was recorded. Using univariate/multivariate analysis, we investigated several variables to identify risk factors for TSH development. RESULTS: During the study period, 1172 patients were eligible and included in the final analysis. Seven patients (0.6%) presented TSH at 1-year follow-up. At the end of the study and with a mean follow-up of 65.86 ± 25.19 months, 11 patients (0.94%) presented TSH. Interestingly, all TSHs were developed at the infra-umbilical site. Multivariate analysis identified obesity as an independent risk factor for TSH. CONCLUSION: The incidence of TSH following LC is considerably low. Obesity is an independent risk factor for TSH development, while closure of fascial incision of 10 mm below the xiphoid is not justified.

Detection of tract formation for prevention of bile peritonitis after T-tube removal. Case report.

Bile leakage after removal of T-tube is a relatively rare complication caused by inadequate tract formation around the tube. We report a case of bile peritonitis after removal of a latex T-tube. The patient underwent reoperation and a new T-tube was introduced. The T-tube was removed six weeks later. Immediately after removal of the tube, the cutaneous ostium of the tube was catheterized with a thin Nelaton catheter. The administration of gastrographin showed the presence of an intact tract. The removal of the t-tube was uneventful. We would propose this method for detecting the tract after removal of the T-tube in order to prevent severe bile leakage after inadequate tract formation.

Intrahepatic lithiasis as a late complication of hepaticojejunostomy.

The development of intrahepatic lithiasis proximal to a bilodigestive anastomosis is rare. We report a case of intrahepatic lithiasis of the right hepatic duct, which developed almost 6 years after a hepaticojejunostomy performed for an iatrogenic lesion of the common hepatic duct. The patient experienced repeated episodes of acute cholangitis and was treated with intracorporeal lithotripsy and dilation of the stenosis.

Needle-knife sphincterotomy.

Choledochocele, now classified as choledochal cyst type III, is a rare anomaly of the terminal biliary tree causing abdominal pain, pancreatitis, and obstructive cholestasis. Traditionally, the therapy for this malformation has been surgery. Recently, endoscopic therapy has been used alternatively for the treatment of choledochocele mainly in adults. We report two patients with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis found to be caused by a large choledochocele; both patients were treated by needle-knife sphincterotomy without complications. They remained asymptomatic at 1 and 2 years' follow-up, respectively. Despite the fact that the risk of bleeding seems to be higher using needle-knife sphincterotomy, when the Choledochocele is large, our experience suggests that needle-knife sphincterotomy can be performed accurately and safely. Further studies are necessary to confirm the safety and effectiveness of needle-knife sphincterotomy in large choledochocles.

Acute recurrent pancreatitis associated with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union and choledochal cyst of mixed type I plus II.

Anomalous pancreatobiliary ductal union (APBDU) has a variety of presentations. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis that were found to be caused by the presence of an APBDU associated with an unusual choledochal cyst of mixed type I plus II. She underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy and has remained asymptomatic to the present time, 2 years after sphincterotomy. A discussion of the possible etiologies of choledochal cyst and pancreatitis due to APBDU is presented.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for cholangitis after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

It is particularly attractive to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy for cholangitis due to common bile duct stone because of the increased morbidity and mortality of the alternative therapy of choledochal exploration. The safety of therapeutic ERCP after recent myocardial injury is unknown since there are only five previously reported cases. Three patients underwent therapeutic ERCP after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for indication of recent cholangitis due to choledochal stones. Initially, the cholangitis was managed medically in all patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed 11, 17, and 14 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The calculi were successfully extracted by sweeping the choledochus with a balloon-tipped catheter or basket in all cases. During ERCP the vital signs remained stable; no cardiac arrhythmias, hemorrhage, or pulmonary complications occurred. Our study demonstrates that therapeutic ERCP is not absolutely contraindicated after recent myocardial injury and suggests that ES is preferable to surgery for cholangitis due to common bile duct stones.

Pyogenic cholangitis after inadvertent submucosal contrast injection in the papilla of Vater in a patient with cholestatic hepatitis.

Common bile duct stones and tumors constitute the leading cause of acute biliary tract obstruction and cholangitis. Septic complications after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are very unusual in unobstructed bile ducts. There are only three reported cases of patients without evidence of biliary tract disease who developed cholangitis and liver abscesses due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biliary endoscopists believe that the inadvertent submucosal injection of contrast into the papilla of Vater is an innocent accident that has no serious consequences other than increasing the percentage of unsuccessful catheterizations of the common bile duct. Herein we describe a patient with drug-induced cholestatic hepatitis who developed pyogenic cholangitis after the inadvertent injection of submucosal contrast in the papilla of Vater.

Dieulafoy-like lesion of the colon presenting with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

The Dieulafoys lesion is a rare cause of severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The lesion is usually located in the stomach, although it may occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by severe bleeding from a minute submucosal arteriole that bleeds through a punctate erosion in an otherwise normal mucosa. We describe an elderly patient who presented with severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by a colonic Dieulafoy-like lesion. This is the third report of colonic Dieulafoys lesion treated successfully with endoscopic hemoclipping. We review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare disease.

Endoscopic snare resection of an intrapapillary pedunculated villous adenoma presenting as acute recurrent pancreatitis.

Tumors of the papillary region are an unusual and heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from the major papilla, the ampulla of Vater, and the peripapillary duodenum. Benign adenomas of the papilla of Vater are an increasingly recognized condition in those with familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes as well as sporadic cases. Papillary adenoma is a recognized but rare cause of acute pancreatitis. We describe a patient who presented with acute recurrent pancreatitis that was attributed to an intrapapillary pedunculated villous adenoma. Following diagnosis by endoscopic needle knife sphincterotomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic snare resection of the adenoma resulted in symptomatic improvement.

The effect of indwelling endoprosthesis on stone size or fragmentation after long-term treatment with biliary stenting for large stones.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic biliary stenting is often used for large or difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones, but the effect of indwelling endoprosthesis on size or fragmentation of stones after long-term treatment with biliary stenting has not been formally established. We compared the stone size or fragmentation of common bile duct stones after a long period of biliary stenting. METHODS: Endoscopic biliary endoprosthesis was performed for 49 high-risk patients with CBD stones too large or difficult to be extracted by conventional endoscopic means. Bile duct drainage was established in all the patients without complications. Of the patients, 24 died with endoprosthesis in situ all from causes unrelated to biliar disease; 22 underwent a second and three patients a third attempt at stone extraction. The largest stone diameter was >12 mm in all patients. RESULTS: In 11 of 25 patients (44%) the endoprosthesis allowed resolution of the problem of unextractable common bile duct stones. Four patients showed no existence of stent, and ERCP complete stone clearance from the CBD on programmized appointment after endoprosthesis insertion. Reduced size or fragmentation of stones was obtained in seven patients, and the stones could be removed endoscopically. The remaining 14 patients demonstrated no significant change in the size or fragmentation of their stones, and endoprostheses were replaced. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that endoscopic endoprosthesis for large or difficult CBD stones is an effective method to clear the duct in selected cases, as well as an important definitive treatment in high-risk patients.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa liver abscesses after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in two patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type 2.

Patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction have a significantly increased rate of pancreatitis after manometry or sphincterotomy, but septic complications after diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type 2 have not been reported. We describe two patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction type 2 in whom Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 10 septicemia and multiple small hepatic abscesses developed, all within 48 h after they underwent diagnostic ERCP. The sepsis and hepatic abscesses resolved after successful intravenous antibiotic administration. Despite scrupulous examination of the duodenoscope washing machine and the bottle of water, the bacteria responsible for the sepsis could not be isolated. It is possible that despite disinfection, a nondetectable colony of P. aeruginosa remained in a part of duodenoscope and proliferated to reach a potentially hazardous level the following day. This report highlights the importance administering antibiotic prophylaxis to patients with sphincter Oddi dysfunction type 2 who undergo ERCP, despite the functional nature of the disease.

Successful treatment of duodenal bulb obstruction caused by a gallstone (Bouveret's syndrome) after endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy.

Because of acute symptoms in the upper abdomen, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in a 68-year-old man. A large perforated gallstone was embedded in the duodenum, causing complete obstruction of the duodenal bulb. The stone was crushed successfully by endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy. The patient was referred for surgery, and was discharged after a successful and uneventful cholecystectomy.

Biliary stricture due to neuroma after an innocent blunt abdominal trauma.

A traumatic neuroma of the biliary tract is rarely associated with biliary obstruction. However, when it arises in the common bile duct (CBD) and is associated with obstructive jaundice, it is difficult to distinguish it from bile duct cancer. We describe a patient who developed obstructive jaundice and itching, due to CBD stricture, 8 years after innocent blunt abdominal trauma. The stricture was resected and hepatico-jejunal anastomosis was performed. Histological examination revealed a traumatic neuroma and a fibrous scar around the common bile duct. Symptoms disappeared following surgical removal of the lesion. Blunt abdominal injury may cause the late onset of a fibrous scar and traumatic neuroma in the common bile duct. To our knowledge, a traumatic neuroma of the biliary tract after blunt abdominal trauma has not been reported previously. We review the clinical picture of this relatively rare problem, along with its diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment.

Hemolysis caused by G-6PD deficiency after a difficult and prolonged therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), together with its substantial therapeutic capabilities, carries a higher potential for complications than other endoscopic procedures. Common major complications specific to pancreaticobiliary instrumentation include pancreatitis, post-sphincterotomy hemorrhage, perforation, and cholangitis with or without systemic sepsis. Two patients underwent therapeutic ERCP for recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and elevation of hepatobiliary enzymes. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was difficult and prolonged. The calculi were successfully extracted by sweeping the choledochus with a balloon-tipped catheter or basket in both cases. The patients experienced postprocedure diffuse abdominal pain unassociated with nausea or vomiting. Laboratory data showed normal serum amylase and lipase 2, 6, and 18 h after the end of procedure, a fall in hematocrit level, and an increase of indirect bilirubin and lactic dehydrogenase. The abdominal pain subsided in 4 to 6 h. The hematocrit level remained stable during the next 3 days, and the patients were very well when discharged. Examination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) enzyme levels in red cells 20 days later showed complete enzyme deficiency. This report highlights the importance of examining G-6PD deficiency in patients with post-ERCP abdominal pain, normal serum amylase and lipase, and laboratory findings of hemolysis.

Hypoplasia of the right hepatic lobe combined with a floating gallbladder.

Agenesis or hypoplasia of the right hepatic lobe combined with a floating gallbladder is an extremely rare condition. We report a case of hypoplasia of the right hepatic lobe, discovered in a 65-year old female. This was an incidental finding at CT scan for staging of a right colonic cancer. The CT evidenced the presence of a hypoplastic right lobe, while the left lobe was diffusely enlarged. Furthermore, the gallbladder was described as floating with partially calcified walls. The diagnosis of this rare anomaly was confirmed intraoperatively. The patient underwent right hemicolectomy and cholecystectomy. Biopsies were taken from both right and left hepatic lobes, revealing the presence of normal hepatic parenchyma. Since all causes of acquired atrophy of the liver had been ruled out, we considered this case to be of congenital origin.