The association between dairy products consumption and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of prostate cancer. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for relevant articles and identified a total of thirty-three cohort studies between 1989 and 2020. The qualities of included studies were assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled adjusted relative risks (RR) with 95 % CI were calculated. We performed subgroup analyses stratified by dairy type, prostate cancer type, follow-up years, treatment era, collection times, adjustment for confounders and geographic location. In the subgroup analysis stratified by prostate cancer type, the pooled RR were 0·98 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·03) in the advanced group, 1·10 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·24) in the non-advanced group and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·84, 1·00) in the fatal group. In the dose-response analysis, a positive association for the risk of prostate cancer was observed for total dairy products 400 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03), total milk 200 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·03), cheese 40 g/d (RR: 1·01; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03) and butter 50 g/d (RR: 1·03; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·05). A decreased risk was observed for the intake of whole milk 100 g/d (RR: 0·97; 95 % CI 0·96, 0·99). Our meta-analysis suggests that high intakes of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer; however, since many of the studies were affected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening bias, additional studies with an adjustment of PSA screening are needed.

Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to study the effect of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on cancer risk. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for relevant studies. The qualities of included studies were assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed. We also conducted subgroup analyses stratified by gender, severity of OSA, study design, and cancer type. RESULTS: After literatures search, 18 studies were included in the present study. In the unadjusted analysis, we discovered an increased cancer risk in patients with OSA with a pooled relative risk (RR) in the OSA group of 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-1.69, I2 = 32%, P = 0.15). In adjusted analysis, OSA correlated with cancer risk (RR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18-1.56, I2 = 54%, P < 0.01). In subgroup stratified by gender and OSA severity, OSA statistically with cancer risk in females (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06-1.51) and moderate to severe OSA groups (RR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.64; 4.19). In subgroup stratified by study design, a trend toward statistically significant differences was observed in prospective studies (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.99-1.48) and cross-sectional studies (RR: 1.81, 95% CI: 0.96-3.41). Patients with OSA in the retrospective study group had a statistically higher chance of developing cancer (RR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.11-1.79). When stratified by cancer group, statistically significant differences was observed in many types of cancer (breast cancer: RR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03-1.70; central nervous system cancer: RR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06-2.75; kidney cancer: RR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.20-2.74; liver cancer: RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.10-1.29; and pancreatic cancer: RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that obstructive sleep apnea may increase risk of cancer.

Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of lung cancer among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a comprehensive analysis of nine prospective cohorts.

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain whether there is a protective effect of inhaled corticosteroids (ICs) against lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Medline were comprehensively searched. Random-effects model meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) for lung cancer incidence among ICs users versus non-ICs users in patients with COPD. Stratified analysis was performed based on region and age of each study. This review was registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020159082). RESULTS: Based on data from 181,859 COPD patients with a total follow-up duration of 1,109,339.9 person-years, we identified that the use of ICs in COPD patients was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer [HR: 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62-0.86; P<0.001]. The region-specific HRs for lung cancer incidence were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.62-0.86; P=0.004), 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60-0.97; P=0.028) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.61-1.08; P=0.155) among European, Asian and North American COPD patients, respectively. Additionally, we found the consistent outcome among age groups (≥70 years old: HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.65-0.99, P=0.043; <70 years old: HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56-0.99, P=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that ICs have a protective effect against lung cancer in COPD patients. It could provide guidance for clinicians in the prevention of lung cancer among patients with COPD.