Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Inhibited Mitophagy to Achieve Neuroprotective Effects in the Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest.

Remote ischemic postconditioning (RI-postC) is an effective measure to improve nerve function after cardiac arrest. However, the brain protective mechanism of RI-postC has not been fully elucidated, and whether it is related to mitophagy is unclear. In this study, we used the rat model of cardiac arrest to study the effect of RI-postC on mitophagy and explore its possible signaling pathways. Rats were randomly divided into Sham group, CA/CPR group, Mdivi-1 group and RI-postC group. The animal model of cardiac arrest was established by asphyxia. RI-postC was performed by clamping and loosening the left femoral artery. Mdivi-1 was treated with a single intravenous injection. Levels of TOMM20, TIM23, Mfn1, PINK1 and parkin were detected by western blots. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was used to detect relative mitochondrial DNA levels. The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by flow and TUNEL. In addition, Histopathological tests were performed. The results showed that RI-postC was similar to the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1, which could inhibit the decrease of mitophagy-related protein level, improve mitochondrial membrane potential and up-regulate the ratio of mt-Atp6/Rpl13 after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Furthermore, RI-postC could also reduce the rate of hippocampal nerve apoptosis and the damage of hippocampal neurons after CPR. Moreover, RI-postC and Mdivi-1 could reduce the protein levels of PINK1 and parkin in mitochondria after CPR, while increasing PINK1 levels in the cytoplasm. These findings suggested that RI-postC could inhibit the overactivation mitophagy through the PINK1/parkin signaling pathway, thus providing neuroprotective effects.

Mitophagy in the Hippocampus Is Excessive Activated After Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

This study examined the activation of mitophagy following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the relationship between the change with time and apoptosis. MAIN METHODS: The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: Sham group, CPR24h group, CPR48h group, CPR72h group. The rat model of cardiac arrest was established by asphyxiation. We employed western blot to analyze the levels of mitophagy related proteins of hippocampus, JC-1 to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and flow cytometry to measure the rate of apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Moreover, we also intuitively observed the occurrence of mitophagy through electron microscopy. KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that the levels of TOMM20 and Tim23 protein were significantly decreased after CPR, which were more remarkable following 72 h of CPR. However, the protein levels of dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) and cytochrome C (Cyt-c) were strongly up-regulated after CPR. Meanwhile, the hippocampal MMP decreased gradually with time after CPR. Furthermore, we more intuitively verified the activation of mitophagy through electron microscopy. In addition, the rats of apoptosis rate of hippocampus after CPR were significantly increased, which were gradually enhanced over time from 24 h until at least 72 h following CPR. SIGNIFICANCE: with the enhancement of mitophagy, the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was gradually enhanced, which suggested mitophagy may be excessive activated and aggravating brain damage after CA and CPR.

Comparison of four molecular assays for the detection of Tembusu virus.

Tembusu virus (TMUV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus that may cause severe egg drop in ducks. In order to evaluate the most efficient TMUV detection method, the performances of a conventional RT-PCR (C-RT-PCR), a semi-nested PCR (SN-RT-PCR), a reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR (Q-RT-PCR), and a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) targeting the TMUV virus-specific NS5 gene were examined. In order to compare the sensitivity of these four techniques, two templates were used: (1) plasmid DNA that contained a partial region of the NS5 gene and (2) genomic RNA from TMUV-positive cell culture supernatants. The sensitivities using plasmid DNA detection by C-RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP were 2 × 10(4) copies/µL, 20 copies/µL, 2 copies/µL, and 20 copies/µL, respectively. The sensitivities using genomic RNA for the C-RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP were 100 pg/tube, 100, 10, and 100 fg/tube, respectively. All evaluated assays were specific for TMUV detection. The TMUV-specific RNA was detected in cloacal swabs from experimentally infected ducks using these four methods with different rates (52-92%), but not in the control (non-inoculated) samples. The sensitivities of RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP performed with cloacal swabs collected from suspected TMUV infected ducks within 2 weeks of severe egg-drop were 38/69 (55.1%), 52/69 (75.4%), 57/69 (82.6%), and 55/69 (79.7%), respectively. In conclusion, both RT-LAMP and Q-RT-PCR can provide a rapid diagnosis of TMUV infection, but RT-LAMP is more useful in TMUV field situations or poorly equipped laboratories.

Rapid quantification of goat milk adulteration with cow milk using Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.

As goat milk has a higher economic value compared to cow milk, the phenomenon of adulterating goat milk with cow milk appears in the market. In this study, the potential of Raman spectroscopy along with chemometrics was investigated for the authentication and quantitation of liquid goat milk adulterated with cow milk. First, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there were differences between the Raman spectra of cow and goat milk, which made quantitative experiments possible. For quantification, three different brands of cow milk and goat milk were selected randomly and adulterated goat milk with cow milk at the proportion of 5-95%. 342 samples were used for the construction of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model with 80% for the calibration set and 20% for the prediction set. The PLSR model showed excellent performance in quantifying the level of adulteration, for the prediction set, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9781, root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.82%, and a ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 6.8. The results demonstrated the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a rapid, low cost and non-destructive analytical tool for detecting adulteration in goat milk.

A novel heterozygous c.733 T > G MYOC mutation associated with juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma in a Chinese family.

AIMS: To detect mutations in juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma in a Chinese family and to describe the characteristic ophthalmic phenotypes of this pedigree. METHODS: There were 14 individuals in this four-generation pedigree. All living members of the family underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Five patients presented with elevated intraocular pressures. All of them shared early-onset disease, with a mean onset age of 14.4 years and continuing aggressive damage to their optic nerves. Hyperpigmentation in the trabecular meshwork and sometimes-broad iris processes were noted in this family using gonioscopy. All exons of candidate genes (MYOC, OPTN, CYP1B1) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and analysed with an ABI 3700XL Genetic Analyser. RESULTS: A heterozygous missense mutation in exon 3 (c.733 T > G) of the MYOC gene was found in the five JOAG patients and one 7-year-old boy with no ophthalmic manifestation of glaucoma, but it was absent in other members of the family and in the controls. This mutation resulted in a transversion of cysteine to glycine (Cys245Gly). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded the novel MYOC c.733 T > G mutation found in a Chinese family with JOAG caused a severe type of JOAG exhibiting early onset, high IOP, and severe optic nerve damage. Interestingly, unlike other reported MYOC mutation families, our patients exhibited marked angle pigmentation and iris processes.

Rapid quantification of the adulteration of pomegranate juices by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.

The juice drink industry has repeatedly been exposed to adulteration. Unscrupulous producers, for example, use cheap juice for substitution in the pursuit of more significant economic benefits, which presents a tremendous challenge for the control of the quality of drinks. The objective of this study was to apply Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to rapidly quantify the adulteration concentration of apple juice or grape juice in pomegranate juice. Two supervised learning algorithms: partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVR) were used to analyze the Raman spectra of 114 samples. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of the prediction set when using PLSR and SVR to predict the adulterated concentration of apple juice in pomegranate juice were 0.9357 and 0.9465, 6.446% and 5.974%, 3.945 and 4.322, respectively. The R2, RMSE, and RPD of the prediction set when using PLSR and SVR to predict the adulteration concentration of grape juice in pomegranate juice were 0.9501 and 0.9502, 6.334% and 5.571%, and 4.475 and 4.481, respectively. It was concluded that Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics has excellent potential for application as a rapid quantitative method to detect adulterated concentrations of pomegranate juice.

Protective effects and mechanisms of lycorine against adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Adriamycin (ADR), a high-efficiency, broad-spectrum anthraquinone chemotherapeutic agent, is currently used to treat various malignant tumors and can lead to cumulative, dose-dependent, and irreversible cardiotoxicity. Lycorine (LYC) is a benzyl phenethylamine alkaloid that exerts remarkable therapeutic effects on cancers and sepsis. PURPOSE: However, researchers have not yet elucidated whether LYC exerts protective effects against cardiotoxicity induced by ADR and the possible molecular mechanisms. DESIGN: This study established ADR injury models in vitro and in vivo to explore the effects of LYC against cardiotoxicity induced by ADR. The effects of LYC on blood biochemical parameters, cardiac parameters and structure, ADR-related pathophysiological processes, and the SIRT1/PPARγ signal pathway in ADR-injured models, were analyzed using a series of experimental methods. RESULTS: LYC significantly improved survival rate, blood biochemical parameters (LDH, CK, and BUN), cardiac parameters (SV and CO), mitochondrial dysfunction, and ameliorated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and myocardial fibrosis in ADR-injured mice (p<0.05). Moreover, LYC obviously increased cell viability and reduced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in ADR-injured cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, this study confirmed that the protective effect of LYC on ADR-induced cardiotoxicitymight be mediated by the SIRT1/PPARγ signaling pathway. These results revealed that the beneficial role of LYC on cardiotoxicity induced by ADR were mediated via regulating SIRT1/PPARγ signaling for the first time. CONCLUSION: These discoveries may provide a theoretical basis for the exploitation of LYC as a potential cardioprotective drug candidate due to its multiple biological functions to reduce ADR-induced cardiotoxicity, but further preclinical and clinical studies are still needed.

Tembusu virus in ducks, china.

In China in 2010, a disease outbreak in egg-laying ducks was associated with a flavivirus. The virus was isolated and partially sequenced. The isolate exhibited 87%-91% identity with strains of Tembusu virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Ntaya virus group. These findings demonstrate emergence of Tembusu virus in ducks.

Retraction: Computational fluid dynamics modeling of the millisecond methane steam reforming in microchannel reactors for hydrogen production.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1039/C8RA04440F.].

Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Inhibits Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis and Mitophagy After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that remote ischemic post-conditioning can improve brain damage caused by ischemia and hypoxia. However, the specific mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of remote ischemic post-conditioning on neuronal apoptosis and mitophagy after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish an asphyxia cardiac arrest model by clamping the tracheal duct. First, the expression levels of P53, Cytochrome c (Cytc), and Parkin in the cytoplasm and mitochondria were observed at 3, 6, 24, and 72 h after the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Then neurological deficit scores, hippocampal neuron apoptosis, mitochondrial P53 and Parkin, cytoplasmic Cytc, and neuron ultrastructure were evaluated 24 h after ROSC. RESULTS: P53 and Parkin can translocate from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, promoting the translocation of cytoplasmic Cytc to mitochondria after CPR, reaching a peak at 24 h after the ROSC. The P53 inhibitor Pifithrin-µ reduced apoptosis induced by P53 mitochondrial translocation. Apoptosis was induced after cardiac arrest and attenuated by remote ischemic postconditioning via inhibiting P53 mitochondrial translocation and the release of Cytc to the cytoplasm. In addition, remote ischemic postconditioning could inhibit Parkin-mediated mitophagy. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results show that remote ischemic post-conditioning improves neural function after CPR by inhibiting P53 mitochondrial translocation-induced apoptosis and Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

A Rare Giant Midesophageal Diverticulum: Fever is the Only Symptom.

A 55-year-old man was treated at the village hospital with six months medical history of recurrent chills and fever. Due to the lack of imaging examination, antipyretic and anti-infective medications were given. Although symptomatic treatment can relieve fever symptoms, symptoms easily flare up again two to three days after taking the drug. Later, the patient suffered from fever again during the COVID-19 epidemic and was sent to our hospital for isolation and treatment. During this hospitalization, chest CT examination is mandatory for all patients in order to meet the requirements of epidemic prevention and control. This led to the inadvertent discovery of a large cystic solid mass in the right thoracic cavity communicating with the esophageal lumen. The patient was preliminarily diagnosed as giant midesophageal diverticulum after three-dimensional CT image reconstruction of the chest was reviewed. Considering the patient's persistent fever with poor nutritional status, we decided to temporarily place two gastric tubes (diverticulum decompression and gastrointestinal nutrition), and antibiotics were used at the same time as another main treatment. However, after the symptoms eased and nutritional status improved, he refused all further treatment. We believe that this patient's diverticulum is very classic, and the treatment plan is highly integrated with the needs of epidemic prevention and control and achieves a satisfactory therapeutic effect, so we hope to provide colleagues with new diagnosis and treatment enlightenment through this case.

Should patients stop their radiotherapy or chemotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the previous stage, there were too many patients with Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Ordinary people, patients, even doctors, had a great sense of desperate. On the one hand, almost all doctors participated in the treatment of patients of COVID-19. On the other hand, the government restricted residents to go out, and the sick people were also afraid of being infected with COVID-19 when seeking medical treatment. Whether cancer patients seek medical treatment or not has become a contradiction for a long time. Our Viewpoint paper is to provide a positive signal to doctors and patients that patients with in the middle or advanced stage of cancer can receive radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy normally under protective measures.

FOXD3-AS1 suppresses the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating miR-150/SRCIN1axis.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA (lncNRA) forkhead box D3 antisense RNA 1 (FOXD3-AS1) has been proved to promote or suppress the occurrence and development of multiple types of human tumors. However, the function and mechanism of FOXD3-AS1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are scarcely understood. METHODS: qRT-PCR was used for detecting FOXD3-AS1, miR-150 and SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (SRCIN1) mRNA expression in NSCLC tissues, and the relationship between pathological characteristics of NSCLC patients and FOXD3-AS1 expression level was analyzed. With human NSCLC cell lines H1299 and A549 as cell models, CCK-8 and BrdU assays were employed for detecting cancer cell proliferation, and Transwell assay was employed for detecting cell invasion ability. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were used for the verification of the targeting relationshipe between FOXD3-AS1 and miR-150, and Western blot was employed for detecting SRCIN1 protein expression. RESULTS: FOXD3-AS1 expression was significantly reduced in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and low expression of FOXD3-AS1 was closely related to positive lymph node metastasis and relatively high tumor grade. FOXD3-AS1 over-expression inhibited the proliferation and invasion of H1299 cell lines, while its knockdown promoted the proliferation and invasion of A549 cells. Additionally, it was confirmed that FOXD3-AS1 suppressed the expression of miR-150 by targeting it, and up-regulated the expression of SRCIN1. CONCLUSIONS: FOXD3-AS1 indirectly enhances the expression of SRCIN1 by targeting miR-150, thereby inhibiting NSCLC progression.

A novel GPR143 mutation in a Chinese family with X­linked ocular albinism type 1.

Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is a genetic disorder characterized by reduced eye pigmentation and nystagmus, which is often accompanied by decreased visual acuity, strabismus and other symptoms, whereas skin and hair color remain normal. The present study aimed to assess the clinical features and perform genotype analysis of a family with OA1, and to determine the disease­causing mutation. A total of 18 family members (nine affected patients and nine normal subjects) from Hainan, China, were recruited to the present study in December 2017. A detailed clinical ophthalmic examination was performed for all participants, including a visual acuity test, anterior segment slit lamp examination, eye fundus examination and optical coherence tomography. Mutations in the G protein­coupled receptor 143 (GPR143) gene were determined by DNA sequencing assays and polymerase chain reaction assays for deletions; all exon coding sequences, exons at the 5'­ and 3'­ends, and non­coding region sequences of intron splicing were assessed. Within the family, nine male patients exhibited disease occurrence at the age of 0­6 months. All patients presented with different degrees of iris depigmentation, horizontal jerk nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia and reduced visual acuity. The fundus of only one patient exhibited choroid coloboma; in the remaining patients, their fundi exhibited different degrees of irregular retinal depigmentation. The mutation c.360+5G>T in the GPR143 gene was identified in this family. In conclusion, the present study identified the splicing mutation c.360+5G>T in the GPR143 gene in a Chinese family with OA1 and successfully identified the site. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous reports regarding this mutation in any major genome databases; therefore, this outcome may enrich the mutation spectrum of the GPR143 gene.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of COVID-19 patients with initial presentation of lung lesions confined to a single pulmonary lobe.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients showed certain characteristic features of multiple signs in bilateral lungs. Some patients only had a single pulmonary lobe lesion, which has not been reported previously. Single pulmonary lobe lesions are easily missed or misdiagnosed if they do not receive enough attention. OBJECTIVE: To study the imaging manifestations, clinical features and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with only one single pulmonary lobe lesion. METHODS: Patient clinical data were collected only from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, which was confined to only single lobe lesions on chest CT imaging findings at the onset. Which lobe was frequently involved, the imaging manifestations, clinical features and outcomes were also analyzed. RESULT: From January 1, 2020, to March 14, 2020, a total of 367 inpatients were diagnosed with COVID-19, in which 50 (13.6%) patients were confirmed with only one single pulmonary lobe lesion. The most frequently involved lobe was the right lower lobe (18 patients, 36%, highest). Lesions in the lower lobe easily spread to all lobes of the bilateral lungs (P<0.001, χ2=10.264), especially the left lower lobe, and were less frequent in the right upper lobe. During hospitalization, 2 (4%) patients were admitted to the ICU, 2 (4%) patients died, and 28 (56%) patients developed lesions in other lobes within 6.32±3.71 days. CONCLUSIONS: The general pattern of COVID-19 imaging with localized nodules may also cause severe respiratory symptoms of bilateral lung disease, serious complications, or even death in patients with multiple lobe lesions or bilateral lung lesions, which should not be underestimated.

Clinical Value of Ultrasound-Guided Minimally Invasive Biopsy in the Diagnosis or Treatment of Breast Nodules.

PURPOSE: To explore the clinical value of ultrasound-guided minimally invasive biopsy of breast nodules for diagnosis and treatment of patients with no positive clinical signs on manual breast examination. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 136 patients with no signs on breast palpation who underwent ultrasound-guided minimally invasive biopsy. A total of 63 patients underwent breast nodule resection from October 2018 to December 2019 at the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army. Clinical data, including indications for minimally invasive biopsy or resection, pathological and surgical results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients were studied; 136 underwent minimally invasive biopsy and 63 underwent resection. No severe surgical complications occurred. Minimally invasive biopsy of breast nodules was superior to resection with respect to operation time, incision length, and postoperative complication rate. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive biopsy of breast nodules is feasible for treatment of patients with negative breast nodules and can achieve accurate diagnosis and satisfactory resection.

Retracted Article: Computational fluid dynamics modeling of the millisecond methane steam reforming in microchannel reactors for hydrogen production.

Methane steam reforming coupled with methane catalytic combustion in microchannel reactors for the production of hydrogen was investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics. Special emphasis is placed on developing general guidelines for the design of integrated micro-chemical systems for the rapid production of hydrogen. Important design issues, specifically heat and mass transfer, catalyst, dimension, and flow arrangement, were explored. The relative importance of different transport phenomena was quantitatively evaluated, and some strategies for intensifying the reforming process were proposed. The results highlighted the importance of process intensification in achieving the rapid production of hydrogen. High heat and mass transfer rates derived from miniaturization of the chemical system are insufficient for process intensification. Improvement of the reforming catalyst is also essential. The efficiency of heat exchange can be improved greatly if the reactor dimension is properly designed. Thermal management is required to improve the reliability of the integrated system. Co-current heat exchange improves the thermal uniformity in the system. The catalyst loading is a key factor determining reactor performance, and must be carefully designed. Finally, engineering maps were constructed to achieve the desired power output, and favorable operating conditions for the rapid production of hydrogen were identified.

A review of the interfacial characteristics of polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes.

This paper provides an overview of recent advances in research on the interfacial characteristics of carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites. The state of knowledge about the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes as well as the interaction at the interface between the carbon nanotube and the polymer matrix is presented. The primary focus of this paper is on identifying the fundamental relationship between nanocomposite properties and interfacial characteristics. The progress, remaining challenges, and future directions of research are discussed. The latest developments of both microscopy and scattering techniques are reviewed, and their respective strengths and limitations are briefly discussed. The main methods available for the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes are summarized, and particular interest is given to evaluation of their advantages and disadvantages. The critical issues related to the interaction at the interface are discussed, and the important techniques for improving the properties of carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites are introduced. Additionally, the mechanism responsible for the interfacial interaction at the molecular level is briefly described. Furthermore, the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites are discussed separately, and their influencing factors are briefly introduced. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities for efficiently translating the remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes to polymer matrices are summarized in the hopes of facilitating the development of this emerging area. Potential topics of oncoming focus are highlighted, and several suggestions concerning future research needs are also presented.