Transcatheter heart valve explant with infective endocarditis-associated prosthesis failure and outcomes: the EXPLANT-TAVR international registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Surgical explantation of transcatheter heart valves (THVs) is rapidly increasing, but there are limited data on patients with THV-associated infective endocarditis (IE). This study aims to assess the outcomes of patients undergoing THV explant for IE. METHODS: All patients who underwent THV explant between 2011 and 2022 from 44 sites in the EXPLANT-TAVR registry were identified. Patients with IE as the reason for THV explant were compared to those with other mechanisms of bioprosthetic valve dysfunction (BVD). RESULTS: A total of 372 patients from the EXPLANT-TAVR registry were included. Among them, 184 (49.5%) patients underwent THV explant due to IE and 188 (50.5%) patients due to BVD. At the index transcatheter aortic valve replacement, patients undergoing THV explant for IE were older (74.3 ± 8.6 vs. 71 ± 10.6 years) and had a lower Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score [2.6% (1.8-5.0) vs. 3.3% (2.1-5.6), P = .029] compared to patients with BVD. Compared to BVD, IE patients had longer intensive care unit and hospital stays (P < .05) and higher stroke rates at 30 days (8.6% vs. 2.9%, P = .032) and 1 year (16.2% vs. 5.2%, P = .010). Adjusted in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year mortality was 12.1%, 16.1%, and 33.8%, respectively, for the entire cohort, with no significant differences between groups. Although mortality was numerically higher in IE patients 3 years postsurgery (29.6% for BVD vs. 43.9% for IE), Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant differences between groups (P = .16). CONCLUSIONS: In the EXPLANT-TAVR registry, patients undergoing THV explant for IE had higher 30-day and 1-year stroke rates and longer intensive care unit and hospital stays. Moreover, patients undergoing THV explant for IE had a higher 3-year mortality rate, which did not reach statistical significance given the relatively small sample size of this unique cohort and the reduced number of events.

Aortic valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis in small aortic annulus: Keep it simple!

We read with great interest the systematic review from Agarwal and colleagues, comparing the results of sutureless valves versus conventional aortic valve replacement (AVR) with aortic root enlargement in patients with aortic stenosis and small aortic annulus. We herein comment on the review trying to highlight some major issues. Based on some recent literature's evidences and on the authors' personal experience, we suggest to consider AVR with mechanical valve as a still viable option, especially in small aortic annulus. Indeed, root enlargement techniques are not always easy to perform and sutureless valve is still burdened by higher rate of PM implantation.

An unusual case of recurrent haemoptysis after ablation for atrial fibrillation requiring pneumonectomy: a case report.

Background: Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a rare complication after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). While there have been reported anecdotal cases of complete PV stenosis requiring pulmonary lobectomy, only one case of pneumonectomy has been documented so far. Case summary: A 42-year-old man was referred to our Thoracic Surgery Unit for recurrent haemoptysis and exertional dyspnoea over the past 4 years and a recent finding of left PV occlusion. He suffered of relapsing AF that had almost five recurrences and that underwent a total of two percutaneous catheter ablations within a 7-year period. He also experienced a hospitalization for multifocal lobar pneumonia. Two attempts of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were unsuccessful. Due to the severity and the duration of PV occlusion, the previous PTA failure, the patient's age, and his symptoms, a left pneumonectomy was performed. During the postoperative period, the patient experienced only mild anaemia effectively managed with blood transfusions. Five months after surgery, he has no recurrence of symptoms. Discussion: When the PV stenosis is complete, PTA may face high failure and recurrence rates. In this setting, anatomical pulmonary resections may represent a valid option to allow symptom relief and resolution.

Clinical outcomes and predictors of transapical transcatheter mitral valve replacement: the Tendyne Expanded Clinical Study.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is a therapeutic option for patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) who are ineligible for conventional surgery. There are limited data on the outcomes of large patient cohorts treated with TMVR. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the outcomes and predictors of mortality for patients treated with transapical TMVR. METHODS: This analysis represents the clinical experience of all patients enrolled in the Tendyne Expanded Clinical Study. Patients with symptomatic MR underwent transapical TMVR with the Tendyne system between November 2014 and June 2020. Outcomes and adverse events up to 2 years, as well as predictors of short-term mortality, were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 191 patients were treated (74.1±8.0 years, 62.8% male, Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality 7.7±6.6%). Technical success was achieved in 96.9% (185/191), and there were no intraprocedural deaths. At 30-day, 1- and 2-year follow-up, the rates of all-cause mortality were 7.9%, 30.8% and 40.5%, respectively. Complete MR elimination (MR <1+) was observed in 99.3%, 99.1% and 96.3% of patients, respectively. TMVR treatment resulted in consistent improvement of New York Heart Association Functional Class and quality of life up to 2 years (both p<0.001). Independent predictors of early mortality were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.11; p=0.003), pulmonary hypertension (OR 3.83; p=0.007), and institutional experience (OR 0.40; p=0.047). CONCLUSIONS: This study investigated clinical outcomes in the full cohort of patients included in the Tendyne Expanded Clinical Study. The Tendyne TMVR system successfully eliminated MR with no intraprocedural deaths, resulting in an improvement in symptoms and quality of life. Continued refinement of clinical and echocardiographic risks will be important to optimise longitudinal outcomes.

Survival and Recurrence of Endocarditis following Mechanical vs. Biological Aortic Valve Replacement for Endocarditis in Patients Aged 40 to 65 Years: Data from the INFECT-Registry.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease, and in many cases, surgery is necessary. Whether the type of prosthesis implanted for aortic valve replacement (AVR) for IE impacts patient survival is a matter of debate. The aim of the present study is to quantify differences in long-term survival and recurrence of endocarditis AVR for IE according to prosthesis type among patients aged 40 to 65 years. METHODS: This was an analysis of the INFECT-REGISTRY. Trends in proportion to the use of mechanical prostheses versus biological ones over time were tested by applying the sieve bootstrapped t-test. Confounders were adjusted using the optimal full-matching propensity score. The difference in overall survival was compared using the Cox model, whereas the differences in recurrence of endocarditis were evaluated using the Gray test. RESULTS: Overall, 4365 patients were diagnosed and operated on for IE from 2000 to 2021. Of these, 549, aged between 40 and 65 years, underwent AVR. A total of 268 (48.8%) received mechanical prostheses, and 281 (51.2%) received biological ones. A significant trend in the reduction of implantation of mechanical vs. biological prostheses was observed during the study period (p < 0.0001). Long-term survival was significantly higher among patients receiving a mechanical prosthesis than those receiving a biological prosthesis (hazard ratio [HR] 0.546, 95% CI: 0.322-0.926, p = 0.025). Mechanical prostheses were associated with significantly less recurrent endocarditis after AVR than biological prostheses (HR 0.268, 95%CI: 0.077-0.933, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis of the INFECT-REGISTRY shows increased survival and reduced recurrence of endocarditis after a mechanical aortic valve prosthesis implant for IE in middle-aged patients.