Barriers associated with frequency of leisure-time physical activity among Brazilian adults of different income strata.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the main perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and their associations with the frequency of LTPA in a representative sample of industrial workers from Brazil (n = 47,477), according to their income strata (low income: ≤$US280, middle income: $US281-$US1400, and high income: ≥$US1401). Data were collected between 2006 and 2008 via questionnaires about the main perceived barrier to LTPA and the frequency of LTPA. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to evaluate differences among groups. There was a lower prevalence of regular practice of LTPA in the low- (15.8%) and middle-income strata (18.2%) than among the individuals of the high-income stratum (27.6%). A large proportion of workers who regularly participated in LTPA reported no barriers (low: 43.1%; middle: 46.8%; high: 51.6%). Additional obligations and fatigue were the two most common perceived barriers in all family income strata among participants who engaged in different frequencies of LTPA. The odds for all perceived barriers showed a positive trend related to frequency of LTPA (from regular to no LTPA), with higher values according to income. In summary, the ordering of the main perceived barriers to LTPA differed according to workers' income stratum and frequency of engaging in LTPA.

Active commuting reduces sociodemographic differences in adherence to recommendations derived from leisure-time physical activity among Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the consequences of including active commuting, compared with the leisure domain only, in the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with attending the physical activity recommendations, in Brazilian adults. STUDY DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. METHOD: Adults between 20 and 59 years of age (n = 1720) were face-to-face interviewed from September 2009 to January 2010. Sociodemographic indicators and leisure-time and commuting physical activity were assessed by a validated questionnaire. Poisson regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of adherence to recommendations when only leisure-time physical activity was considered was 15.5% (95% CI: 13.6; 17.4) and was associated with men (PR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.25; 1.96), adults without a partner (PR: 1.38 95% CI: 1.05; 1.81) and higher educational level and income. The prevalence of adherence to physical activity recommendations after the combination of leisure-time and commuting was 29.1% (95% CI: 26.5; 31.6). Percentages differences in favor of men, white adults and those with higher educational level and income were no longer significant after the inclusion of active commuting. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of active commuting expands the percentage of adults who achieved the health-related physical activity recommendations and reduced important sociodemographic differences derived from the analysis of leisure-time physical activity alone. Public health strategies should consider the different domains of physical activity in the monitoring and promotion of a more active lifestyle.

High-resolution imaging of remanent state and magnetization reversal of superdomain structures in high-density cobalt antidot arrays.

Remanent state and magnetization reversal processes of a series of cobalt antidot arrays with a fixed hole diameter (d ≈ 55 nm) and an array periodicity (p) ranging between 95 and 524 nm were studied by in situ Lorentz microscopy (LM) as a function of the magnetic field. At remanence, defocused LM images showed the periodicity dependence of the magnetic states inside the lattice. A remarkable transition was observed in the type of domain structures as a function of p: for the large periodicities (p > 300 nm), conventional 90° and 180° domain walls were formed, whereas in small-period antidot arrays (p â‰¦ 160 nm) magnetic superdomain walls (SDWs) were nucleated to separate regions with different average magnetization direction, the so-called magnetic superdomains. In the SDW regime, a low-frequency Fourier filtering method was implemented to allow a quantitative analysis of the LM images by the transport of intensity equation method. In situ LM experiments under applied magnetic fields were performed to study the reversal magnetization process in a particular array (p = 160 nm), and clear differences were observed as a function of the magnetic field orientation. The switching process under magnetic fields parallel to the horizontal antidot rows occurs in two stages: the system first nucleates and propagates horizontal SDWs, parallel to the field. Then, at higher magnetic fields, vertical SDWs, perpendicular to the field, appear before saturation. When the magnetic field is applied at 45° with respect to the antidot rows, both horizontal and vertical SDWs are nucleated and propagated simultaneously. All the experiments were successfully correlated with micromagnetic simulations. The current study sheds new light on the magnetization reversal processes of antidot arrays and opens new possibilities of exploiting the potential of high-resolution in situ LM and new data analysis procedures to probe magnetization processes in nanomagnetism, particularly in periodic arrays of nanomagnets.

SiO2 coating effects in the magnetic anisotropy of Fe3-xO4 nanoparticles suitable for bio-applications.

We present radio frequency transverse susceptibility (TS) measurements on oleic acid-coated and SiO2-coated Fe3-xO4 magnetite nanoparticles. The effects of the type of coating on the interparticle interactions and magnetic anisotropy are evaluated for two different particle sizes in powder samples. On the one hand, SiO2 coating reduces the interparticle interactions as compared to oleic acid coating, the reduction being more effective for 5 nm than for 14 nm diameter particles. On the other hand, the magnetic anisotropy field at low temperature is lower than 1 kOe in all cases and independent of the coating used. Our results are relevant concerning applications in biomedicine, since the SiO2 coating renders 5 and 14 nm hydrophilic particles with very limited agglomeration, low anisotropy, and superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The TS technique also allows us to discriminate the influence on the anisotropy field of interparticle interactions from that of the thermal fluctuations.

Interspecific hybridization between Tigridia pavonia and T. augusta through ovary slice culture.

Tigridia pavonia is the most popular species in the Tigridia genus, and is currently marketed in Europe, Asia, and Australia as a landscape plant. Although it is native to Mexico, there are no breeding programs for it. In this study, we attempted to increase its flower color spectrum and growth habit by interspecific hybridization with T. augusta. Interspecific hybrids between T. pavonia and T. augusta were successfully obtained for the first time using the cut-style pollination and ovary slice culture techniques. On the contrary, no hybrids were obtained from a reciprocal cross. At three, four, and five days after pollination (DAP) ovaries were sliced and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium without growth regulators and ammonium nitrate, but were supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/L yeast extract, and 0.25% Gelrite. After 80 days of culture initiation, the germination of only 10 embryos was observed in ovary slices cultured at three DAP. After transfer to identical fresh medium, six hybrid embryos developed into seedlings. All obtained hybrid seedlings were transplanted successfully to soil, and grew normally. The progenies investigated were identified as true hybrids based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

Genetic diversity of Cosmos species revealed by RAPD and ISSR markers.

The genus Cosmos is native of America and is constituted by 34 species; 28 of them are endemic of Mexico. The cosmos are used as a nematicide, antimalarial, and antioxidative agent. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity among 7 cosmos species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequences repeats (ISSR) markers. With RAPD markers, the obtained polymorphism was 91.7 % and the genetic diversity was 0.33, whereas these values were 65.6%, and 0.22 from ISSR markers, respectively, indicating the presence of high genetic diversity among the Cosmos species that were analyzed. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrograms that were obtained with both markers were notably similar, revealing 2 clusters and indicating a clear genetic differentiation among the Cosmos species that were assessed. The first cluster comprised the species Cosmos sulphureus, Cosmos pacificus, and Cosmos diversifolius, while the second cluster included the species Cosmos purpureus, Cosmos crithmifolius, Cosmos bipinnatus, and Cosmos parviflorus. Besides this, the Cosmos species were clustered according to their collection sites. The Mantel test corroborates the correlation between the genetic distance and the geographic altitude of each Cosmos species. The results suggest that it is necessary to preserve the Cosmos species in their natural habitat in addition to the germoplasm collection for ex situ conservation.

[Colorectal cancer in Spain: Temporary disability and preventive occupational strategies]. / El cáncer colorrectal en España. Costes por incapacidad temporal y opciones preventivas desde las empresas.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in both sexes and the most frequent in the developed countries, if men and women are considered together as a group. It has an important associated morbidity and mortality in all countries and constitutes a public health problem with a high direct and indirect economic cost. The number of workdays lost due to temporary disability (TD) is one of the quantifiable references of these indirect costs. AIMS: To determine the indirect cost associated with TD due to colorectal cancer in Spain during the year 2011, a cost that aids in the prevention cost/benefit estimation. METHODS: The number of TD processes, the number of workdays lost due to TD, and the mean duration of those processes, based on the CIE 9-MC codes related to this pathology, as well as the calculated cost, using the Spanish minimum wage as a reference, during the period of January to December 2011, were all reviewed. RESULTS: Colorectal cancer in Spain during 2011 represented 1,046 TD processes, 202,784 workdays lost, and a mean process duration of 194 days/year. The resulting cost of the pathology due to TD was 4,335,521.92 euros. CONCLUSIONS: These results are beneficial for evaluating the usefulness of implementing public health support strategies for a greater reduction in colorectal cancer prevalence and mortality, and an improvement in quality of life of the affected individuals and their families, together with an economic savings resulting from a reduction in TD as a consequence of this disease.

Strong paramagnetism of gold nanoparticles deposited on a Sulfolobus acidocaldarius S layer.

Magnetic properties of Au nanoparticles deposited on an archaeal S layer are reported. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometries demonstrate that the particles are strongly paramagnetic, without any indication of magnetic blocking down to 16 mK. The average magnetic moment per particle is M(part)=2.36(7) µ(B). This contribution originates at the particle's Au 5d band, in which an increased number of holes with respect to the bulk value is observed. The magnetic moment per Au atom is 25 times larger than any measured in other Au nanoparticles or any other configurations up to date.

Fabrication and magnetic characterization of cobalt antidot arrays: effect of the surrounding continuous film.

We have performed an experimental study on the influence of a ferromagnetic continuous film in the magnetization reversal processes in discrete submicrometric antidot arrays fabricated on it. In order to compare the magnetic properties, two sets of antidot arrays have been fabricated over a cobalt thin film: embedded in the continuous film, and isolated by a trench surrounding the array. X-ray photoemission electron microscopy images of the virgin state show the same magnetic domain distribution in both sets of samples, finding no evidence of any effect of the surrounding film. This result is supported by the hysteresis loops measured with magneto-optical Kerr effect, as isolated and non-isolated arrays present almost coincident loops. A huge increase of the coercivity of the film is achieved, and the expected dependence on the geometrical parameters of the array is found, connecting the previous studies on the micro- and nanometric scales.

Lesion Volume in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis is Associated with Perivascular Space Enlargement at the Level of the Basal Ganglia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular spaces surround the blood vessels of the brain and are involved in neuroimmune functions and clearance of metabolites via the glymphatic system of the brain. Enlarged perivascular spaces could be a marker of dysfunction in these processes and, therefore, are highly relevant to monitoring disease activity in MS. This study aimed to compare the number of enlarged perivascular spaces in people with relapsing MS with MR imaging markers of inflammation and brain atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients (18 with clinically isolated syndrome, 22 with early and 19 with late relapsing-remitting MS) were scanned longitudinally (mean follow-up duration = 19.6 [SD, 0.5] months) using T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and FLAIR MR imaging. Two expert raters identified and counted enlarged perivascular spaces on T2-weighted MR images from 3 ROIs (the centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, and midbrain). Baseline and change with time in the number of enlarged perivascular spaces were correlated with demographics and lesion and brain volumes. RESULTS: Late relapsing-remitting MS had a greater average number of enlarged perivascular spaces at baseline at the level of the basal ganglia (72.3) compared with early relapsing-remitting MS (60.5) and clinically isolated syndrome (54.7) (F = 3.4, P = .042), and this finding correlated with lesion volume (R = 0.44, P = .0004) but not brain atrophy (R = -0.16). Enlarged perivascular spaces increased in number with time in all regions, and the rate of increase did not differ among clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS: Enlarged perivascular spaces at the level of the basal ganglia are associated with greater neuroinflammatory burden, and the rate of enlargement appears constant in patients with relapsing-remitting disease phenotypes.

[Complication in replacement of unconventional tumor prosthesis]. / Complicación en recambio de prótesis tumoral no convencional.

Bone metastases from a primary cancer of any part of the body are the most common form of malignant bone tumor constituting approximately 70% of them. The proximal femur being the most common extra-vertebral location for its location; 10% of patients have some pathological fracture, which is a serious complication. Currently the objectives of the treatment of a pathological fracture are: resection with adequate oncological margins, that the patient survives the surgical intervention, maintain the functionality, that the placed implant has a longer life time than the patient. The use of non-conventional hip prostheses is an excellent treatment option fulfilling the 4 established objectives, therefore this case is presented in which a right bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty is performed with a non-conventional prosthesis where it was treated with a described complication and the surgery of resolution.

Las metástasis óseas de un cáncer primario de cualquier parte del cuerpo son la forma más común de tumor óseo maligno constituyendo aproximadamente 70% de ellos. Siendo el fémur proximal la localización extravertebral más común para su localización; 10% de los pacientes presentan alguna fractura patológica, lo que es una grave complicación. En la actualidad, los objetivos del tratamiento de una fractura patológica son: resección con márgenes oncológicos adecuados, que el paciente sobreviva la intervención quirúrgica, mantener la funcionalidad, que el implante colocado tenga un tiempo de vida más largo que el del paciente. El uso de prótesis de cadera no convencionales es una excelente opción de tratamiento cumpliendo los cuatro objetivos establecidos, por ello se presenta este caso en el que se realiza una hemiartroplastía de cadera derecha bipolar con una prótesis no convencional donde se cursa con una complicación y se realiza la cirugía de resolución.

[Fluorescence-guided resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid of an intramedullary tumor]. / Resección de tumor intramedular guiada por fluorescencia con ácido aminolevulínico.

Fluorescence-guided resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has demonstrated its usefulness in the resection of malignant cerebral gliomas. It also seems useful for the treatment of other types of cerebral and intramedullary neoplasms. We present the case of a patient with an intramedullary tumor in who fluorescence- guided resection was useful for intraoperative localization, definition of small tumor nodules and in order to achieve a complete resection of the tumor.

[Intramedullary schwannomas. Report of two cases]. / Neurinomas intramedulares. Presentación de dos casos de un tumor infrecuente.

Intramedullary schwannomas are benign tumors that arise from clusters of Schwann cells embedded in the medullary parenchyma. They are very rare and account for 0.3 to 1.5 % of all spinal schwannomas. It is not known for certain why this happens, and several theories have been put forward. They do not exhibit any characteristic clinical picture, being pain the most frequent symptom. Imaging is also not specific and the correct diagnosis is attained most of the times after pathological examination. The goal of treatment must be complete removal, which is curative. We are presenting two patients in whom an intramedullary tumor was removed. The true nature of the lesions was suspected during the operation, but only after pathological examination was confirmed. A review of the literature has been undertaken, with special attention to the theories about the origin of these uncommon tumors.

[Isolated mesencephalic stroke related to a ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst]. / Ictus isquémico mesencefálico aislado secundario a ruptura de quiste dermoide.

Dermoids cysts are embrionary benign lesions that comprise approximately 0.04-0.25% of all intracranial tumors. Occasionally they break and spread their content into subarachnoid space and/or lateral ventricles causing several acute or delayed symptoms. Debut of this type of tumor as acute stroke is poorly reflected in literature. We present a 26-year-old woman with a isolated mesencephalic infarct secondary to spontaneous rupture of a dermoid cyst. We discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms for this condition and review the literature.

[Remote cerebellar hemorrhage after lumbar spinal fluid drainage. Report of two cases and literature review]. / Hematomas de cerebelo como complicación de drenaje lumbar. Presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

Remote cerebellar hematoma, a cerebellar hematoma occurring after performing a surgical procedure in an anatomical distant area from the cerebellum, is a rare complication. It has been reported after supratentorial surgery and, less often, after spinal surgery with dural opening with important loss of cerebrospinal fluid. We report the occurrence of remote cerebellar hemorrhage after lumbar spinal fluid drainage in two patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. They were managed conservatively with good outcome. We review the pathologic mechanism, diagnostic procedures, management and prognosis of remote cerebellar hemorrhage.

The results of osteotomy at the base of femoral neck with osteoplasty in restoration of abductor function and strength in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate the abductor function in moderate and severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), comparing the results of a corrective osteotomy at the base of the femoral neck and osteoplasty with 1) in situ epiphysiodesis for mild SCFE, 2) contralateral unaffected hips, and 3) hips from healthy individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 24 patients (mean age 14.9 years (sd 1.6); 17 male and seven female patients) with moderate or severe SCFE (28 hips) underwent base of neck osteotomy and osteoplasty between 2012 and 2015. In situ epiphysiodesis was performed in seven contralateral hips with mild slip. A control cohort was composed of 15 healthy individuals (mean age 16.5 years (sd 2.5); six male and nine female patients). The abductor function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry and range of abduction, with a minimum one-year follow-up. RESULTS: We found no differences in mean peak abductor torque between the hips that underwent osteotomy and those that received in situ epiphysiodesis (p = 0.63), but the torque was inferior in comparison with contralateral hips without a slip (p < 0.01) and hips from control individuals (p < 0.001). The abduction strength was positively correlated with the range of hip abduction (R = 0.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the abductor strength was not restored to normal levels, moderate and severe SCFE treated with osteotomy at the base of the femoral neck and osteoplasty showed abductor function similar to in situ epiphysiodesis in hips with less severe displacement. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1524-32.

[The effect of age on the prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury who undergo a craniotomy: analysis of a surgical series]. / Efecto de la edad en el pronostico de pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefalico sometidos a craneotomia: analisis de una serie quirurgica.

INTRODUCTION: In our setting, the ageing of the population has led to management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the later stages of life becoming an increasingly frequent problem. AIM: To evaluate the association between age and the functional and survival prognosis of patients who have undergone surgery due to TBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 404 patients submitted to surgery between the years 2000 and 2015: 144 youngsters (12-44 years), 77 adults (45-64 years), 148 geriatric patients (65-79 years) and 26 'super geriatric' patients (> 80 years). We reviewed the demographic and nosological characteristics of the population, the survival and functional prognosis (Glasgow Outcome Scale, GOS) on discharge and at six months. RESULTS: Age presents a positive linear association with both intra-hospital mortality and the proportion of patients with an unfavourable prognosis (GOS 1-3) on hospital discharge and at six months (p < 0.001). Taking the population of youngsters as a reference, the relative risk for an unfavourable prognosis at six months was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.04-2.19) for adults; 2.37 (95% CI: 1.77-3.17) for the geriatric patients; and 3.5 (95% CI: 2.63-4.7) for the 'super geriatric' patients. These latter present a mortality rate while in hospital of 77.78% and a percentage of poor functional prognosis at six months of 94.44%. CONCLUSION: Increased age is a major negative determining factor in the prognosis of patients who undergo a craniotomy due to TBI. More precise knowledge of these outcomes and an adequate pre-operative discussion with the family will be an invaluable aid in the decision-making process.

TITLE: Efecto de la edad en el pronostico de pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefalico sometidos a craneotomia: analisis de una serie quirurgica.Introduccion. En nuestro entorno, el envejecimiento poblacional ha convertido el manejo del traumatismo craneoencefalico (TCE) en etapas avanzadas de la vida en un problema de frecuencia creciente. Objetivo. Valorar la asociacion entre la edad y el pronostico vital y funcional de pacientes intervenidos por TCE. Pacientes y metodos. Analizamos retrospectivamente una serie de 404 pacientes intervenidos en nuestro centro entre los años 2000 y 2015: 144 jovenes (12-44 años), 77 adultos (45-64 años), 148 pacientes geriatricos (65-79 años) y 26 supergeriatricos (> 80 años). Revisamos las caracteristicas demograficas y nosologicas de la poblacion, y el pronostico vital y funcional (escala pronostica de Glasgow, GOS) en el momento del alta y a los seis meses. Resultados. La edad presenta asociacion lineal positiva tanto con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria como con la proporcion de pacientes con pronostico desfavorable (GOS 1-3) en el alta y a los seis meses (p < 0,001). Tomando como referencia la poblacion de jovenes, el riesgo relativo para pronostico desfavorable a los seis meses fue de 1,5 (IC 95%: 1,04-2,19) para los adultos, 2,37 (IC 95%: 1,77-3,17) para los geriatricos y 3,5 (IC 95%: 2,63-4,70) para los supergeriatricos. Estos ultimos presentan una mortalidad durante el ingreso del 77,78% y un porcentaje de mal pronostico funcional a los seis meses del 94,44%. Conclusion. El aumento de la edad es un factor determinante negativo mayor en el pronostico de pacientes sometidos a craneotomia por TCE. Un conocimiento preciso de estos resultados y una adecuada discusion preoperatoria con la familia resultaran de gran ayuda en el proceso de toma de decisiones.

[Chordoid glioma of the III ventricle. Case report and revision of the literature]. / Glioma cordoide del III ventrículo. Nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura.

Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle is an infrequent brain tumour that was described for the first time by Brat et al. in 1998; since then, only 39 cases have been reported. We present a new case of chordoid glioma of the third ventricle in a 51-year-old-man that was treated with total surgical removal, with a good initial postoperative evolution. Sudden death, most likely due to a massive pulmonary embolism, occurred in the third postoperative day. We present the histological characteristics of the tumour and review the literature regarding this entity.

Lipopolysaccharide internalization activates endotoxin-dependent signal transduction in cardiomyocytes.

We tested the hypothesis that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) must be internalized to facilitate endotoxin-dependent signal activation in cardiac myocytes. Fluorescently labeled LPS was used to treat primary cardiomyocyte cultures, perfused heart preparations, and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Using confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry, we found that LPS was rapidly internalized in cardiomyocyte cultures and Langendorff-perfused hearts. Although LPS uptake was also observed in macrophages, only a fraction of these cells were found to internalize endotoxin to the extent seen in cardiomyocytes. Colocalization experiments with organelle or structure-specific fluorophores showed that LPS was concentrated in the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and sarcomeres. Similar intracellular localization was demonstrated in cardiomyocytes by transmission electron microscopy using gold-labeled LPS. The internalization of LPS was dependent on endosomal trafficking, because an inhibitor of microfilament reorganization prevented uptake in both cardiomyocytes and whole hearts. Inhibition of endocytosis specifically restricted early activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase proteins and nuclear factor-kappaB as well as later tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that bacterial endotoxin is internalized and transported to specific intracellular sites in heart cells and that these events are obligatory for activation of LPS-dependent signal transduction.

Fitting the linear-quadratic model to detailed data sets for different dose ranges.

Survival curve behaviour and degree of correspondence between the linear-quadratic (LQ) model and experimental data in an extensive dose range for high dose rates were analysed. Detailed clonogenic assays with irradiation given in 0.5 Gy increments and a total dose range varying from 10.5 to 16 Gy were performed. The cell lines investigated were: CHOAA8 (Chinese hamster fibroblast cells), U373MG (human glioblastoma cells), CP3 and DU145 (human prostate carcinoma cell lines). The analyses were based on chi2-statistics and Monte Carlo simulation of the experiments. A decline of LQ fit quality at very low doses (<2 Gy) is observed. This result can be explained by the hypersensitive effect observed in CHOAA8, U373MG and DU145 data and an adaptive-type response in the CP3 cell line. A clear improvement of the fit is discerned by removing the low dose data points. The fit worsening at high doses also shows that LQ cannot explain this region. This shows that the LQ model fits better the middle dose region of the survival curve. The analysis conducted in our study reveals a dose dependency of the LQ fit in different cell lines.