Notified cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2022.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro between June and November 2022. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of secondary data obtained from mpox notification forms. Socioeconomic, clinical and spatial data were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 928 cases, 93.7% were male, 85.0% cisgender male, 65.6% homosexual, 41.8% between 30 and 39 years old, and 41.0% were of White race/skin color. A total of 34.5% had immunosuppression due to illness, and 41.9% reported their HIV status as being positive. The most prevalent signs and symptoms were: skin lesions (96.6%), especially with multiple manifestations (67.8%) in the genital region (46.1%), in addition to fever (58.3%), adenomegaly (43.3%) and headache (38.7%). Most notifications occurred in public services (81.3%) and in hospital care (51.3%). CONCLUSION: The study revealed high incidence of mpox, especially among young, cisgender and homosexual men. Most cases were mild, with genital lesions, progressing to cure without hospitalization. Person-to-person transmission was predominant.

Investigation of an outbreak of disease compatible with scurvy in a male penitentiary in the state of Ceará, Brazil, 2019-2020: a case-control study.

MAIN RESULTS: An outbreak of illness compatible with scurvy occurred among male prison inmates; most frequent signs/symptoms were edema and pain in lower limbs, difficulty in walking and hematoma/ecchymosis; the associated factor was age > 40 years. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: The results can contribute to the identification and description of scurvy outbreaks in other contexts and territories. Epidemiological studies of events like this enhance the practice of field epidemiology in health services. PERSPECTIVES: It is expected that the prevention of hypovitaminosis, such as scurvy, will be based on public policies aimed at the population deprived of liberty; and that the capabilities of health services to detect and respond to cases of the disease will be improved. OBJECTIVE: to identify the occurrence of an outbreak compatible with scurvy and exposure factors associated with typical signs/symptoms of hypovitaminosis that occurred in a male penitentiary in Ceará, Brazil between 2019-2020. METHODS: this was a population-based case-control study; we used clinical records and interviews with compatible cases - based on sign/symptom onset during the study period - and with controls; we carried out multivariate analysis. RESULTS: out of 62 cases, mean age was 40.6 years (SD = 10.8); main signs/symptoms were edema and pain in the lower limbs (100.0%), difficulty in walking (91.9%), hematoma/ecchymosis in the lower limbs (90.3%) and fever (88.7%); we identified being over 40 years old as an associated factor (aOR = 1.10; 95%CI 1.05;1.17; p-value = 0.001); and as protective factors: working (aOR = 0.11; 95%CI 0.03;0.36; p-value < 0.001) and taking part in classes (aOR = 0.21; 95%CI 0.08;0.59; p-value = 0.003) in the prison. CONCLUSION: we considered the penitentiary outbreak to be compatible with scurvy due to characteristic signs/symptoms, associated with the identified factors; we recommended regular provision of a diet rich in vitamin C to all male inmates and clinical follow-up of cases.

Excess mortality from all causes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate excess mortality in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to January 2022). METHODS: Ecological study using secondary data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System, having the city of Rio de Janeiro as the unit of analysis. Excess mortality was estimated by the difference between the mean number of all expected deaths and the mean number of observed deaths, considering the 2015-2019 period. The quantile regression method was adjusted. The total value of cases above that expected by the historical series was estimated. Among all deaths, cases of COVID-19 and Influenza as underlying causes of death were selected. The ratio between excess mortality and deaths due to COVID-19 was calculated. RESULTS: We identified an excess of 31,920 deaths by the mean (increase of 26.8%). The regression pointed to 31,363 excess deaths. We found 33,401 deaths from COVID-19 and 176 deaths from Influenza. The ratio between the verified excess mortality and deaths due to COVID-19 was 0.96 by the mean and 0.95 by the regression. CONCLUSION: The study pointed to large excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro distributed in waves, including the period of the Influenza outbreak.

Seroepidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 on a partially vaccinated island in Brazil: Determinants of infection and vaccine response.

Background: A vaccination campaign targeted adults in response to the pandemic in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and identify factors associated with seropositivity on vaccinated and unvaccinated residents. Methods: We performed a seroepidemiologic survey in all residents of Paquetá Island, a neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro city, during the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out. Serological tests were performed from June 16 to June 19, 2021, and adjusted seropositivity rates were estimated by age and epidemiological variables. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted ORs for risk factors to SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in non-vaccinated individuals, and potential determinants of the magnitude of antibody responses in the seropositive population. Results: We included in the study 3,016 residents of Paquetá (83.5% of the island population). The crude seroprevalence of COVID-19 antibodies in our sample was 53.6% (95% CI = 51.0, 56.3). The risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in non-vaccinated individuals were history of confirmed previous COVID-19 infection (OR = 4.74; 95% CI = 3.3, 7.0), being a household contact of a case (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.6) and in-person learning (OR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.4, 3.0). Potential determinants of the magnitude of antibody responses among the seropositive were hybrid immunity, the type of vaccine received, and time since the last vaccine dose. Being vaccinated with Pfizer or AstraZeneca (Beta = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.8, 2.6) determined higher antibody titers than those observed with CoronaVac (Beta = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.9, 1.5). Conclusions: Our study highlights the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 collective immunity even in a highly affected population, showing the difference in antibody titers achieved with different vaccines and how they wane with time, reinforcing how these factors should be considered when estimating effectiveness of a vaccination program at any given time. We also found that hybrid immunity was superior to both infection-induced and vaccine-induced immunity alone, and online learning protected students from COVID-19 exposure.

Emergence of Within-Host SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Genome After Coinfection by Gamma and Delta Variants: A Case Report.

In this study, we report the first case of intra-host SARS-CoV-2 recombination during a coinfection by the variants of concern (VOC) AY.33 (Delta) and P.1 (Gamma) supported by sequencing reads harboring a mosaic of lineage-defining mutations. By using next-generation sequencing reads intersecting regions that simultaneously overlap lineage-defining mutations from Gamma and Delta, we were able to identify a total of six recombinant regions across the SARS-CoV-2 genome within a sample. Four of them mapped in the spike gene and two in the nucleocapsid gene. We detected mosaic reads harboring a combination of lineage-defining mutations from each VOC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intra-host RNA-RNA recombination between two lineages of SARS-CoV-2, which can represent a threat to public health management during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the possibility of the emergence of viruses with recombinant phenotypes.

Turnover of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages Shaped the Pandemic and Enabled the Emergence of New Variants in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In the present study, we provide a retrospective genomic epidemiology analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We gathered publicly available data from GISAID and sequenced 1927 new genomes sampled periodically from March 2021 to June 2021 from 91 out of the 92 cities of the state. Our results showed that the pandemic was characterized by three different phases driven by a successive replacement of lineages. Interestingly, we noticed that viral supercarriers accounted for the overwhelming majority of the circulating virus (>90%) among symptomatic individuals in the state. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance also revealed the emergence and spread of two new variants (P.5 and P.1.2), firstly reported in this study. Our findings provided important lessons learned from the different epidemiological aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 dynamic in Rio de Janeiro. Altogether, this might have a strong potential to shape future decisions aiming to improve public health management and understanding mechanisms underlying virus dispersion.

Epidemic of postsurgical infections caused by Mycobacterium massiliense.

An epidemic of infections after video-assisted surgery (1,051 possible cases) caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and involving 63 hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, occurred between August 2006 and July 2007. One hundred ninety-seven cases were confirmed by positive acid-fast staining and/or culture techniques. Thirty-eight hospitals had cases confirmed by mycobacterial culture, with a total of 148 available isolates recovered from 146 patients. Most (n = 144; 97.2%) isolates presented a PRA-hsp65 restriction pattern suggestive of Mycobacterium bolletii or Mycobacterium massiliense. Seventy-four of these isolates were further identified by hsp65 or rpoB partial sequencing, confirming the species identification as M. massiliense. Epidemic isolates showed susceptibility to amikacin (MIC at which 90% of the tested isolates are inhibited [MIC(90)], 8 microg/ml) and clarithromycin (MIC(90), 0.25 microg/ml) but resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC(90), >or=32 microg/ml), cefoxitin (MIC(90), 128 microg/ml), and doxycycline (MIC(90), >or=64 microg/ml). Representative epidemic M. massiliense isolates that were randomly selected, including at least one isolate from each hospital where confirmed cases were detected, belonged to a single clone, as indicated by the analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. They also had the same PFGE pattern as that previously observed in two outbreaks that occurred in other Brazilian cities; we designated this clone BRA100. All five BRA100 M. massiliense isolates tested presented consistent tolerance to 2% glutaraldehyde. This is the largest epidemic of postsurgical infections caused by RGM reported in the literature to date in Brazil.

Notified cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2022 / Casos notificados de mpox en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2022 / Casos notificados de mpox na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: estudo descritivo, 2022

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the profile of cases of mpox in the city of Rio de Janeiro between June and November 2022. Methods This was a descriptive study of secondary data obtained from mpox notification forms. Socioeconomic, clinical and spatial data were analyzed. Results Of the 928 cases, 93.7% were male, 85.0% cisgender male, 65.6% homosexual, 41.8% between 30 and 39 years old, and 41.0% were of White race/skin color. A total of 34.5% had immunosuppression due to illness, and 41.9% reported their HIV status as being positive. The most prevalent signs and symptoms were: skin lesions (96.6%), especially with multiple manifestations (67.8%) in the genital region (46.1%), in addition to fever (58.3%), adenomegaly (43.3%) and headache (38.7%). Most notifications occurred in public services (81.3%) and in hospital care (51.3%). Conclusion The study revealed high incidence of mpox, especially among young, cisgender and homosexual men. Most cases were mild, with genital lesions, progressing to cure without hospitalization. Person-to-person transmission was predominant.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el perfil de los casos de mpox en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro entre junio y noviembre de 2022. Métodos Estudio descriptivo de datos secundarios de los formularios de notificación de mpox. Se analizaron datos socioeconómicos, clínicos y espaciales. Resultados De los 928 casos, 93,7% eran hombres, 65,6% homosexuales, 41% blanca, y 41,8% de 30 a 39 años. Estaban inmunocomprometidos debido a una enfermedad 34,5%, y 41,9% reportaron serología positiva para virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Signos y síntomas más prevalentes fueron: lesiones cutáneas (96,6%), con manifestaciones múltiples (67,8%) y en la región genital (46,1%), además de fiebre (58,3%), adenomegalia (43,3%) y cefalea (38,7%). Mayoría de las notificaciones ocurrieron en la red pública (81,3%) y atención hospitalaria (51,3%). Conclusión El estudio reveló alta incidencia de mpox, especialmente entre hombres jóvenes, cisgénero y homosexuales. Mayoría de los casos tuvieron una presentación leve, progresando hasta la curación sin hospitalización.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o perfil dos casos de mpox na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre junho e novembro de 2022. Métodos Estudo descritivo de dados secundários das fichas de notificação de mpox. Foram analisados dados socioeconômicos, clínicos e espaciais. Resultados Dos 928 casos, 93,7% foram do sexo masculino, 85,0% homem cisgênero, 65,6% homossexual, 41,8% entre 30 e 39 anos e 41,0% brancos. Apresentavam imunodepressão por doença 34,5%, e 41,9% informaram sorologia positiva prévia para vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Os sinais e sintomas mais prevalentes foram: lesões cutâneas (96,6%), especialmente com manifestações múltiplas (67,8%) e em região genital (46,1%), além de febre (58,3%), adenomegalia (43,3%) e cefaleia (38,7%). A maioria das notificações ocorreu na rede pública (81,3%) e na atenção hospitalar (51,3%). Conclusão O estudo revelou maior incidência de mpox entre homens cisgênero, autodeclarados de cor branca e homossexual. A maioria dos casos teve apresentação leve evoluindo para cura sem hospitalização.

Congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection among live births in Brazil: a description of the distribution of reported and confirmed cases in 2015-2016. / Síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo vírus Zika em nascidos vivos no Brasil: descrição da distribuição dos casos notificados e confirmados em 2015-2016.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of reported and confirmed cases of congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) in live births in Brazil during 2015-2016. METHODS: we conducted a descriptive study with data from the Public Health Events Registry, including cases born in 2015 or 2016, and registered between epidemiological week 45/2015 and 2/2017. RESULTS: we analyzed 9.953 reported cases, of which 2.018 (20.3%) were confirmed and 2.819 (28.3%) were still under investigation at the epidemiological week 2/2017; 404 (4.1%) out of the 9.953 cases had laboratory confirmation for Zika virus; the prevalence of confirmed cases of CZS was 3.8/10 thousand livebirths in 2015 and 3.1/10 thousand live births in 2016. CONCLUSION: one fifth of the cases reported in 2015-16 were confirmed the CZS, reinforcing their relevance as a public health problem; efforts aimed at the diagnostic confirmation of the syndrome should be prioritized.

Vaccination strategies and results for tackling the measles outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil, 2013-2015. / Estratégias e resultados da vacinação no enfrentamento da epidemia de sarampo no estado do Ceará, 2013-2015.

This study describes the experience and results of the vaccination strategies developed for tackling the measles outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil, from December 2013 to September 2015. Strategies of routine vaccination, community immunity, and vaccination campaigns were conducted, along with searching of unvaccinated people, through rapid monitoring of immunization coverage and scanning. To describe the results, primary data collected in field activities and secondary data on vaccination in a population aged from six months to 49 years, available at the Information System of the National Immunization Program (IS-NIP), were used. The immunization coverage achieved was of >95%. However, this coverage is only administrative and may not represent reality, hence the importance of implementing the nominal information system of the National Immunization Program.

O presente relato descreve a experiência e os resultados das estratégias de vacinação desenvolvidas no enfrentamento da epidemia de sarampo no estado do Ceará, no período de dezembro de 2013 a setembro de 2015. Foram realizadas as estratégias de vacinação de rotina, bloqueio vacinal, campanhas de vacinação, além do resgate de não vacinados a partir do monitoramento rápido de coberturas vacinais e varredura. Para descrição dos resultados, foram utilizados dados primários coletados durante as atividades de campo e dados secundários sobre vacinação na população de seis meses a 49 anos de idade, registrados no Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI). Foi alcançada cobertura vacinal >95%. Contudo, cumpre destacar que essa cobertura é apenas administrativa e pode não representar a realidade, sendo necessária a implementação do sistema de informação nominal do Programa Nacional de Imunizações.

El presente relato describe la experiencia y los resultados de las estrategias de vacunación desarrolladas en el enfrentamiento de la epidemia de sarampión en el Estado de Ceará, Brasil, de diciembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se realizaron las estrategias de vacunación de rutina, bloqueo de vacunación, campañas de vacunación, además del rescate de no vacunados a partir del monitoreo rápido de coberturas de vacunas y barreduras. Para descripción de los resultados, se utilizaron datos primarios recogidos en las actividades de campo y datos secundarios sobre vacunación en la población de seis meses a 49 años de edad, disponibles en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones. La cobertura de vacunas alcanzada (>95%) es sólo administrativa y puede no representar la realidad, siendo necesaria la implementación del sistema de información nominal del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones.

Excess mortality from all causes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Excesso de mortalidade por todas as causas na pandemia de COVID-19 no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ)

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate excess mortality in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to January 2022). Methods: Ecological study using secondary data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System, having the city of Rio de Janeiro as the unit of analysis. Excess mortality was estimated by the difference between the mean number of all expected deaths and the mean number of observed deaths, considering the 2015-2019 period. The quantile regression method was adjusted. The total value of cases above that expected by the historical series was estimated. Among all deaths, cases of COVID-19 and Influenza as underlying causes of death were selected. The ratio between excess mortality and deaths due to COVID-19 was calculated. Results: We identified an excess of 31,920 deaths by the mean (increase of 26.8%). The regression pointed to 31,363 excess deaths. We found 33,401 deaths from COVID-19 and 176 deaths from Influenza. The ratio between the verified excess mortality and deaths due to COVID-19 was 0.96 by the mean and 0.95 by the regression. Conclusion: The study pointed to large excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro distributed in waves, including the period of the Influenza outbreak.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o excesso de óbitos no município do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ), RJ, durante a pandemia de COVID-19 (março de 2020 a janeiro de 2022). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade cuja unidade de análise foi o MRJ. O excesso de mortalidade foi calculado pela diferença entre a média de óbitos esperados e a média dos óbitos observados levando-se em conta o período de 2015 a 2019. Foi ajustado um método de regressão quantílica. Calculou-se o valor total dos casos acima do esperado pela série histórica. Foram selecionados os óbitos por causa básica COVID-19 e Influenza. Também foi calculada a razão entre o excesso de óbitos e os óbitos atribuídos à COVID-19. Resultados: Foi identificado excesso de 31.920 óbitos pela média (26,8% de incremento). Pela regressão quantílica, encontrou-se excesso de 31.363 óbitos. Ocorreram 33.401 óbitos por COVID-19 e 176 por Influenza. A razão entre o excesso de óbitos encontrado e os óbitos atribuídos à COVID-19 foi de 0,96 pela média e 0,95 pela regressão quantílica. Conclusão: O estudo apontou grande excesso de óbitos durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no MRJ, distribuído em ondas, incluindo-se o período do surto de Influenza.

Investigação de surto de doença compatível com escorbuto em uma penitenciária masculina do Ceará, 2019-2020: um estudo de caso-controle / Investigation of an outbreak of disease compatible with scurvy in a male penitentiary in the state of Ceará, Brazil, 2019-2020: a case-control study / Investigación de un brote de enfermedad compatible con escorbuto en una penitenciaría masculina en el estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2019-2020: un estudio de casos y controlesInvestigação de surto

Objetivo: identificar ocorrência de surto compatível com escorbuto e fatores de exposição associados aos sinais/sintomas típicos de hipovitaminose, em penitenciária masculina, Ceará, Brasil, 2019-2020. Métodos: estudo de caso-controle populacional; foram utilizados registros clínicos e entrevistas com casos compatíveis - sinais/sintomas iniciados no período - e com controles; realizou-se análise multivariável. Resultados: 62 casos; idade média de 40,6 anos (DP = 10,8); principais sinais/sintomas foram edema e dor em membros inferiores (100,0%), dificuldade para deambular (91,9%), hematoma/equimose em membros inferiores (90,3%), febre (88,7%); identificou-se, como fator de exposição, média de idade > 40 anos (ORa = 1,10; IC95% 1,05;1,17; p-valor = 0,001); e como fatores protetores, trabalho (ORa = 0,11; IC95% 0,03;0,36; p-valor < 0,001) e participação em aulas (ORa = 0,21; IC95% 0,08;0,59; p-valor = 0,003) dentro da penitenciária. Conclusão: surto da penitenciária compatível com escorbuto pelos sinais/sintomas característicos, associados aos fatores identificados; recomendou-se oferta regular de dieta rica em vitamina C para todos os internos e acompanhamento clínico dos casos.

Objective: to identify the occurrence of an outbreak compatible with scurvy and exposure factors associated with typical signs/symptoms of hypovitaminosis that occurred in a male penitentiary in Ceará, Brazil between 2019-2020. Methods: this was a population-based case-control study; we used clinical records and interviews with compatible cases - based on sign/symptom onset during the study period - and with controls; we carried out multivariate analysis. Results: out of 62 cases, mean age was 40.6 years (SD = 10.8); main signs/symptoms were edema and pain in the lower limbs (100.0%), difficulty in walking (91.9%), hematoma/ecchymosis in the lower limbs (90.3%) and fever (88.7%); we identified being over 40 years old as an associated factor (aOR = 1.10; 95%CI 1.05;1.17; p-value = 0.001); and as protective factors: working (aOR = 0.11; 95%CI 0.03;0.36; p-value < 0.001) and taking part in classes (aOR = 0.21; 95%CI 0.08;0.59; p-value = 0.003) in the prison. Conclusion: we considered the penitentiary outbreak to be compatible with scurvy due to characteristic signs/symptoms, associated with the identified factors; we recommended regular provision of a diet rich in vitamin C to all male inmates and clinical follow-up of cases.

Objetivo: identificar la ocurrencia del brote compatible con escorbuto y los factores de exposición asociados con signos/síntomas típicos de hipovitaminosis que ocurrieron en una penitenciaría masculina en Ceará, Brasil entre 2019-2020. Métodos: estudio poblacional de casos y controles; se utilizaron historias clínicas y entrevistas con casos compatibles, con inicio de signos/síntomas durante el período de estudio, y controles; se realizó análisis multivariable. Resultados: de los 62 casos, edad media fue 40,6 años (DE = 10,8); principales signos/síntomas fueron edema y dolor en miembros inferiores (100,0%), dificultad para caminar (91,9%), hematoma/equimosis en miembros inferiores (90,3%) y fiebre (88,7%); la edad mayor de 40 años se identificó como factor asociado (ORa = 1,10; IC95% 1,05;1,17; p-valor = 0,001); y como factores protectores: trabajo (ORa = 0,11; IC95% 0,03;0,36; p-valor< 0,001) y participación en clases (ORa = 0,21; IC95% 0,08;0,59; p-valor = 0,003) dentro del centro penitenciario. Conclusión: el brote en centro penitenciario fue considerado compatible con escorbuto debido a los signos/síntomas característicos, asociados a los factores identificados; se recomendó oferta regular de dieta rica en vitamina C a todos los internos y seguimiento clínico de los casos.

Rapid Monitoring of Vaccination to prevent measles in Ceará State, Brazil, 2015. / Monitoramento Rápido de Vacinação na prevenção do sarampo no estado do Ceará, em 2015.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the results of Rapid Monitoring Vaccination monitoring conducted with the aim of interrupting the measles outbreak in the State of Ceará, Brazil, in 2015. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using data taken from 52,216 vaccination cards of children aged from 6 months to less than 5 years and data on vaccination coverage, homogeneity, and reasons for non-vaccination extracted from the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI). RESULTS: vaccination coverage against measles reached 96.7% in Ceará; of the 21 Regional Health Offices in the State, four did not reach minimum coverage of 95% for the first dose, and two for the second dose; 836 children (1.6%) were not vaccinated and 1,388 vaccine doses were not used. CONCLUSION: Measles vaccination campaigns enabled the immunization coverage goal in the State of Ceará to be surpassed, despite the considerable number of unvaccinated children found.

2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: active surveillance and profile of health care in the host city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. / Copa do Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014: vigilância ativa e perfil dos atendimentos de saúde na cidade-sede de Fortaleza, Ceará.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the real-time active surveillance strategy and the profile of health care provided during the 20th FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014 (FWCB), in the host city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: this was a descriptive study with data collected from medical records during the FWCB, between June 8 and July 13, 2014, in pre-selected health care units. RESULTS: there were 2,570 medical assistances related to the FWCB; 56% of the patients were male, 35% were between 20 and 29 years old; 68% were clinical care, and 64% of the individuals were fans/spectators; 94% of the patients were discharged, 3% were referred, 3% were hospitalized and 0.2% died; the advanced medical units were responsible for 79% of the assistances, mainly on game days. CONCLUSION: no public health event of great importance was identified; the active surveillance strategy enabled the monitoring of health situation of those individuals involved in the event.

Síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo vírus Zika em nascidos vivos no Brasil: descrição da distribuição dos casos notificados e confirmados em 2015-2016 / Síndrome congénito asociado a la infección por el virus de Zika en los nacidos vivos en Brasil: descripción de la distribución de los casos notificados y los que se confirmó en 2015-2016 / Congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection among live births in Brazil: a description of the distribution of reported and confirmed cases in 2015-2016

Objetivo: descrever a distribuição temporal e espacial dos casos notificados e confirmados de síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo vírus Zika (SCZ) em nascidos vivos no Brasil, no período 2015-2016. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados do Registro de Eventos em Saúde Pública, incluindo casos nascidos em 2015 ou 2016 e notificados entre as semanas epidemiológicas 45/2015 e 2/2017. Resultados: foram analisadas 9.953 notificações, das quais 2.018 (20,3%) foram confirmadas para relação com infecção congênita e 2.819 (28,3%) continuavam em investigação na semana 2/2017; 404 (4,1%) das 9.953 notificações apresentavam confirmação laboratorial para o vírus Zika; o coeficiente de prevalência de casos confirmados para SCZ foi de 3,8/10 mil nascidos vivos em 2015 e 3,1/10 mil nascidos vivos em 2016. Conclusão: um quinto das notificações do período foi confirmada como SCZ, reforçando sua relevância como problema de Saúde Pública; esforços na confirmação diagnóstica da síndrome devem ser priorizados.

Objetivo: describir la distribución temporal y espacial de los casos notificados y confirmados de síndrome congénito del virus Zika (SCZ) en nacidos vivos en Brasil, durante 2015-2016. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con datos del Registro de Eventos de Salud Pública, incluyendo casos nascidos en 2015 o 2016 y reportados entre las semanas epidemiológicas 45/2015 y 2/2017. Resultados: se analizaron 9.953 casos, de los cuales 2.018 (20.3%) fueron confirmados y 2.819 (28.3%) aún estaban bajo investigación en la semana epidemiológica 2/2017; 404 (4,1%) de los 9.953 casos tuvieron confirmación de laboratorio para SCZ; la prevalencia de casos confirmados de SCZ fue 3,8/10 mil nacidos vivos en 2015 y 3,1/10 mil nacidos vivos en 2016. Conclusión: una quinta parte de los casos reportados en 2015-16 se confirmaron como SCZ, lo que refuerza su relevancia como un problema de salud pública; se deben priorizar los esfuerzos dirigidos a la confirmación diagnóstica del síndrome.

Objective: to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of reported and confirmed cases of congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) in live births in Brazil during 2015-2016. Methods: we conducted a descriptive study with data from the Public Health Events Registry, including cases born in 2015 or 2016, and registered between epidemiological week 45/2015 and 2/2017. Results: we analyzed 9.953 reported cases, of which 2.018 (20.3%) were confirmed and 2.819 (28.3%) were still under investigation at the epidemiological week 2/2017; 404 (4.1%) out of the 9.953 cases had laboratory confirmation for Zika virus; the prevalence of confirmed cases of CZS was 3.8/10 thousand livebirths in 2015 and 3.1/10 thousand live births in 2016. Conclusion: one fifth of the cases reported in 2015-16 were confirmed the CZS, reinforcing their relevance as a public health problem; efforts aimed at the diagnostic confirmation of the syndrome should be prioritized.

Estratégias e resultados da vacinação no enfrentamento da epidemia de sarampo no estado do Ceará, 2013-2015 / Estrategias y resultados de vacunación contra el brote de sarampión en el Estado de Ceará, Brasil, 2013-2015 / Vaccination strategies and results for tackling the measles outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil, 2013-2015

RESUMO O presente relato descreve a experiência e os resultados das estratégias de vacinação desenvolvidas no enfrentamento da epidemia de sarampo no estado do Ceará, no período de dezembro de 2013 a setembro de 2015. Foram realizadas as estratégias de vacinação de rotina, bloqueio vacinal, campanhas de vacinação, além do resgate de não vacinados a partir do monitoramento rápido de coberturas vacinais e varredura. Para descrição dos resultados, foram utilizados dados primários coletados durante as atividades de campo e dados secundários sobre vacinação na população de seis meses a 49 anos de idade, registrados no Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI). Foi alcançada cobertura vacinal >95%. Contudo, cumpre destacar que essa cobertura é apenas administrativa e pode não representar a realidade, sendo necessária a implementação do sistema de informação nominal do Programa Nacional de Imunizações.

RESUMEN El presente relato describe la experiencia y los resultados de las estrategias de vacunación desarrolladas en el enfrentamiento de la epidemia de sarampión en el Estado de Ceará, Brasil, de diciembre de 2013 a septiembre de 2015. Se realizaron las estrategias de vacunación de rutina, bloqueo de vacunación, campañas de vacunación, además del rescate de no vacunados a partir del monitoreo rápido de coberturas de vacunas y barreduras. Para descripción de los resultados, se utilizaron datos primarios recogidos en las actividades de campo y datos secundarios sobre vacunación en la población de seis meses a 49 años de edad, disponibles en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones. La cobertura de vacunas alcanzada (>95%) es sólo administrativa y puede no representar la realidad, siendo necesaria la implementación del sistema de información nominal del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones.

ABSTRACT This study describes the experience and results of the vaccination strategies developed for tackling the measles outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil, from December 2013 to September 2015. Strategies of routine vaccination, community immunity, and vaccination campaigns were conducted, along with searching of unvaccinated people, through rapid monitoring of immunization coverage and scanning. To describe the results, primary data collected in field activities and secondary data on vaccination in a population aged from six months to 49 years, available at the Information System of the National Immunization Program (IS-NIP), were used. The immunization coverage achieved was of >95%. However, this coverage is only administrative and may not represent reality, hence the importance of implementing the nominal information system of the National Immunization Program.

Monitoramento Rápido de Vacinação na prevenção do sarampo no estado do Ceará, em 2015 / Monitoreo rápido de vacunación en la prevención de sarampión en el estado de Ceará, Brasil, en 2015 / Rapid Monitoring of Vaccination to prevent measles in Ceará State, Brazil, 2015

Objetivo: descrever os resultados do Monitoramento Rápido de Vacinação, realizado com o propósito de interromper o surto de sarampo no estado do Ceará em 2015. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados obtidos de 52.216 cadernetas de vacinação de crianças de 6 meses a menos de 5 anos de idade; e com dados sobre cobertura vacinal, homogeneidade e motivos de não vacinação extraídos do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (SI-PNI). Resultados: a cobertura vacinal contra sarampo alcançou 96,7% no Ceará; das 21 Coordenadorias Regionais de Saúde, quatro não atingiram a cobertura mínima de 95% para a primeira dose, e duas para a segunda dose; verificou-se que 836 (1,6%) crianças não foram vacinadas e 1.388 doses deixaram de ser aplicadas. Conclusão: as campanhas de vacinação contra sarampo asseguraram a superação da meta de cobertura vacinal no estado do Ceará, embora se tenha constatado número expressivo de crianças não vacinadas.

Objetivo: describir los resultados del monitoreo rápido de vacunación, para interrumpir el brote de sarampión en el estado de Ceará, Brasil, en 2015. Métodos: estudio descriptivo a partir de la evaluación de 52.216 cuadernos de vacunación de niños menores de cinco años, y datos sobre la cobertura, homogeneidad y motivos de no vacunación extraídos del Sistema de Informaciones del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (SI-PNI). Resultados: se alcanzó 96,7% de cobertura contra sarampión; de las 21 Coordinaciones Regionales de Salud, cuatro no alcanzaron la cobertura mínima de 95% para la primera dosis, y dos para la segunda; se verificó que 836 (1,6%) niños no fueron vacunados y 1.388 dosis dejaron de ser aplicadas. Conclusión: las campañas de vacunación contra sarampión aseguraron la superación de la meta de cobertura en Ceará, aunque se constató número expresivo de niños no vacunados.

Objective: to describe the results of Rapid Monitoring Vaccination monitoring conducted with the aim of interrupting the measles outbreak in the State of Ceará, Brazil, in 2015. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data taken from 52,216 vaccination cards of children aged from 6 months to less than 5 years and data on vaccination coverage, homogeneity, and reasons for non-vaccination extracted from the National Immunization Program Information System (SI-PNI). Results: vaccination coverage against measles reached 96.7% in Ceará; of the 21 Regional Health Offices in the State, four did not reach minimum coverage of 95% for the first dose, and two for the second dose; 836 children (1.6%) were not vaccinated and 1,388 vaccine doses were not used. Conclusion: Measles vaccination campaigns enabled the immunization coverage goal in the State of Ceará to be surpassed, despite the considerable number of unvaccinated children found.

Risk analysis for the reintroduction and transmission of measles in the post-elimination period in the Americas / Análisis del riesgo de reintroducción y transmisión del sarampión durante el período posterior a la eliminación en la Región de las Américas / Análise do risco de reintrodução e transmissão do sarampo no período pós-eliminação nas Américas

ABSTRACT Objective To propose and test a model for analyzing municipalities' level of risk of reintroduction and transmission of the measles virus in the post-elimination period in the Americas. Methods An ecological-analytical study was conducted using data on the measles epidemic that occurred in 2013-2015 in northeastern Brazil. The variables for analysis were selected after an extensive review of scientific literature on the risk of importation of measles cases. A univariate analysis considering the presence or absence of confirmed cases of measles in 184 municipalities in the state of Ceará, Brazil, was carried out to evaluate the association between the dependent variable and 23 independent variables, grouped into four categories: 1) characteristics of the municipalities; 2) quality indicators for immunization programs and epidemiological surveillance; 3) organizational structure for the public health response; and 4) selected impact indicators. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. All variables with P < 0.200 were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Based on the results, the municipalities were categorized by four levels of risk ("low," "medium," "high," and "very high"). Results The model sensitivity was 95% for concordance between municipalities classified as "high risk" and "very high risk" and those that had an epidemic between 2013 and 2015 in Ceará. Of the 38 municipalities that had an epidemic, 76% (29/38) were classified as "high risk" and "very high risk"; 146 municipalities did not report cases (P < 0.0002). Conclusions Given the imminent risk of reintroduction of measles circulation in the post-elimination period in the Americas, this model may be useful in identifying areas at greater risk for reintroduction and continued transmission of measles. Knowledge of vulnerable areas could trigger appropriate surveillance and monitoring to prevent sustained transmission.

RESUMEN Objetivo Proponer y poner a prueba un modelo para analizar el nivel de riesgo de reintroducción y transmisión del virus del sarampión que existe en los municipios durante el período posterior a la eliminación en la Región de las Américas. Métodos Se realizó un estudio ecológico y analítico empleando datos sobre la epidemia de sarampión que afectó al noreste del Brasil del 2013 al 2015. Las variables para el análisis se seleccionaron después de efectuar un amplio examen de las publicaciones científicas sobre el riesgo de importación de casos de sarampión. Se llevó a cabo un análisis con una sola variable considerando la presencia o ausencia de los casos de sarampión confirmados en 184 municipios del estado de Ceará (Brasil) para evaluar la asociación entre la variable dependiente y 23 variables independientes, que se agruparon en cuatro categorías: 1) características de los municipios; 2) indicadores de calidad de los programas de vacunación y la vigilancia epidemiológica; 3) estructura de organización de la respuesta de salud pública, y 4) indicadores del impacto seleccionados. Se consideró significativo un valor de P < 0,05. Todas las variables con un valor P < 0,200 se analizaron empleando una regresión logística con varias variables. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados, los municipios se clasificaron en función de cuatro niveles de riesgo ("bajo", "medio", "alto" y "muy alto"). Resultados El modelo tenía una sensibilidad de 95% en el caso de la concordancia entre los municipios clasificados dentro de las categorías de "riesgo alto" y "riesgo muy alto" y los que tuvieron una epidemia entre el 2013 y el 2015 en Ceará. De los 38 municipios que tuvieron una epidemia, 76% (29/38) se clasificaron dentro de las categorías de "riesgo alto" y "riesgo muy alto"; 146 municipios no notificaron casos (P < 0,0002). Conclusiones Dado el riesgo inminente de reintroducción de la circulación del sarampión durante el período posterior a la eliminación en la Región de las Américas, este modelo puede ser útil para reconocer las zonas en las que existe un mayor riesgo de reintroducción y transmisión continua del sarampión. El conocimiento de las zonas vulnerables podría desembocar en actividades de vigilancia y seguimiento apropiadas para evitar la transmisión sostenida.

RESUMO Objetivo Elaborar e testar um modelo para analisar o risco de reintrodução e transmissão do vírus do sarampo ao nível municipal no período pós-eliminação nas Américas. Métodos Um estudo analítico-ecológico foi realizado com base nos dados da epidemia de sarampo ocorrida em 2013-2015 no nordeste do Brasil. As variáveis para análise foram selecionadas após extensa revisão da literatura científica sobre o risco de importação de casos de sarampo. Uma análise univariada considerando a presença ou a ausência de casos confirmados de sarampo em 184 municípios no Estado do Ceará foi conduzida para avaliar a associação entre a variável dependente e 23 variáveis independentes divididas em quatro grupos: 1) características dos municípios, 2) indicadores de qualidade dos programas de vacinação e da vigilância epidemiológica, 3) estrutura organizacional para resposta em saúde pública e 4) indicadores de impacto selecionados. Um nível de significância de 5% foi definido. Todas as variáveis com P < 0,200 foram analisadas por regressão logística multivariada e, segundo os resultados, os municípios foram categorizados em quatro níveis de risco: baixo, intermediário, alto e muito alto. Resultados A sensibilidade do modelo foi de 95% para concordância entre os municípios categorizados como "risco alto" e "risco muito alto" e os que registraram a ocorrência de epidemia entre 2013 e 2015 no Ceará. Dos 38 municípios onde ocorreu uma epidemia, 76% (29/38) apresentaram "risco alto" e "risco muito alto" de reintrodução e transmissão do vírus do sarampo e 146 municípios não notificaram casos (P < 0,0002). Conclusão Diante do risco iminente de reintrodução da circulação do vírus do sarampo no período pós-eliminação nas Américas, este modelo pode servir para identificar as áreas de maior risco de reintrodução e transmissão contínua do vírus do sarampo. Conhecer as áreas vulneráveis incentiva a adoção de procedimentos adequados de vigilância e monitoramento a fim de prevenir a transmissão sustentada.

Copa do Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014: vigilância ativa e perfil dos atendimentos de saúde na cidade-sede de Fortaleza, Ceará / Copa del Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014: vigilancia activa y perfil de las atenciones de salud en la ciudad-sede de Fortaleza, Ceará / 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: active surveillance and profile of health care in the host city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil

OBJETIVO: descrever a estratégia de vigilância ativa em tempo real e o perfil dos atendimentos de saúde realizados no período da 20ª Copa do Mundo da FIFA Brasil 2014 (CMFB), na cidade-sede de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo com dados das fichas de atendimento relacionados à Copa, entre 8/6 e 13/7/2014, nas unidades de saúde pré-selecionadas. RESULTADOS: foram 2.570 atendimentos relacionados à CMFB, 56% de indivíduos do sexo masculino, 35% de 20 a 29 anos de idade, 68% foram atendimentos clínicos, 64% de torcedores/espectadores; 94% dos atendidos foram liberados, 3% removidos, 3% internados e 0,2% idos a óbito; os postos médicos avançados responderam por 79% dos atendimentos, principalmente nos dias de jogos. CONCLUSÃO: não foram identificados eventos de Saúde Pública de grande relevância; a estratégia de vigilância ativa possibilitou monitorar a situação de saúde dos envolvidos no evento.

OBJETIVO: describir la estrategia de vigilancia activa en tiempo real y perfil de las atenciones en salud en la 20ª Copa Mundial FIFA Brasil 2014 (CMFB), en la ciudad sede Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo con datos de registros de atenciones relacionadas con la CMFB, entre 8/6 y 13/7/2014, en establecimientos de salud preseleccionados. RESULTADOS: fueron 2.570 consultas relacionadas con la CMFB, 56% hombres; 35% personas entre 20 y 29 años, 68% consultas por patologías clínicas, 64% realizadas en hinchas/espectadores; 94% de los pacientes fueron dados de alta, 3% remitidos, 3% internados y 0,2% fallecieron; los puestos médicos avanzados fueron responsables por 79% de las consultas, principalmente en días de juego en Fortaleza. CONCLUSIÓN: no fueron identificados eventos de salud pública de gran importancia; la estrategia fue eficaz, permitiendo monitorear la situación de salud de los participantes del evento.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the real-time active surveillance strategy and the profile of health care provided during the 20th FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014 (FWCB), in the host city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: this was a descriptive study with data collected from medical records during the FWCB, between June 8 and July 13, 2014, in pre-selected health care units. RESULTS: there were 2,570 medical assistances related to the FWCB; 56% of the patients were male, 35% were between 20 and 29 years old; 68% were clinical care, and 64% of the individuals were fans/spectators; 94% of the patients were discharged, 3% were referred, 3% were hospitalized and 0.2% died; the advanced medical units were responsible for 79% of the assistances, mainly on game days. CONCLUSION: no public health event of great importance was identified; the active surveillance strategy enabled the monitoring of health situation of those individuals involved in the event.