Recessive Mutations in ACPT, Encoding Testicular Acid Phosphatase, Cause Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders affecting tooth enamel. The affected enamel can be hypoplastic and/or hypomineralized. In this study, we identified ACPT (testicular acid phosphatase) biallelic mutations causing non-syndromic, generalized hypoplastic autosomal-recessive amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in individuals from six apparently unrelated Turkish families. Families 1, 4, and 5 were affected by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.713C>T (p.Ser238Leu), family 2 by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.331C>T (p.Arg111Cys), family 3 by the homozygous ACPT mutation c.226C>T (p.Arg76Cys), and family 6 by the compound heterozygous ACPT mutations c.382G>C (p.Ala128Pro) and 397G>A (p.Glu133Lys). Analysis of the ACPT crystal structure suggests that these mutations damaged the activity of ACPT by altering the sizes and charges of key amino acid side chains, limiting accessibility of the catalytic core, and interfering with homodimerization. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed localization of ACPT in secretory-stage ameloblasts. The study results provide evidence for the crucial function of ACPT during amelogenesis.

Effect of fibroblast growth factor and enamel matrix derivative treatment on root resorption after delayed replantation.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal ligament (PDL) healing and long term prognosis of replanted avulsed teeth should rely on several factors including length of extra-oral dry time and type of the storage medium. The status of periodontal ligament is critical for the healing of replanted teeth. Different substances have been used for root surface treatment to promote formation of PDL and increase the survival of avulsed teeth submitted to replantation. AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on root resorption after delayed replantation. DESIGN: 18 freshly extracted single-rooted incisor and premolar teeth were extracted from the beagle dogs and immersed in whole bovine milk for 45 and 60 min (n = 3 each). Following storage period, sockets washed and teeth were treated with bFGF and EMD and replanted into the sockets. After 8 weeks, dogs were sacrificed, specimens processed to 4-µm thick serial sections for histopathologic examination and morphometric assessments. Thus, the proportions of the roots that exhibited signs of surface resorption, inflammatory resorption, and replacement resorption, that is, ankylosis and normal PDL were noted. RESULTS: The percentage of root resorption was in the following order: EMD>milk>bFGF for 45 min and milk>EMD>bFGF for 60 min. For all groups, teeth stored 60 min showed significantly higher incidence of PDL resorption than those stored for 45 min (P < 0.01). The highest incidence of replacement resorption was observed in teeth treated with EMD for 60 min. After 8 weeks, the least resorption was found in bFGF-treated group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that use of bFGF favored the formation of new periodontal ligament; prevent ankylosis and resorption process following delayed replantation of teeth while EMD shows replacement resorption, which may turn to ankylosis.

Condylar asymmetry in different occlusion types.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vertical asymmetries of the mandibular condyle with different occlusion types, including Angle Cl I, Cl II, Cl III malocclusions and unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC) in adolescent patients. METHODOLOGY: A total number of 120 patients (60 girls, 60 boys with a mean age of 13.64 ± 1.58 years) with no signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were included in the study [n = 30 for each group; Group I: normal occlusion, Group II: Angle Class II malocclusion, Group III: Angle Class III malocclusion and Group IV: UPC]. The asymmetry index for each patient was measured using panoramic radiographs. The results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The results of the analyses showed no statistically significant differences between the gender and the age of the patients for condylar height asymmetry (P>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the occlusion types, according to condylar asymmetry level. The patients with UPC showed a significantly different level of condylar height asymmetry compared to the Class I, II and III occlusion types (P<0.05; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with UPC have asymmetric condylar heights. These patients might be at risk for developing skeletal mandibular asymmetries in the future. Early correction of posterior crossbite can help practitioners prevent skeletal asymmetries.

Traumatic dental injuries in Turkish children, Istanbul.

AIM: Some of the commonly encountered dental emergencies are traumatic dental injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate traumatic dental injuries with regard to age, gender, etiology, classification of trauma, teeth involved, place of injury, and treatment received by patients who were referred over a 2-year period to the Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Clinics of Pedodontics, Istanbul, Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on the clinical data of 154 patients (337 traumatized teeth). The children were examined clinically for dental injuries by the same investigator. The following information was recorded: age, gender, etiology, localization, place, number of injured teeth, type of trauma, type of tooth, time elapsed between injury and treatment, and treatment provided. Traumatized teeth were assessed according to the classification of the World Health Organization slightly modified. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients aged 1-13 years presented a total of 337 traumatized teeth (255 permanent and 82 primary). 94 boys (61%) and 60 girls (39%) with a mean age of 7.91 ± 3.15 years participated in the study. Dental injuries were frequent in the 6-12 year age group. The most common type of dental injuries recorded was luxation injuries (43.3%), uncomplicated crown fractures (20.5%), and complicated crown fractures (19.4%). The main causes were falls (55.2%) and being struck by an object (22.1%). The most frequent treatment was examination only (31.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In childhood, a correct diagnosis may affect the management methods and prevent the occurrence of complications after treatment for traumatic dental injuries. Therefore, continuing education programs offering the latest updates in the management of traumatized teeth should be provided for dental and medical practitioners.

Oral manifestations may be the first sign of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder of histiocytes characterised by a proliferation of abnormal and clonal Langerhans cells. LCH most commonly occurs as a localised solitary bone lesion and appears predominantly in paediatric patients. This case report presents clinicopathological features of this disorder in a 2-year-old boy. The presenting features of the patient included fever, bleeding gums and seborrheic dermatitis-like rash. Intraoral examination and radiographs revealed deep pockets and severe bone loss around all primary molars. Due to severe periodontal destruction, a gingival biopsy was taken. The biopsy specimen revealed heavy infiltration of Langerhans histiocytes. Chemotherapy was administered. Although no clear cause of LCH has been identified, the disease can be triggered by environmental agents and viruses, in particular Epstein-Barr virus. Oral manifestations may be the first or only signs of LCH.

Clinical and radiological evaluation of inverse impaction of supernumerary teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and radiological features of children with inverted supernumerary teeth. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty eight patients with inverted supernumerary teeth (ST) were enrolled in this descriptive and restrospective study. Data from patient records including age, gender, status of dentition, number of ST, number of ST in inverted position, coexistence of ST in inverted and normal direction of eruption, location, orientation, morphology, clinical complications, management and radiography were assessed during 3-years period. RESULTS: Thirty eight patients with a mean age of 9.10 ± 1.97 years (range:6-13) and a strong male preponderance of 3.7:1 (male:30, female:8) had a total of 69 ST, of which 41 were in inverted position. Thirty five patients had one (92.1%) inverted tooth, whereas 3 patients had two inverted teeth per case (7.9%). All cases were located in the maxilla. Midline was the most frequent site for the single inverted supernumerary tooth in 18 (47.4%) patients, followed equally by the right and left premaxillary region in 10 patients each (26.3%). Regarding morphology, 30 patients had conical (78.9%) and 8 (21.1%) had incisiform ST. No tuberculate shaped ST was detected. There was no statistically significant difference between number of inverted teeth and delayed tooth eruption, diastema, local malocclusion, palatinal swelling (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between complications and age (p>0.05). Surgical removal at the time of diagnosis with subsequent follow-up during completion of permanent dentition was the treatment approach in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Thorough clinical examination followed by a comprehensive radiographic screening is the crucial determinant of an accurate diagnosis of an impacted ST. Early diagnosis and timely management are key factors to prevent or minimize the complications, which may influence function and esthetics of the teeth and even psychological condition of the growing child.

Influence of acrylic resin polymerization methods on residual monomer release.

AIM: The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the amount of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer released from three different denture base acrylic material processed by different polymerization methods and storage conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave-cured, conventional heat and injection-technique acrylic polymerized materials were stored in neutral (pH = 7) and acidic (pH = 4.5) artificial saliva for 24 hours at the room temperature, separately. The residual MMA content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The MMA leaching from resins showed that microwave-cured material has lower residual MMA leach compared both conventional and injection-technique on neutral saliva storage conditions. CONCLUSION: The all data's exhibited higher MMA release into an acidic saliva environment than neutral artificial saliva and there were no significant differences between the materials groups on acidic saliva storage conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Microwave polymerization method might has some advantages on reducing release of MMA concentration and may contributory effect upon polymerization reaction on neutral pH storage condition, therefore methods of polymerization should be considered as amount of monomer release.

Evaluation of the predictors of oral health-related quality of life among 3-5-year-old children with dental trauma.

This study evaluated the influence of socio-demographic, clinical, and parental psychological factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and determined their predictors in preschool-aged children with traumatic dental injury (TDI). The study sample consisted of 324 dyads of children and their parents attending the Clinics of Pediatric Dentistry at Istanbul University. After clinical examination, the Sense of Coherence (SOC), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale-MHLC questionnaires were administered to the parents. The statistical analyses included Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, multiple linear regression, and confirmatory factor analysis. Having mixed TDI, a non-nuclear family, fewer children, and weak parental SOC were important predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and its sections of child and family. Lower internal health locus of control and dental pain due to TDI were predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and child impact, respectively. Consideration of these predictors may help oral health professionals to develop prevention and treatment programs for TDI and oral health literacy programs for families.

Novel FAM20A mutations in hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of inherited dental enamel defects without any other nonoral symptoms. Recently, a disease-causing nonsense mutation (c.406C>T) in a novel gene, FAM20A, was identified in a large consanguineous family affected by AI with gingival hyperplasia. We performed mutational analyses on nine AI families with similar phenotypes and identified three homozygous mutations (c.34_35delCT, c.813-2A>G, c.1175_1179delGGCTC) in three families and a compound heterozygous mutation (c.[590-2A>G] + [c.826C>T]) in one family. An in vitro splicing assay with a minigene confirmed the mutations located in the splicing acceptor site caused the deletion of exons 3 and 6, respectively. Taking into consideration the locations of the nonsense and frameshift mutations, the mutant transcripts are most likely degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation and it results in a loss of the FAM20A protein. This study confirms the importance of the FAM20A protein in enamel biomineralization as well as tooth eruption.

Craniofacial and dental characteristics of Kabuki syndrome: nine years cephalometric follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Kabuki syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant trait with variable clinical expression. Common dental manifestations of Kabuki syndrome are high-arched palate, micrognathia, malocclusion, microdontia, small dental arches, hypodontia, severe maxillary recession and mid-facial hypoplasia. STUDY DESIGN: This report includes the oral manifestations of a Turkish patient with Kabuki syndrome with consideration of the long-term craniofacial prognosis for this patient based on the physical, clinical and radiological findings in 9 years follow-up period. General appearance of the patient was characterized by postnatal growth retardation, moderate mental retardation, peculiar face characterized by long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelids, prominent and cup-shaped ears, broad and depressed nasal tips, short fifth fingers, psychomotor retardation and dermatologic abnormalities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cephalometric analysis revealed skeletal open bite; periapical and panoramic radiographic examinations showed agenesis permanent teeth. A patient with Kabuki syndrome, who may lead to a better understanding of the abnormalities, playing an important role in clinical diagnosis, planning and dental management is presented.

Fracture resistance of immature teeth filled with BioAggregate, mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide.

UNLABELLED: Abstract - Background: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the long-term fracture resistance of human immature permanent teeth filled with BioAggregate (BA), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of single rooted premolar teeth with immature root formation extracted for orthodontic reasons. A total of 28 immature premolars with average root length of 10.7 mm and apical diameter of 3 mm were included in the study. The pulps were extirpated and the canals were prepared using an apical approach. The teeth were randomly assigned to four groups: Group I: DiaRoot(®) BA (DiaDent, Burnaby, BC, Canada), Group II: Angelus MTA (MTA-A; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil), Group III: ProRoot(®) MTA (MTA-PR; Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA), Group IV: CH (Sultan Chemists Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). The teeth were placed in saline solution at 4°C for 1 year. The root of each tooth was then embedded in an acrylic resin block. All specimens were loaded at a crosshead speed of 1 mm min(-1) in an Instron testing machine and the peak loads up to fracture were recorded. Data were analysed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) failure loads (MPa) were: 37.69 ± 14.43 for BA group, 32.94 ± 8.15 for MTA-A group, 28.74 ± 9.49 for MTA-PR group and 23.18 ± 8.48 for CH group. The BA group exhibited the highest fracture resistance and the CH group showed the lowest resistance to fracture. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in fracture resistance were found between the DiaRoot-BA and CH groups, and also between the MTA-A and CH groups. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, data suggest that DiaRoot-BA-filled immature teeth demonstrate higher fracture resistance than other groups at 1 year. Considering the long-term risk of cervical root fracture associated with immature teeth, the use of DiaRoot-BA as a root canal filling material appears to be the most advantageous of the materials tested.

Dental Age in Precocious and Delayed Puberty Periods.

OBJECTIVES: Precocious puberty indicates quick growth inception and delayed puberty indicates retardation in growth. This study aimed to investigate whether dental development is synchronous with somatic development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 62 girls and 34 boys with precocious puberty aged 5 to 9, 29 girls with delayed puberty aged 13 to 16, and 43 boys with delayed puberty aged 14 to 17; 169 children (91 girls and 78 boys) with normal development were compared about their dental ages through their panoramic radiographs by using the Demirjian method and skeletal ages from hand-wrist radiographs by using Greulich-Pyle atlas. RESULTS: The findings showed that, in all cases, the dental age values were higher than chronologic and skeletal age values to a statistically significant degree. In the precocious puberty group, the dental age values were higher than chronologic age values to a statistically significant degree. In the delayed puberty group, the difference determined between the chronological age and the dental age was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Given that the Demirjian method is inclined to make calculations that are higher than the chronological age, our findings suggest that the dental development was faster in the precocious puberty group and retarded in the delayed puberty group.

Dental implant systems.

Among various dental materials and their successful applications, a dental implant is a good example of the integrated system of science and technology involved in multiple disciplines including surface chemistry and physics, biomechanics, from macro-scale to nano-scale manufacturing technologies and surface engineering. As many other dental materials and devices, there are crucial requirements taken upon on dental implants systems, since surface of dental implants is directly in contact with vital hard/soft tissue and is subjected to chemical as well as mechanical bio-environments. Such requirements should, at least, include biological compatibility, mechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility to surrounding vital tissues. In this review, based on carefully selected about 500 published articles, these requirements plus MRI compatibility are firstly reviewed, followed by surface texturing methods in details. Normally dental implants are placed to lost tooth/teeth location(s) in adult patients whose skeleton and bony growth have already completed. However, there are some controversial issues for placing dental implants in growing patients. This point has been, in most of dental articles, overlooked. This review, therefore, throws a deliberate sight on this point. Concluding this review, we are proposing a novel implant system that integrates materials science and up-dated surface technology to improve dental implant systems exhibiting bio- and mechano-functionalities.

Oral microbiota and dental caries data from monozygotic and dizygotic twin children.

There are recent studies which aimed to detect the inheritance on the etiology of dental caries exploring oral composition. We present data on the oral microbiota and its relation with dental caries and other factors in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children. Following clinical investigation, DNA samples were collected and isolated from saliva of 198 patients (49 MZ and 50 DZ twins) with an average age of 9.7 ± 2.7 years. Salivary bacterial microbiota analysis was performed using high throughput amplicon sequencing method targeting V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 8,297,859 raw reads corresponding to 41,908 reads per sample were obtained on average. The QIIME2-deblur workflow was used for 16S rRNA amplicon analysis. Microbiome similarity analyses between twins (based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, weighted and unweighted Unifrac distances) showed that monozygotic twins share more bacterial microbial content compared to dizygotic twins. This is a large microbial community dataset of MZ and DZ twins with or without dental findings which can be further used for children oral microbiome profile explorations.

Management of regional odontodysplasia: a 10-year-follow-up case report and literature review.

The aim of this article was to review the literature and present a case of regional odontodysplasia (ROD) with special emphasis on clinical and radiographic features. A 6-year-old girl was referred to our department with the chief complaint of missing her permanent maxillary left central incisor, lateral incisor, and both of her canines. The gingiva of the involved region was enlarged, fibrous, and tense. Radiographic examination showed abnormal tooth formation and shortened roots. After 3 years of follow up with temporary prosthetic rehabilitation, periodontal surgery was performed. Following forced eruption and levelling, abnormal tooth eruption and root development were observed. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used for root canal treatment. Intracanal fiber posts selected and access cavities were restored with composite resin. Prosthetic rehabilitation was completed with zirconia ceramic crowns. The time of diagnosis, characteristics of the present/existing symptoms, and functional and esthetic needs of the patient should be considered to determine the optimal treatment modality for ROD.

Rethinking isolated cleft lip and palate as a syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present work was to use dental conditions that have been independently associated with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) as a tool to identify a broader collection of individuals to be used for gene identification that lead to clefts. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 1573 DNA samples combining individuals that were born with CL/P or had tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, molar incisor hypomineralization, or dental caries with the goal to identify genetic associations. We tested 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were located in the vicinity of regions suggested to contribute to supernumerary teeth. Overrepresentation of alleles were determined for combinations of individuals as well as for each individual phenotypic group with an α of .05. RESULTS: We determined that the allele C of rs622260 was overrepresented in all individuals studied compared with a group of unrelated individuals who did not present any of the conditions described earlier. When subgroups were tested, associations were found for individuals with hypomineralization. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not test this hypothesis directly in the present study, based on associations reported previously, we believe that CL/P is actually a syndrome of alterations of the dentition, and considering it that way may allow for the identification of genotype-phenotype correlations that may be useful for clinical care.

Nephrocalcinosis in Amelogenesis Imperfecta Caused by the FAM20A Mutation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Enamel-renal syndrome is characterized by nephrocalcinosis, enamel defects, gingival hyperplasia and eruption failures. It has been recently identified that recessive mutations in the FAM20A gene result in amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)-gingival fibromatosis. The aim of this research to determine whether AI patients with known -FAM20A mutations also have nephrocalcinosis. METHODS: Complete oral and radiological examinations were performed for all participating family members. Renal examinations were performed using ultrasound. RESULTS: The teeth were evaluated for severe loss, and multiple eruption failures were evident from the clinical and radiological examinations. Unexpected extensive and fast crown resorption was found by radiological examination. Renal ultrasound revealed bilateral nephrocalcinosis in both affected individuals. Recessive FAM20A mutations can cause nephrocalcinosis in addition to the oral phenotype. CONCLUSION: AI patients with similar clinical phenotypes and FAM20A mutations should be examined for nephropathy even if they lack pertinent symptoms. Nephrology referral is warranted for patients who have clinical phenotypes related to AI-gingival fibromatosis even if they are not symptomatic.

Evaluation of the predictors of oral health-related quality of life among 3-5-year-old children with dental trauma

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of socio-demographic, clinical, and parental psychological factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and determined their predictors in preschool-aged children with traumatic dental injury (TDI). The study sample consisted of 324 dyads of children and their parents attending the Clinics of Pediatric Dentistry at Istanbul University. After clinical examination, the Sense of Coherence (SOC), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale-MHLC questionnaires were administered to the parents. The statistical analyses included Spearman correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, multiple linear regression, and confirmatory factor analysis. Having mixed TDI, a non-nuclear family, fewer children, and weak parental SOC were important predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and its sections of child and family. Lower internal health locus of control and dental pain due to TDI were predictors of worse overall OHRQoL and child impact, respectively. Consideration of these predictors may help oral health professionals to develop prevention and treatment programs for TDI and oral health literacy programs for families.

Analyses of MMP20 Missense Mutations in Two Families with Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of rare inherited disorders that affect tooth enamel formation, quantitatively and/or qualitatively. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic etiologies of two families presenting with hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples obtained from participating family members. Whole exome sequencing was performed using DNA samples from the two probands. Sequencing data was aligned to the NCBI human reference genome (NCBI build 37.2, hg19) and sequence variations were annotated with the dbSNP build 138. Mutations in MMP20 were identified in both probands. A homozygous missense mutation (c.678T>A; p.His226Gln) was identified in the consanguineous Family 1. Compound heterozygous MMP20 mutations (c.540T>A, p.Tyr180* and c.389C>T, p.Thr130Ile) were identified in the non-consanguineous Family 2. Affected persons in Family 1 showed hypomaturation AI with dark brown discoloration, which is similar to the clinical phenotype in a previous report with the same mutation. However, the dentition of the Family 2 proband exhibited slight yellowish discoloration with reduced transparency. Functional analysis showed that the p.Thr130Ile mutant protein had reduced activity of MMP20, while there was no functional MMP20 in the Family 1 proband. These results expand the mutational spectrum of the MMP20 and broaden our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in amelogenesis imperfecta.

Evaluation of the fluoride release from orthodontic band cements.

PURPOSE: To compare the fluoride levels released from a polyacid-modified resin composite (Ultra BandLok), a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Multicure) and a conventional glass-ionomer cement (Meron). METHODS: Fluoride concentration in the deionized water was measured at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. Fluoride measurement was undertaken using a fluoride ion selective electrode connected to an ion-analyzer. Friedman test was used in the repeated measurements of multiple groups. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the groups. Dunn's multiple comparison test was applied for the comparison of subgroups. RESULTS: The fluoride release pattern of the three materials was similar. The highest level of fluoride was obtained at the 24-hour measurement from all samples. According to comparisons among materials, Ultra BandLok released significantly less fluoride than Multicure and Meron (P < or = 0.01) at all the measurement times. In addition, the differences between the fluoride concentrations released from Multicure and Meron materials at all measurement days were not significant (P> 0.05).