Increasing participation of women in early phase clinical trials approved by the FDA.

BACKGROUND: Historically women were excluded from participation in phase 1 clinical trials. The goal of this study was to determine the participation of women and evaluate if participation has increased over time. METHODS: Clinical trial data submitted to the FDA for New Molecular Entities (NMEs) for adult, non-sex specific indications between January 2006 and December 2007 were reviewed. Electronic data available on phase 1 trial were evaluated for proposed indications, sex of participants, and doses tested. Therapeutic doses were obtained from the approved labeling. RESULTS: FDA approved 34 NMEs in 2006-2007. Data for 352 phase 1 trial of 30 NMEs were obtained. Data for 1 NME was not available electronically , 2 did not include new phase 1 data, and 1 provided only summary demographic data. All NMEs reviewed were for drugs used to treat conditions occurring in both men and women. Overall 120 (34.1%) trials had only male participants while 232 (65.9%) trials also enrolled female participants. 30.6% (3106/10,134) of participants were women. 149/352 (42.3%) of trials included safety and tolerability testing above the highest approved dose. In those trials, 32.5% (1628/5011) of the participants were women. An evaluation of trial start date illustrated the number of trials that enrolled women (p = 0.01) and the number of female participants (p < 0.001) has increased over time. CONCLUSION: Females subjects have traditionally been underrepresented in phase 1 trials. The number trials enrolling women and the number of women participating in phase 1 trials has increased since 2001, however, women are still underrepresented.

Outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Advances in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents have dramatically improved results of these procedures. The optimal treatment for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease is uncertain given the lack of prospective, randomized data reflecting current practice. This study represents a "real-world" evaluation of current technology in the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1680 patients undergoing revascularization for multivessel coronary artery disease were identified. Of these, 1080 patients were treated for 2-vessel disease (196 CABG and 884 PCI) and 600 for 3-vessel disease (505 CABG and 95 PCI). One-year mortality, cerebrovascular events, Q-wave myocardial infarction, target vessel failure, and composite major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were compared between the CABG and PCI cohorts. Outcomes were adjusted for baseline covariates and reported as hazard ratios. The unadjusted major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event rate was reduced with CABG for patients with 2-vessel disease (9.7% CABG versus 21.2% PCI; P<0.001) and 3-vessel disease (10.8% CABG versus 28.4% PCI; P<0.001). Adjusted outcomes showed increased major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event with PCI for patients with 2-vessel (hazard ratio 2.29; 95% CI 1.39 to 3.76; P=0.01) and 3-vessel disease (hazard ratio 2.90; 95% CI 1.76 to 4.78; P<0.001). Adjusted outcomes for the nondiabetic subpopulation demonstrated equivalent major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event with PCI for 2-vessel (hazard ratio 1.77; 95% CI 0.96 to 3.25; P=0.07) and 3-vessel disease (hazard ratio 1.70; 95% CI 0.77 to 3.61; P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with PCI with drug-eluting stents, CABG resulted in improved major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event in patients with 2- and 3-vessel coronary artery disease, primarily in those with underlying diabetes. Coronary artery bypass surgery may be the preferred revascularization strategy in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.

Impact of "off-label" utilization of drug-eluting stents on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

The utilization of drug-eluting stents (DES) in "real world" practice has deviated from Food and Drug Administration-approved indications. Safety concerns have arisen from recent reports that suggested increased mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) with DES usage. Little is known about the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing intracoronary DES implantation for unapproved indications as a group compared with outcomes after bare metal stent (BMS) placement. The clinical outcomes of 546 patients undergoing DES implantation for >or=1 non-Food and Drug Administration-approved ("off label") indication since the approval of the device were assessed. The group was then matched by propensity score with 546 patients receiving BMSs prior to DES approval for the same indications. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, nonfatal Q-wave myocardial infarction [MI], and target vessel revascularization) at 12 months. Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were well matched between BMS and DES groups. The use of debulking devices was higher in the BMS group. Patients in the BMS group were more likely to be treated with larger diameter and shorter stents. There was no significant difference in the rate of in-hospital and 30-day adverse cardiac events. At 12 months, the primary endpoint of major adverse cardiac events was significantly reduced in the DES group (23.6% vs 16.7%, p=0.004), driven by reductions in the need for repeat revascularization (target lesion revascularization: 16.4% vs 7.8%, p<0.001; target vessel revascularization: 20.2% vs 13.1%, p=0.003). There was no significant difference in freedom from cardiac death or nonfatal Q-wave MI between groups (p=0.27). In conclusion, the utilization of DES for non-Food and Drug Administration-approved indications proved to be efficacious and safe when compared with a BMS cohort matched by propensity score. The advantage for DES was driven by reductions in repeat revascularization. "Off-label" DES use was not associated with increased rates of cardiac death and nonfatal MI at 12 months.

Correlates and long-term outcomes of angiographically proven stent thrombosis with sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents.

BACKGROUND: Stent thrombosis (ST) is a serious complication of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation regardless of the timing (acute, subacute, or late). The correlates of ST with DES are not yet completely elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS: From a total cohort of 2974 consecutive patients treated with DES since April 2003, we identified 38 patients who presented with angiographic evidence of ST (1.27%). The ST occurred acutely in 5 patients, subacutely (< or =30 days) in 25 patients, and late (>30 days) in 8 patients. The clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables of these patients were compared with the remaining 2936 consecutive patients who underwent DES implantation and did not experience ST during a follow-up of 12 months. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the correlates of ST. Compared with patients without ST, patients with ST had a higher frequency of diabetes, acute postprocedural renal failure, and chronic renal failure. There were more bifurcation lesions, type C lesions, and a trend for smaller-diameter stents. Discontinuation of clopidogrel was higher in these patients (36.8% versus 10.7%; P<0.0001). The mean duration to ST from the stent implantation was 8.9+/-8.5 days in subacute and 152.7+/-100.4 days in late thrombosis cases. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with ST compared with those without ST at 6 months (31% versus 3%; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis detected cessation of clopidogrel therapy, renal failure, bifurcation lesions, and in-stent restenosis as significant correlates of ST (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ST continues to be a serious complication of contemporary DES use. Careful management is warranted in patients with renal failure and in those undergoing treatment for in-stent restenosis and bifurcations. Special focus on clopidogrel compliance may minimize the incidence of ST after DES implantation.

Intravascular ultrasound parameters associated with stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent deployment.

Drug-eluting stent (DES) thrombosis (ST) can be devastating. The study aim was to evaluate intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) predictors for DES thrombosis by comparing IVUS studies after implantation in 13 patients with 14 DES thrombosis lesions with a group of controls (30 lesions in 27 patients) matched for history of chronic renal failure and type of DES. Five patients (38%) discontinued dual antiplatelet therapy at the time of ST. There were 3 in-stent restenosis lesions (21%) treated using DESs in the ST group compared with 0 in the control group (p <0.05). Compared with the control group, IVUS studies in the ST group showed a smaller minimum stent area (4.6 +/- 1.1 vs 5.6 +/- 1.7 mm(2), p = 0.0489). In the ST group, 11 of 14 stents had a minimum stent area < or =5.0 mm(2) compared with 12 of 30 in the control group (p = 0.0392). Minimum stent area in patients who stopped clopidogrel therapy and developed ST (5.30 +/- 1.15 mm(2)) tended to be larger compared with that in patients who developed ST while using clopidogrel (4.24 +/- 0.96 mm(2), p = 0.091). Within the 5-mm-long proximal and distal reference segments analyzed, the ST group had larger proximal reference maximum plaque burdens and smaller minimum lumen areas, along with a tendency toward similar findings in the distal reference segments. In conclusion, IVUS findings at the time of DES implantation in patients who subsequently developed ST showed a smaller minimum stent area (especially in patients who developed ST while using clopidogrel) and more residual disease at the stent edges.

Correlates of clinical restenosis following intracoronary implantation of drug-eluting stents.

Despite significant decreases in restenosis and repeated intervention achieved using drug-eluting stents (DESs), the benefit has not been homogenous across all patient and lesion subsets. Identification of correlates of DES restenosis may allow a differing management approach and lead to improved patient outcomes. The study population consisted of 3,535 consecutive patients (5,046 lesions) who underwent successful sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation for >or=1 native coronary artery or bypass graft lesion from April 2003 to September 2006. From this cohort, 197 patients (237 lesions) were identified to have in-stent restenosis (ISR) requiring revascularization within 12 months of stent implantation. This group was compared with the remainder of the patient population. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of DES ISR. Independent correlates of DES ISR using multivariate analysis included both clinical and procedural factors. Clinical predictors were age, hypertension, and unstable angina. Procedural predictors were left anterior descending artery intervention, number of stents implanted, stented length/lesion, and lack of intravascular ultrasound guidance. Implantation of >or=3 stents was associated with a significantly higher restenosis risk (9.7% vs 5.1%; p=0.0003). A 10-mm increase in stented length was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.35). Diabetes, stent diameter, and stent type were found not to be predictive of DES ISR. In conclusion, correlates of DES ISR included both clinical and procedural factors. Limiting the number of stents and stented length, in addition to intravascular ultrasound guidance, may minimize DES ISR.

Incidence, location, magnitude, and clinical correlates of saphenous vein graft calcification: an intravascular ultrasound and angiographic study.

BACKGROUND: The pattern of saphenous vein graft (SVG) calcification before percutaneous intervention has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used diagnostic and preintervention intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to determine the incidence and magnitude of SVG calcification in 334 SVG lesions in 274 consecutive patients. Calcium was found in 133 SVGs (40%). Calcium was uniformly distributed among 48 lesion sites (14%), 43 proximal references (13%), and 42 distal references (13%). Calcium was superficial in 20 (40%) and deep in 28 (60%). Over the entire length of the SVGs, the maximum arc and length of calcium (in calcium-containing SVGs) averaged 174+/-107 degrees and 6.8+/-4.8 mm, respectively. In calcium-containing SVGs, lesion site arc and length of calcium measured 151+/-107 degrees and 4.1+/-3.7 mm, similar to the proximal and distal references (175+/-121 degrees and 4.0+/-2.3 mm and 177+/-121 degrees and 4.1+/-2.5 mm, respectively). Graft age (7.5+/-4.7 versus 10.5+/-4.7 years, P<0.0001), insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (40% versus 60%, P=0.02), and tobacco use (44% versus 55%, P=0.06) were clinical independent predictors of SVG calcification. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty-five percent of calcium-containing SVGs had reference calcium in the absence of lesion calcium. Calcium was located primarily in SVG wall and not at the plaque. These data suggest that SVG calcium is not just part of lesion formation and maturation. SVG calcium occurred more commonly in older grafts, in insulin-treated diabetic patients, and in smokers.

Procedural results and outcomes after extensive stent coverage with drug-eluting stent implantation in single coronary lesions.

Longer stent length has remained associated with the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in the drug-eluting stent (DES) era; therefore, we aimed to determine clinical outcomes after extensive stent coverage with DES implantations in single coronary lesions. We evaluated the data from 99 consecutive patients treated with extensive DES coverage, defined as > or = 50 mm (mean 63.3 +/- 13.2, range 50 to 115), and a concurrent series of 466 patients with < or = 24-mm DES length (mean 18.4 +/- 3.8, range 8 to 24). The periprocedural, 1-, and 6-month outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. The baseline characteristics were mostly comparable between the 2 groups, and procedural and in-hospital outcomes were similar. Although the incidence of death and myocardial infarction at follow-up were comparable, the combined end points of target lesion revascularization plus MACEs at 6 months occurred more often with extensive stent coverage. Multivariate analysis revealed stent length to be the only independent predictor of target lesion revascularization plus MACEs. Patients treated with extensive DES coverage had similar procedural success, major in-hospital complications, and death and myocardial infarction at follow-up, but had more combined adverse events because of an overall higher target lesion revascularization rate.

Comparison of outcomes between bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents for percutaneous revascularization of internal mammary grafts.

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) decrease the need for repeat revascularization in native coronary arteries and vein grafts. This study examined the safety and efficacy of DESs for the treatment of lesions in the internal mammary artery (IMA) conduits and compared the outcomes with those from bare metal stents (BMSs). Records of 69 consecutive patients who underwent stenting of the IMA from 2001 to 2004 were reviewed and analyzed. Of these, 30 patients were treated with DESs (sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents) and 39 patients with BMSs. In-hospital and 6-month clinical outcomes were recorded and compared. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups. Lesion location and characteristics were also similar, except for a trend toward longer stent lengths in the DES group (DES 20.2 +/- 7.7 mm vs BMS 14.8 +/- 3.5 mm, p = 0.255). There was no late thrombosis in either group. There were no significant differences in in-hospital and 1- and 6-month outcomes between the 2 groups, including target lesion revascularization with DESs (DESs 3.33% vs BMSs 10%, p = 0.38). In conclusion, DES implantation into IMAs appears safe and is associated with low rates of recurrences. These results may support expansion of use of DESs for the management of IMA stenotic lesions.

Clopidogrel loading dose (300 versus 600 mg) strategies for patients with stable angina pectoris subjected to percutaneous coronary intervention.

We evaluated the effect of high versus low loading doses of clopidogrel in patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on periprocedural events, in-hospital complications, and 30-day outcomes. The recommended loading dose of clopidogrel for patients with PCI is currently 300 mg. Recent studies have suggested that 600 mg may decrease periprocedural complications in patients with unstable angina. However, whether this holds for patients with stable angina pectoris is unknown. We reviewed records of 445 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent PCI and were loaded with 300 mg (n = 126) or 600 mg (n = 319) of clopidogrel immediately before the procedure. Study end points were periprocedural ischemic events, bleeding complications, and a composite of major adverse cardiac events at 30 days. Baseline characteristics and procedural indexes were similar between groups. Major in-hospital complications were recorded in 2 patients in the 600-mg group and in no patient in the 300-mg group (p = 1.00). Postprocedural increase of cardiac enzymes (troponin I, p = 0.91; creatinine kinase-MB, p = 0.395) and major bleeding (0.6% vs 0%, p = 1.00) were comparable, as was 30-day major adverse cardiac events (1.2% vs 0%, p = 0.56). Multivariate analysis did not identify any risk decrease for periprocedural myocardial infarction with 600 mg of clopidogrel (odds ratio 2.68, 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 9.78, p = 0.135). In conclusion, in patients with stable angina pectoris, a 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose, when given immediately before PCI, is sufficient. Although 600 mg was clinically safe, it was not associated with fewer periprocedural events and improved 30-day outcomes compared with 300 mg.

Impact of chronic renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare metal stents.

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) have higher rates of target vessel revascularization and mortality. The efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) to improve the clinical outcomes of these patients is unknown. We investigated the effect of SESs versus bare metal stents (BMSs) on outcomes of patients with CRI. Among the first 1,522 patients treated with SESs, 76 were identified with CRI and 1,446 without CRI. In-hospital and 1- and 6-month clinical outcomes were compared with 153 patients with CRI who were treated with BMSs. Patients with CRI were older, hypertensive, and diabetic and had more previous myocardial infarctions, revascularizations, and decreased left ventricular function (p <0.001). These patients had more saphenous vein graft lesions, were treated with more debulking devices (p <0.003), and had higher rates of in-hospital complications and mortality (p <0.001) compared with those without CRI. Among patients with CRI, treatment with SESs did not affect clinical outcomes at 1 month and was associated with lower incidences of target vessel revascularization (7.1% vs 22.1%, p = 0.02) at 6 months but did not affect other events, including mortality (16.7% vs 14.7% p = 0.89), compared with BMSs. However, treatment with SESs in patients without CRI was associated with significantly lower rates of major adverse cardiac events at 6 months (p <0.001). In conclusion, percutaneous coronary intervention with SESs in patients with CRI is associated with low rates of repeat revascularization compared with BMSs but has no effect on mortality at 6 months.

Comparison of effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents versus vascular brachytherapy for saphenous vein graft in-stent restenosis.

We investigated the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents (DESs) for the treatment of patients who presented with in-stent restenosis (ISR) of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) and compared the in-hospital and 6-month clinical outcomes of DESs with those of intravascular brachytherapy and balloon angioplasty alone. Records of 187 patients who presented with ISR of SVGs were analyzed. Of these, 34 consecutive patients were treated with DES implantation, 93 were treated with intravascular brachytherapy (n = 60 with gamma-radiation, n = 33 with beta-radiation), and 60 patients underwent conventional treatment with balloon angioplasty alone. Clinical and angiographic characteristics at baseline were comparable between groups. The DES group had less non-Q-wave myocardial infarction than did the intravascular brachytherapy and balloon angioplasty groups (0%, 20%, and 26%, p = 0.003 and <0.001, respectively). At 6 months, death occurred in 0% of the DES group, 2% of the intravascular brachytherapy group, and 5% of the balloon angioplasty group (p = 0.36 and <0.18, respectively). Target lesion revascularization/major adverse cardiac events were similar in the intravascular brachytherapy and DES groups (12% and 3%, p = 0.13) and significantly decreased compared with patients who were treated with balloon angioplasty alone (55%, p <0.001 for the 2 comparisons). The results of this retrospective analysis suggest that DES implantation is at least as effective and safe as intravascular brachytherapy for the treatment of SVG ISR and that these treatment modalities are superior to balloon angioplasty alone.

Sirolimus-eluting stents versus Paclitaxel-eluting stents in the treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.

This study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PESs) on the outcomes of diabetic patients. Recent data with drug-eluting stents have shown improved clinical outcomes in diabetic patients. This study compared outcomes between the 2 available drug-eluting stents, SESs and PESs. From the prospective drug-eluting stent registries at the investigators' institution, 1,320 consecutive diabetic patients treated with SESs (n=873, 1,293 lesions) and PESs (n=447, 733 lesions) were identified and their in-hospital and 1- and 6-month clinical outcomes compared. Baseline characteristics showed more men, more patients with previous coronary bypass surgery, and smaller ejection fractions in the PES group and more obese patients in the SES group. Procedural characteristics were similar except for more left anterior descending artery and proximal lesions and the greater use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the SES group and more type C lesions, direct stenting, and stents per patient in the PES group. In-hospital complications were similar. Clinical follow-up at 1 month was also similar between the 2 groups, including subacute stent thrombosis. At 6 months, the 2 groups had similar mortality (7% vs 7%), myocardial infarctions (18% vs 21%), target lesion revascularization, target vessel revascularization, major adverse cardiac events (11% vs 12%), and late thrombosis (0.3% vs 0%). Subanalysis of insulin-treated diabetic patients showed no significant differences in outcomes in the 2 groups. No significant differences were found between SESs and PESs on Cox regression analysis for hazard ratios. In conclusion, SESs and PESs are associated with similar efficacy and safety with regard to repeat revascularization rates, major adverse cardiac events, and stent thrombosis up to 6 months for the treatment of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes mellitus regardless of insulin therapy.

Impact of treatment of coronary artery disease with sirolimus-eluting stents on outcomes of diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Patients with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for repeat interventions and mortality after coronary angioplasty and stenting. The efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) to improve the outcomes of these patients is a focus of interest. In the first 1,407 patients treated with SESs at our institution, 492 were diabetic (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM], n = 160 and non-insulin-dependent DM [NIDDM], n = 332). The in-hospital and 1- and 6-month clinical outcomes were compared with those of 915 patients without DM (non-DM). The baseline characteristics were similar, except for more women, obesity, previous myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, and renal insufficiency in the DM group (p <0.001). Compared with non-DM patients, DM patients had higher in-hospital (p <0.05) and 1-month mortality (p = 0.02). IDDM patients had more in-hospital renal failure (p = 0.04) and Q-wave myocardial infarctions (1.6% vs 0%, p = 0.04) compared with NIDDM patients, and higher mortality (3.1% vs 0.8%, p = 0.04) and subacute stent thromboses (2.3% vs 0.5%, p = 0.07) than non-DM patients at 30 days. At 6 months, DM patients had a higher incidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization-major adverse cardiac events, and composite of death and Q-wave myocardial infarction than non-DM patients (6.0% vs 2.7%, p = 0.01). Late outcomes between the IDDM and NIDDM groups were similar. Multivariate analysis showed diabetes and acute renal failure as independent predictors of target lesion revascularization-major adverse cardiac events. In conclusion, our data showed that, despite a reduction in repeat revascularization, coronary intervention with SESs in diabetic patients is limited by higher mortality at 1 month and a higher incidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization-major adverse cardiac events at 6 months compared with non-DM patients. Careful surveillance is required in IDDM patients undergoing SES implantation.

Optimizing dosimetry with high-dose intracoronary gamma radiation (21 Gy) for patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of intracoronary gamma radiation (IRT-gamma) in reducing recurrent in-stent restenosis (ISR) is well established using doses of 14-18 Gy. We sought to examine whether an escalation in dose to 21 Gy is safe and confers additional benefit in reducing repeat revascularization and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with diffuse ISR. METHODS: Forty-seven patients with diffuse ISR (lesion length 20-80 mm) in native coronary arteries (n=25) and saphenous vein grafts (n=22) underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and/or additional stents followed by IRT-gamma using the Checkmate system (Cordis) with a dose of 21 Gy. All patients were discharged with clopidogrel for 12 months and aspirin indefinitely. Six-month angiographic and 12-month clinical outcomes of these patients were compared to 120 patients treated with 18 Gy using the same system. RESULTS: At baseline, patients in the 21-Gy group had more multivessel, vein graft disease and history of prior myocardial infarctions and coronary artery bypass grafts (P<.001). The use of debulking devices and stents was less in this group (P<.001). Procedural and in-hospital complications were similar. Follow-up at 6 months revealed nonsignificant but lower late loss (in-stent, 0.33+/-0.7 mm; in-lesion, 0.41+/-0.6 mm) in the 21-Gy group compared to the 18-Gy group; follow-up at 12 months revealed a trend toward less overall myocardial infarction, although repeat revascularization and MACE rates were similar. CONCLUSIONS: IRT-gamma therapy for diffuse ISR lesions with a 21-Gy dose is clinically safe and feasible with marked reduction in late loss but does not confer additional benefit with regard to repeat revascularization and MACE when compared to a dose of 18 Gy.

Impact of renal function on morbidity and mortality after percutaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein graft intervention.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and native coronary artery disease is often problematic, marred by increased morbidity and mortality rates and a high incidence of restenosis and revascularization. However, little is known about the effect of CRI in patients who have undergone prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery and then undergo saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention. METHODS: We analyzed the inhospital and 1-year outcomes of 1265 consecutive patients with normal renal function and varying degrees of renal insufficiency who underwent percutaneous SVG intervention and divided them into 4 groups on the basis of the calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl): group 1, CrCl > or =70 mL per minute (n = 626); group 2, CrCl 50 to 69 mL per minute (n = 357); group 3, CrCl 30 to 49 mL per minute (n = 228); and group 4, CrCl <30 mL per minute (n = 54). Patients undergoing dialysis replacement therapy were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Patients with lower CrCl more often were older, female, had diabetes mellitus, and had worse left ventricular function. Angiographic baseline characteristics were comparable among the 4 groups. Overall immediate procedural success was similar for all groups. Patients with a low CrCl had significantly higher inhospital overall and cardiac mortality rates (P <.001), including a significantly higher incidence of myocardial infarction, vascular complications, pulmonary edema, and renal function deterioration. At 1-year follow-up, the overall mortality rates remained significantly higher in patients with decreased CrCl, with an incremental rise in overall mortality rate associated with lower renal function (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that renal function is a primary determinate of short- and long-term survival in patients undergoing percutaneous SVG intervention and that there is a clear relationship between CrCl and cardiovascular outcome.

Incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications of bleeding and blood transfusion following percutaneous coronary interventions.

Bleeding related to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) occurs relatively frequently. We retrospectively investigated the incidence, predictors, and prognostic impact of periprocedural bleeding and transfusion in 10,974 patients who underwent PCI. Bleeding definitions were based on Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) criteria: (1) major bleeding (n = 588; 5.4%): if patients had a hemorrhagic stroke or if hematocrit decreased >15 points or by 10 to 15 points with clinical bleeding; (2) minor bleeding (n = 1,394; 12.7%): if hematocrit decreased <10 points with clinical bleeding or by 10 to 15 points without clinical bleeding; and (3) no bleeding (n = 8,992; 81.9%): if hematocrit decreased <10 points without clinical bleeding. Patients with major bleeding were older than patients with minor or no bleeding (67.8 +/- 11 vs 65.9 +/- 11 vs 63.6 +/- 11 years, respectively; p <0.001) and more often experienced intraprocedural complications, such as emergency use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (13.6% vs 6.5% vs 2.3%, respectively; p <0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (odds ratio [OR] 3.0, p <0.0001), procedural hypotension (OR 2.9, p <0.001), and age >80 years (OR 1.9 compared with age <50 years, p = 0.001) as the strongest predictors for major bleeding. Patients who had major bleeding had higher in-hospital and 1-year mortality compared with patients with minor or no bleeding. Bleeding was an independent predictor of in-hospital death. Thus, periprocedural major bleeding occurs relatively frequently and is associated with adverse outcomes. Patients >80 years of age who experience intraprocedural complications are at particularly high risk.

Does creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme elevation following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents impact late clinical outcome?

BACKGROUND: The incidence of postprocedural creatine kinase (CK)-MB elevation to >3x the upper limit of normal after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been reported at rates of up to 18% in the bare metal stent era and is correlated with higher adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This study examined the incidence and prognostic significance of CK-MB elevations after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. METHODS: The records of 2,537 patients who underwent DES implantation and completed > or =6 months' follow-up were evaluated. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and those who presented in cardiogenic shock and had elevated cardiac enzymes at baseline were excluded from the analysis. Of these, 179 patients (7.1%) had > or =3x postprocedural CK-MB and 2,358 patients had <3x CK-MB elevation. The composite end point of target vessel revascularization-major adverse cardiac events (TVR-MACE) at 6 months was compared between groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of adverse cardiac outcomes. RESULTS: The patients with CK-MB > or =3x elevation had a higher number of diseased vessels (2.15 +/- 0.86 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.87; P < 0.001), higher prevalence of type C lesions (29.9% vs. 17.7%; P < 0.001), received a higher average number of stents, and total stented length (1.72 +/- 0.89 vs. 1.49 +/- 0.83; P < 0.001 and 37.4 +/- 23.0 mm vs. 30.8 +/- 20.7 mm; P = 0.0003, respectively), and had lower rates of clinical success (91.9% vs. 99.2%; P < 0.001). The 6-month and 1-year TVR-MACE rates were higher for the elevated CK-MB group (11.9% vs. 7.0%; P = 0.02 and 16.1% vs. 26.6%, respectively; P = 0.005). The rates of subacute thrombosis were also significantly higher in the group with elevated CK-MB (0.4% vs. 3.2%, P < 0.001). Though significant CK-MB release was a predictor of TVR-MACE after univariate analysis, multivessel PCI, subacute stent thrombosis, total stented length, and history of prior PCI were the only predictors after multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Postprocedural CK-MB > or =3x elevation following PCI with DES continues to be a marker for the complexity of coronary disease and lack of clinical success; and correlates with higher rates of subacute thrombosis as well as late adverse events at 6-months and 1-year postprocedure.

Treatment of drug-eluting stent restenosis with the same versus different drug-eluting stent.

OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to compare the clinical outcomes with repeat drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation utilizing the same type versus an alternate DES type for in-stent restenosis (ISR) of DES. BACKGROUND: : DES are proven as an effective treatment for bare metal ISR. METHODS: A cohort of 116 patients previously treated with a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) or a paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) who presented with angiographic ISR were treated with repeat DES. Of these, 62 (53.4%) were treated with different DES and 54 (46.6%) were treated with the same DES. This cohort was followed for clinical events at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar except for more diabetes among patients receiving the different type of DES. Of the 116, overall 16.4% of the DES were implanted for previous ISR and 2.6% had previously received brachytherapy. At 6 months, the overall target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate was 12.2% for the entire cohort. The TVR-major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate for the patients treated with different DES was 14.5% and 16.7% for the same DES (P = 0.750). Overall TVR rate at 1 year was 28.8%. The TVR-MACE was 32.6% for different DES and 35.0% for the same DES (P = 0.814). CONCLUSIONS: Reimplantation of DES for the treatment of DES ISR (same or different) is safe but associated with a high rate of recurrences at 1 year regardless of the initial DES type. Other treatment modalities for ISR of DES should be considered to further improve the overall TVR-MACE.